Information about the moon

The moon, commonly known as the moon, was called lunar in ancient times, which refers to a satellite orbiting the earth. It is the only satellite on the earth and the closest celestial body, with an average distance of 384,400 kilometers. Astronomically used to represent the moon.

Neil armstrong and buzz aldrin became the first people to land on the moon. 1972 17 In February, the American space shuttle Apollo17 returned to Earth, and the American Apollo moon landing program ended. Since then, there has never been an overloaded man landing on the moon.

Orbit data

Perigee: 363, 104 km (0.0024 astronomical unit).

Apogee: 405,696 km (0.0027 astronomical unit)

Semi-major axis of orbit: 384,399 kilometers (0.00257 astronomical unit)

Orbit circumference: 2,465,438+03,402 km (0.0 16 astronomical unit)

Track eccentricity: 0.0549

Sidereal period: 27.32 1 582d (7: 43 on 27th,1sec).

Shuowangyue: 29.530 588d (29th 12: 44)

Last month: 27.554 550 days

Node month: 27.2 12 22 1.

Minute to month: 27.32 1 582 days

Average speed:1.022km/s (2286mph).

Maximum speed:1.082km/s (2420mph)

Minimum speed: 0.968km/s (2165mph).

Orbit inclination: relative to ecliptic plane 5. 145.

(From the equator of the earth 18.29 to 28.58)

Ascension of Right ascension: return

18.6 years

Perigee angle: in progress

8.85 years

Satellite planet: Earth

physical features

Average radius: 1, 737. 103km (0.273 times that of the earth).

Equatorial radius: 1, 738. 14km (0.273 times that of the earth).

Radius of poles: 1, 735.97 km (0.273 times of the earth).

Flatness: 0.00 125

Equatorial circumference: 109 16km.

Surface area: 3.793× 107 km? (0.074 times that of the earth)

Volume: 2.1958×1010 km? (0.020 times that of the earth)

Mass: 7.3477×1022kg (0.0 123 times that of the earth).

Average density: 3346.4 kg/m3.

Equatorial surface gravity:1.622m/s2 (0.1654g)

Cosmic speed: 2.38 km/s (5,324 mph)

Star rotation period: 27.32 1.582 days (same period)

Equatorial rotation rate: 4.627 m/s (10.349 mph)

Axis inclination: 1.5424 (relative to ecliptic)

Equatorial inclination: 6.687 (relative to the orbital plane)

Albedo: 0. 12

Surface temperature:

equator

Minimum average maximum of 85 cattle

100 K 220 K 390 K

70 K 130 K 230 K

Magnitude: maximum value-12.74

Angle size: 29' to 33'

atmosphere

Density: 107 particles cm -3 (daytime)

105 particle cm -3 (at night)

The distance between the moon and the earth.

When American astronauts landed on the moon, they put a lens on the surface of the moon. Because the moon always faces the earth with the same face, that lens will always face the earth. Scientists can easily and accurately calculate the distance between the earth and the moon by emitting a laser beam from the earth to the lens on the moon and then recording the time required for the beam to reflect back. This ranging method is extremely accurate, the distance between the earth and the moon is 384,000 kilometers, and the error is only 3 cm. Thanks to such high accuracy, we found that the moon is moving away from the earth at a speed of about 3 cm per year. [ 1]。 One theory is that the distance between the sun and the earth is 395 times that of the earth and distance to the moon, and the diameter of the sun is "just" 395 times that of the moon, so the sun is almost as big as the earth in distance to the moon. Attention. This statement does not consider the relative positions of the earth, the moon and the day at a certain moment, so it is not suitable for quoting in rigorous scientific discussions.

Front and back

The moon is a satellite rotating in the same direction, and the front of the moon always faces the earth. On the other hand, except in the area near the edge of the moon, most of the back of the moon cannot be seen from the earth, which is occasionally visible due to the movement of Libra. In the era without space probes, the back of the moon has always been an unknown world.

A major feature of the back of the moon is that there are almost no dark moon features such as the moon and the sea. When the probe runs to the back of the moon, it will not be able to communicate directly with the earth.

Front (visible on earth) and back (invisible on earth)

railway

The moon revolves around the earth for about one lunar month, and moves half a degree relative to the background starry sky every hour, which is similar to the apparent diameter of the moon. Unlike other satellites, the orbital plane of the moon is closer to the ecliptic plane than the equatorial plane of the earth.

Relative to the background starry sky, the time required for the moon to make a revolution around the earth is called sidereal month; The time between the new moon and the next one (or the time between two identical moon phases) is called the new moon. The reason why Wang Shuo's moon is longer than that of the star moon is that during the earth's operation on the moon, it moved forward a certain distance in its orbit around the sun.

Because the rotation period of the moon is exactly the same as its period of revolution, we can only see that the moon always faces the earth with the same face. From the early days of the moon's formation, the moon was influenced by a certain moment, which led to the slow rotation speed. This process is called tidal locking. Therefore, part of the angular momentum of the earth's rotation is converted into the angular momentum of the moon's revolution around the earth. As a result, the moon is far away from the earth at a speed of about 38 mm per year. At the same time, the earth's rotation is getting slower and slower, and the length of a day is getting longer every year 15 microsecond.

The gravity exerted by the moon on the earth is one of the reasons for the tidal phenomenon.

Orbit of revolution

The moon and the earth are a pair of partners, forming the earth-moon system. earth-moon system rotates around the common center of mass, which is about 467 1 km away from the center of the earth. So there is little difference between the elliptical orbit around the center of mass and the elliptical orbit around the center of the earth. The moon makes an elliptical motion around the earth, and it also accompanies the earth to revolve around the sun once a year. The moon is not only influenced by the gravity of the earth, but also by the gravity from the sun, so it has a very complicated orbital motion. Among them, the main trajectory changes are: eccentricity change, trajectory inclination change, arch line movement, intersection point retreating westward and center difference.

Eccentricity change

The eccentricity of the lunar orbit ranges from115 to 1/23, with an average eccentricity of 0.0549, which is close to118.

Strictly speaking, both the earth and the moon revolve around the concentric center of * * *, which is 4' 67 1km away from the center of the earth (2/3 of radius of the earth's). Because the center of homogeneity is below the surface, the movement of the earth around the center of homogeneity seems to be "shaking". Seen from above the North Pole of the Earth, both the Earth and the Moon rotate counterclockwise. Moreover, the moon also orbits the earth counterclockwise; Even the earth goes around the sun counterclockwise.

Many people don't understand why the inclination of the moon's orbit and the inclination of the moon from the axis change so much. In fact, the orbital inclination is relative to the central celestial body (the earth), while the axial inclination is relative to the orbital plane of the satellite (the moon) itself. This definition habit is very suitable for general situations (such as the orbit of satellites) and the value is quite fixed, but the moon is not.

Arch line motion

The elliptical orbit of the moon around the earth is not fixed on its own plane, and the arch line of the ellipse (the connecting line between perigee and apogee) moves forward along the direction of the moon's revolution, once every 8.85 years. China as early as the Han Dynasty, Jia Kui suggested that the most critical point of the moon's apparent motion should be to move once every nine years, which is actually the result of the arch line motion.

Track inclination change

The inclination of the lunar orbit (ecliptic) ranges from 4 57 to 519, with an average of 5 09.

The orbit plane of the moon (ecliptic plane) keeps an included angle of 5. 145396 with the ecliptic plane (earth's orbit plane), while the rotation axis of the moon forms an included angle of 1.5424 with the normal of the ecliptic plane. Because the earth is not a perfect sphere, but bulges at the equator, the white road surface keeps precessing (that is, the intersection with the ecliptic rotates clockwise) and completes one week every 6793.5 days (18.5966). During this period, the angle between the white plane and the equatorial plane of the earth (the equatorial plane of the earth inclines to the ecliptic plane at 23.45) will change from 28.60 (i.e. 23.45+5. 15) to18.30 (i.e. 23.45-5. 15). Similarly, the angle between the rotation axis of the moon and the white plane will be between 6.69 (that is, 5. 15+ 1.54) and 3.60 (that is, 5. 15- 1.54). These changes in the lunar orbit will in turn affect the inclination of the earth's rotation axis, making it swing by 0.002 56, which is called nutation.

The intersection recedes to the west.

The intersection of the ecliptic and the white road is not fixed in space, but moves westward continuously, running once every 18.6 years. This phenomenon was discovered by Liu Hong as early as the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty and was used in the calculation of solar eclipse forecast.

The two intersections between the ecliptic plane and the ecliptic plane are called the lunar intersection-the ascending intersection (north point) refers to the point where the moon passes to the north of the ecliptic plane; Descending node (South Point) refers to the point where the moon passes south of the ecliptic. When the new moon is just near the intersection of the moon, a solar eclipse will occur; An eclipse will occur when the full moon is just near the intersection of the moons.

Central equation

Because the orbit of the moon is elliptical rather than circular, the speed of the moon's revolution is uneven. Compared with the uniform circular motion, the moon moves back and forth with a half amplitude of 6.29 and a period of 27.55455 days.

Geometric libration

Because the orbit of the moon is elliptical, when the moon is at perihelion, its rotation speed can't keep up with the revolution speed, so we can see that the eastern part of the moon reaches 98 degrees east longitude. On the contrary, when the moon is at apohelion, its rotation speed is faster than its revolution speed, so we can see that the western part of the moon passes through 98 degrees Darcy. This phenomenon is called meridian libration. Because the axis of the moon's rotation is inclined to the orbital plane (ecliptic plane), the intersection angle between the ecliptic and the ecliptic is about 5 degrees, and the polar region will shake about 7 degrees when the moon revolves around the earth, which is called zonal libration. Furthermore, since the distance between the earth and the moon is only 60 times that of radius of the earth, if the observer observes the moon from sunrise to sunset, the observation point will have the displacement of the diameter of the earth, which can be seen in the area with the longitude of 1 degree. This phenomenon is called Sunday Libra movement.

The origin of the moon

Moon travel: The origin of the moon is said to be the base of aliens, which is very old and also a controversial topic in the scientific community. Asimov, a science fiction writer, said that "the moon is big enough to cause an eclipse, but small enough for people to see the corona", which is really a coincidence. The diameter of the earth is 12756 km, the diameter of the moon is 3467 km, and the diameter of the moon is 27% of the diameter of the earth. In the whole solar system, there has never been a satellite with such a large area. Compared with the planets themselves, Jupiter and Saturn are usually very small in diameter. There are two satellites on Mars, the larger diameter is 23 kilometers, which is 0.34% of that of Mars. Saturn has 60 satellites, and the largest one is 5 150km in diameter, which is 4.27% of Saturn's. None is more than 5% larger than the diameter of the parent star, which cannot be explained by current science. Dr. Robin Brett said: "It is easier to explain the absence of the moon than to explain its existence." The formation of the moon has the following views:

Resonance hypothesis

This is the earliest hypothesis to explain the origin of the moon. As early as 1898, George Darwin, the son of the famous biologist Darwin, pointed out in the article Tides and Similar Effects in the Solar System that the moon was originally a part of the earth, but later, due to the rapid rotation of the earth, some substances on the earth were thrown out, forming the moon after leaving the earth, and the pit left on the earth is now the Pacific Ocean. This view was quickly opposed by some people. They think that it is impossible to throw such a big thing at the speed of the earth's rotation. Besides, if the moon was thrown out by the earth, then the material composition of the two should be the same. However, through the analysis of the rock samples brought back from the moon by Apollo 12 spacecraft, it is found that there is a great difference between them.

theory of capture

This hypothesis holds that the moon was originally just an asteroid in the solar system. Once, because it ran near the earth, it was captured by the gravity of the earth and never left the earth again. There is also a view close to the capture theory, that is, the earth keeps accumulating substances that enter its orbit, and over time, more and more things are accumulated, and finally the moon is formed. However, it has also been pointed out that a planet as big as the moon may not have the strength to catch it.

Homologous theory

This hypothesis holds that both the Earth and the Moon are floating nebulae in the solar system, which rotate and accrete at the same time to form stars. In the process of accretion, the earth is a little faster than the moon and becomes a "brother". This assumption has also been challenged by objective existence. By analyzing the rock samples brought back from the moon by Apollo 12 spacecraft, people found that the moon is much older than the earth. Some people think that the moon should be at least 7 billion years old.

Big collision theory

Main project: big collision theory.

The animation shows that Teia formed at the L5 point of the earth and then swung to the collision orbit. Animation takes one year as a step to keep the position of the earth unchanged. The perspective is from the South Pole. This is a new hypothesis about the origin of the moon in recent years. 1986 On March 20th, at the symposium on the Moon and Planets held at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Ben Ci and Slattery of Los Alamos National Laboratory and Cameron of Smith Center for Astrophysics of Harvard University put forward the big collision hypothesis. This hypothesis holds that in the early stage of the evolution of the solar system, a large number of "planetesimals" were formed in interstellar space, and they grew up through collision and accretion. The planetesimals merged to form the primitive earth, and at the same time formed celestial bodies equivalent to 0. 14 times the mass of the earth. In the course of their respective evolution, these two celestial bodies formed a metal core dominated by iron and a curtain shell composed of silicate respectively. Because the two celestial bodies are not far apart, there is a great chance of meeting. Occasionally, small celestial bodies hit the earth at a speed of about 5 kilometers per second. The violent collision not only changes the motion state of the earth, inclines its axis, but also causes small celestial bodies to be smashed, silicate shells and mantle to be heated and evaporated, and the expanding gas flies away from the earth at high speed with a large amount of crushed dust. These materials flying away from the earth are mainly composed of the mantle of collision bodies, and there are also a small amount of materials on the earth, with a ratio of about 17:3. When the impactor broke, the metal core separated from the curtain slowed down due to the expanding and flying gas, and was absorbed to the earth after about 4 hours. The gas and dust flying away from the earth are not completely out of the control of the earth's gravity. They accrete and combine with each other to form a completely melted satellite, or form several separated small satellites first, and then gradually accrete to form a partially melted satellite.

Theory of human creation

In recent years, it has been suggested that the moon was made by prehistoric humans and may have originated from Atlantis or Maya, but it has not been verified so far. 1954, the Tribune, editor of the Science Department of the New York Herald, announced that a bridge-shaped building with a total length of 12 miles had been found in the dangerous waters of the moon. Soviet scientists Alexander Chaibakov and Mikai Vassin published an article in * * * Youth Pravda, arguing that the moon is "hollow" and that it is a star transformed from some intelligent creature. The idea that the moon is hollow is not groundless. When Apollo 12 landed on the moon in 1969, the seismograph set 72 kilometers away measured that the earthquake from the moon lasted for 15 minutes. Much like the vibration of a hollow sphere. Wilkins, an Englishman, estimated in Our Moon that there is a hole on the moon with a volume of about14 million cubic miles. 1970, Soviet scientists Alexander shcherbakov and Mikhail Washin put forward the theory of "spaceship moon".

In 2007, Johnston, the former director of the data and photo storage department of NASA's lunar laboratory who participated in the Apollo moon landing program, held a press conference, saying that American astronauts had discovered "ancient architectural relics" on the moon, which was a secret kept for 40 years. There were photos to prove that the American spacecraft Lunar Orbiter 2 photographed the tower on the moon in Jinghai [2].

Uncontrolled nuclear reaction theory

trait

raw material

4.5 billion years ago, the surface of the moon was still a sea of liquid magma. Scientists believe that the mineral KREEP, which constitutes the moon, shows the chemical clues left by the magma ocean. KREEP is actually a component called "incompatible element" by scientists-substances that cannot enter the crystal structure are left behind and float to the surface of magma. For researchers, KREEP is a convenient clue to understand the volcanic history of the lunar crust and infer the frequency and time of the impact of comets or other celestial bodies.

The lunar crust consists of many major elements, including uranium, thorium, potassium, oxygen, silicon, magnesium, iron, titanium, calcium, aluminum and hydrogen. When bombarded by cosmic rays, each element emits specific gamma radiation. Some elements, such as uranium, thorium and potassium, are already radioactive, so they can emit gamma rays by themselves. But whatever the reason, the gamma rays emitted by each element are different, and each element has its own unique spectral line characteristics, which can be measured by spectrometer.

Until now, human beings have not made a comprehensive measurement of the abundance of moon elements. At present, the measurement of spacecraft is limited to a part of the moon. For example, in 1992, Galileo once measured the element abundance while flying over the moon. [3]

Surface geography

The shape of the moon is a flat ball, with the north and south poles slightly flat and the equator slightly higher. Its average polar radius is 500 meters shorter than the equatorial radius. The polar regions are also asymmetrical, with the Arctic region uplifting and the Antarctic region sinking by about 400 meters. But in general calculation, the moon can still be regarded as a triaxial ellipsoid. The study of physical libration is helpful to solve the problem of moon shape. The study of libration also shows that the center of gravity of the moon does not coincide with the geometric center, and the center of gravity is 2 kilometers away from the earth. This conclusion has been confirmed by the data obtained by Apollo landing on the moon.

There are tens of thousands of craters with a diameter exceeding 1 km on the surface of the moon. Most lunar craters have a history of hundreds of millions of years. The lack of atmospheric and meteorological activities and recent geological activities ensure that most of them remain intact forever.

The Antarctic-Aitoken Basin is the largest known crater in the moon and solar system. This crater is located on the back of the moon, near the South Pole, with a diameter of about 2240 kilometers and a depth of 13 kilometers.

Those dark and uncharacteristic moon plains are called "Moon Sea" because ancient astronomers thought it was an ocean. In fact, the Moon Sea was formed by basalt magma that flowed out of the lunar mantle and covered the surface after being hit by a huge meteorite. The lighter highland is called "Moon Land". Almost only the moon facing the earth has a moon sea, and the back of the moon is rare. Astronomers believe that this is because the center of mass of the moon is closer to the earth than the center of mass.

There is a dusty rock layer on the lunar shell, which is called lunar soil, not soil. The lunar crust and lunar soil on the surface of the moon are unevenly distributed. The thickness of the lunar shell varies from 60km (the front of the moon) to 100km (the back of the moon), while the thickness of the lunar soil varies from about 5m (the moon sea) to more than 10m (the land of the moon).

In 2004, a research team led by Dr. Ben Busch of Johns Hopkins University found that four areas of the North Pole of the Moon along Piri Crater were often exposed to sunlight (but no similar areas were found in Antarctica). These perennial sunshine zones are produced because the inclination of the moon's axis is very small. Similarly, there are many craters at the poles, and there is often no light.

The existence of water

Comets and meteorites have been hitting the moon since ancient times. Most of these objects contain water. Energy from sunlight breaks down most water into its constituent elements, hydrogen and oxygen. Both usually fly away from the moon immediately. However, some scientists have put forward the hypothesis that there is still a considerable amount of water on the moon, such as on the surface of the moon or deep in the lunar shell. The Clementine mission of the United States shows that some tiny water ice cubes (fragments after the impact of water-containing comets) may be hidden in a permanently sunless area of the lunar shell and not melted. Although these ice cubes are small, the total amount of water may be considerable (about 1 cubic kilometer).

And some water molecules may also fall into the crater and hide in it when the moon bounces. Because the rotation axis of the moon is slightly inclined to the normal of the ecliptic plane by 65438 0.5 degrees, the bottom of some polar craters has never been exposed to sunlight and is in a permanent shadow. The Clementine mission once measured these craters at the south pole of the moon [1] and drew a map [2]. Scientists hope that water ice can be found in such craters, and solar energy, electricity or nuclear energy can be exploited and used for electrolysis into hydrogen and oxygen. The amount of water available on the moon greatly affects the cost of living on the moon, because it is impractical to transport water (or hydrogen and oxygen) from the earth.

The rocks collected by Apollo astronauts near the equator of the moon do not contain water. Lunar probes and other recent studies (such as the Smithsonian Institution) have found no direct evidence of liquid water, ice or water vapor. However, the results of the lunar probe show that there is hydrogen in the permanently sunless area, which may exist in the form of water ice.

magnetic field

Compared with the earth, the magnetic field of the moon is very weak. It is believed that the magnetic field in some areas comes from the moon itself (for example, the moon shell on the Sirsalis Moon Creek), but the collision with other celestial bodies may also change its magnetic field. Whether a celestial body without an atmosphere can obtain a magnetic field through the collision of comets and asteroids is a long-standing and often new problem in planetary science. Measuring the lunar magnetic field can provide data such as the size and conductivity of the lunar nucleus, which is very helpful for scientists to understand the origin of the moon. If the lunar core contains more magnetic substances (such as iron) than the earth, then the origin theory of lunar impact is not so credible (although scientists have explained the reason why the lunar core contains less iron from other angles)

atmosphere

The moon has an extremely thin atmosphere. One of the sources of these atmospheres is degassing-the release of gases, such as radon on the surface of the moon, which was originally hidden in the depths of the moon. Sometimes, the solar wind will be captured by the gravity of the moon and become another important gas source.

lunar eclipse

See: Eclipse.

Total lunar eclipse is a special astronomical phenomenon, which means that when the moon moves to the shadow of the earth, the area between the moon and the earth will be blocked by the earth because of sunlight. Now we see that the moon is missing a piece.

That is to say, at this time, the sun, the earth and the moon are just (or almost) on the same straight line, so the light from the sun to the moon will be blocked by the earth.

Eclipses and eclipses

See also: solar eclipse and lunar eclipse.

1999 The total solar eclipse coincides with the corona. At present, the average apparent diameters of the moon and the sun are almost the same from the earth. When the two overlap visually, sometimes there will be a total solar eclipse and sometimes an annular solar eclipse. During the total solar eclipse, the moon completely covered the surface of the sun, so that we could see the corona with the naked eye.

Because the distance between the earth and the moon is gradually increasing, the apparent diameter of the moon is decreasing. Millions of years ago, the moon always covered the sun completely, so there would be no annular eclipse at that time. Similarly, millions of years later, the moon will not be enough to cover the entire surface of the sun, resulting in a total solar eclipse.

Only when the sun, the earth and the moon are connected in a straight line will there be an eclipse. Eclipses will only occur in the "new moon" (new moon); Eclipses will only occur on the "full moon" (hopefully).

Observation of the moon

The main project of the full moon scene shot from Meuss, Belgium: the moon phase.

The moon (and the sun) looks bigger near the horizon. This is purely psychological. In fact, atmospheric refraction will flatten the image of the moon near the horizon, but it will slightly narrow the viewing area. Some people think that human vision has evolved and has not focused on measuring objects overhead, which leads to this illusion. [3] Seen from the earth, the apparent diameter of the moon is about half a degree.

Every nation has different imaginations about different areas of the moon (mainly the moon and the sea). For example: Chang 'e, Jade Rabbit, Crab, etc. In addition, craters and mountains are also obvious landforms on the moon.

At the full moon, the apparent brightness of the moon is about-12.6 (for reference, the apparent brightness of the sun is -26.8, etc. )

The moon is most visible at night, but sometimes it can be seen during the day. For example, the last quarter moon can be seen in the afternoon and the last quarter moon can be seen in the morning. )

The moon rises in the east about 50 minutes late every day.

The exploration of the moon

American astronaut buzz aldrin is on the moon, and the photo was taken by neil armstrong. The first man-made object to reach the moon was the unmanned lander Luna-2 of the former Soviet Union, which crashed into the moon in September 1959+04. Lunar 3 photographed the back of the moon on June 7 10 of the same year. Lunar 9 is the first lander to make a soft landing on the moon. It sent back photos taken on the surface of the moon on February 3, 1966. In addition, Lunar/KOOC-0/0 successfully entered the scheduled orbit on March 3/KOOC-0/,/KOOC-0/966, becoming the first artificial satellite on the moon.

During the Cold War, the United States and the former Soviet Union always hoped to be ahead of each other in space science and technology. The space race reached its climax on1July 20th, 969 when the first man landed on the moon. American Apollo 1 1 Commander neil armstrong was the first man to set foot on the moon, and eugene cernan was the last man to stand on the moon. He was a member of Apollo 17 in February, 972. See: Apollo astronaut list

Apollo 1 1 astronauts left a 9-inch by 7-inch stainless steel plaque on the surface of the moon to commemorate the landing and provide some information for other creatures who might find it. The words on the plaque are:

In July 1969, people from the earth set foot on the moon for the first time.

We come for the peace of all mankind.

Translation:

1in July, 969, people from the earth set foot on the moon for the first time here.

We come for the peace of all mankind.

The plaque is painted with two sides of the earth and signed by three astronauts and then US President Nixon.

It is often claimed that the American moon landing plan is simply fictitious, and the so-called moon landing photos were all taken in Hollywood studios, and many "flaws" in the photos were pointed out [4]. But no scientist who has studied the moon samples has ever doubted the authenticity of these samples.

Six Apollo missions and three unmanned missions to the moon (Lunar 16, 20 and 24) brought back rock and soil samples from the moon.

In February, 2004, President george walker bush proposed to send a man to the moon by 2020.

The intelligent probe 1 of the European Space Agency was launched on September 27th, 2003, and went into orbit around the moon on June 27th+June 5th, 2004. It investigates the lunar environment and makes X-ray maps of the lunar surface. [5] [6] On September 3, 2006, at 5: 42: 22 GMT, Intelligent 1 hit the surface of the moon as scheduled. [7]

China is also actively carrying out the Chang 'e project, a lunar exploration program, to seek the feasibility of developing lunar resources, especially the helium isotope helium -3, which is expected to become the energy source of the earth in the future. [8] On1October 24th, 2007, 10, China's first artificial satellite around the moon, Chang 'e-1, was launched.

Japan has preliminarily determined the mission of exploring the moon in the future. See Moon-A [4] and Selene [5]. JAXA has even begun to plan a manned lunar base. 65438+20071October 30, Japan Space Development Commission approved the decision of Aerospace Exploration Agency to suspend the lunar -A lunar exploration program but continue to develop the penetrating lander. [9] On September 3, 2007, the Japanese moon satellite goddess was launched.

Indian will be the first to launch the unmanned lunar probe Lunar Chu Hang 1. On May 9, 2006, the Indian Space Research Organization and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States signed a memorandum of understanding on cooperation in exploring the moon. India's unmanned lunar probe "Yuechuan 1" will be equipped with two instruments and equipment from NASA, of which 1 is a small synthetic aperture radar to detect whether there is water at the lunar poles, and the other 1 is a lunar mineral plotter to understand the mineral distribution on the lunar surface. [ 10]

Man's Understanding of the Moon

Myth and folklore

Main item: luna.

In China, there are myths about the Goddess Chang'e flying to the moon.

Since ancient times, in poetry and literary works, China has many different nicknames for the moon:

It is related to the shape of the full moon: white jade plate, half wheel, treasure mirror, ice mirror, ice wheel, ice plate, toad plate, flying mirror, flywheel, hanging mirror, gold mirror, golden basin, mirror, yaotai mirror, silver plate, jade mirror, jade wheel, jade plate, jade basin, round shadow and moon wheel.

It is related to the shape of crescent moon: hook, jade bow and jade hook.

It is related to the light of the moon: toad light, Fang Hui, Jin Bo, clear light, night light, still day.

It is related to myths: White Rabbit, Toad, Moon, Chang 'e, Gu Rabbit, Guanghan, Guigong, Ghost Woman, Chang 'e, Qiongque, Su E, Rabbit Shadow, tapiscia sinensis Pearl Palace, Yuchan, Yujing, Magnolia, Jade Rabbit, Round Toad, Laurel, Qingxu and Wangshu.

Others: Curling, Ice Guide, Ice Spirit, Chanjuan, Autumn Shadow, Taiyin.

In Greek mythology, the goddess of the moon is called themis. The astronomical symbol of the moon is like a crescent moon and also symbolizes the bow of Artemis.

In Norse mythology, Marni is the god who drives the lunar rover.

The meaning given by mysticism

Compared with the positive characteristics of the sun's light and heat, and the negative characteristics of the moon's cold and softness, the monthly fixed profit and loss is similar to the female menstrual cycle, which has been regarded as a symbol of women or the image of mother since ancient times.

The moon in the constellation represents thoughts and reactions at the psychological level, which is related to family.

Tarot cards believe that the tides and profit and loss changes caused by the moon affect the psychology and physiology of living things, and the extended meanings are doubt, anxiety, inner strength, dreams and ambiguity.

works

French science fiction writer jules verne's novel Around the Moon shoots people at the moon with gunfire.

refer to

Zheng (5438+0 on March 26th, 2006). Ask the moon. Leisure and Cultural Services Department.

Hoagland and McBara, Chad: Dark Mission: The Secret History of NASA.

The national aeronautics and space administration. . Moon false color mosaic ..

Chen (200 1 June 1 1). Ask the moon. Leisure and Cultural Services Department.

Jonathan Amos. Europe aims at the moon, BBC, March 4, 2003.

Smart- 1 entered the lunar orbit, June 2004165438+1October 65438+June.

Xinhuanet. Intelligent 1 probe hit the moon, September 3, 2006.

On March 4th, 2003, space.com, China outlined his moon landing plan.

According to Xinhuanet, Zheng Qian, a Japanese government deliberative body, agreed to suspend the "Moon -A" program.

Fu Shuangqi. India and the United States will cooperate on the lunar exploration project, Xinhuanet, May 2006 10.