Notes on the warring States policy

Reading Notes on Warring States Policy 1 Reflection on Warring States Policy Warring States Policy is a work of national history. It mainly describes the political opinions and strategies of strategists in the Warring States period, and shows the historical characteristics and social features of the Warring States period. This is an important book for studying the history of the Warring States. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang compiled thirty-three articles, the topics of which were also drawn up by Liu Xiang. It mainly records the struggle of strategists during the Warring States period. The book was compiled in the order of Eastern Zhou Dynasty, Western Zhou Dynasty, Qin State, Qi State, Chu State, Zhao State, Wei State, South Korea, Yan State, Song State, Wei State and Zhongshan State, with a total of 12, 33 volumes and 497 articles. The recorded history is about1.2000 words, from 490 years before Zhi Bo's defeat to the attack on Qin Shihuang in 22 1 year before Gao Jianli. It is one of the most accomplished and influential historical prose works in the pre-Qin period.

"The Warring States Policy" is the most complete book that records the political struggle in ancient China during the Warring States Period. In fact, it was a compilation of speeches made by lobbyists at that time. At that time, the changes in the situation of the seven countries, the reunification of Lian Heng, the protracted war and the change of political power were all related to the advice of counselors and the debate of wise men, so they had important historical value. The book has beautiful words, vivid language, good eloquence, resourcefulness and vivid characters, and often uses fables to explain the truth. Well-known fables include "painting a snake to add feet", "sheep dying to fill a hole", "Smith" and "doing the opposite". It also occupies an important position in the history of China's classical literature. The Warring States Policy mainly describes the political opinions and strategies of strategists during the Warring States period, and shows the historical characteristics and social features of the Warring States period. This is an important book for studying the history of the Warring States. His article is good at saying things. No matter his personal statement or the debate between the two sides, he likes to exaggerate, play incisively and vividly, speak freely and be very convincing. In addition, he vividly describes the characters, is good at using clever and vivid metaphors, and enhances the appeal of the article through interesting fables.

The writing of the Warring States Policy has the following three characteristics:

? The characters are vividly portrayed. For example, Su Qin's story vividly depicts a counselor who is good at arguing and chasing fame and fortune, and vividly depicts a group of vulgar villains. After Su Qin failed in lobbying Qin, he returned home like a beggar, but "his wife can't knit a sweater, his sister-in-law can't cook, and his parents don't keep their word". Later, he tried to make it strong, and the six countries banned each other and played house. "Parents heard, all qing palace, Zhang Le wine, suburbs to meet three miles. The wife looked sideways ... the snake crawled. The sharp contrast between the two scenes fully exposed all the cold world dominated by fame and fortune, and exposed the hypocrisy of the feudal ethics. And Su Qin's "reading for sleep" is also for the sake of high officials and generous salaries, which objectively exposes the ugliness of the ruling class's middle and lower strategists.

? Good at allegory. He is good at explaining a truth through fables, which is vivid, humorous and intriguing. For example, Zou Ji's satire can be adjusted, and Qi Wang praised Zou Ji's "beauty is better than Xu Gong" for different purposes through his wives and friends, explaining the truth of "listening to people's words clearly and listening to people's words secretly", and exhorting Qi Wang not to believe the words of ladies-in-waiting, but to be outspoken and encourage the people to make suggestions. ? Unique language style. Eloquence, sharp irony and intriguing humor constitute a unique language style. Many fables in the book, such as "gild the lily" and "Smith", have been passed down as idioms to this day. When recording the words and deeds of strategists, it is not advisable to describe their unscrupulous pursuit of personal fame and fortune and their various plots to sow discord and play politics in diplomacy, rather than criticizing them, but appreciating them.

The protagonist of the Warring States policy is the counselors and strategists of various countries. They are lobbyists with the same status, representing the interests of different interest groups, running between various vassal States. Their activities reflected the sharp and fierce struggles among the vassal states during the Warring States Period and showed us a vivid and magnificent picture of the Warring States Period. They are alive.

Jumping onto the historical stage of the Warring States period changed the balance of power and foreign policies of various countries to a certain extent, influenced the historical development trend to a certain extent, and promoted the historical development process at that time. However, the monarchs of all countries who were supposed to be the protagonists of history at that time all retreated to the second line. Not only do most people claim to be stupid, or the previous policies are wrong, but they have to hear about the tricks of the tourists, and they are finally persuaded. This also reflects the superb logical thinking ability, language control ability, psychological speculation ability, insight into human nature and superb lobbying strategies and skills of counselors and strategists.

These counselors and strategists recorded in the Warring States Policy provide us with vivid lobbying cases. Through these cases, we can learn the strategies and skills of lobbying and persuading others, and use them flexibly in our work and life. In order to explain each case more conveniently and clearly, we abstract and summarize the general elements from each case, which are:

? Lobbyists, the protagonists in this book, are usually consultants and strategists from all over the world, and they have fully demonstrated their wit and talent.

? The object of lobbying, that is, the object of lobbying, is generally the monarch or prime minister of each country or other important officials with decision-making power. Finally, they were persuaded to change their original decisions or adopt lobbyists' opinions and adopt new policies.

? Lobbying noumenon is that the object of lobbying synthesizes the objective conditions such as national strength, national interests, national foreign policy, cultural environment and historical conditions at that time, on the basis of having a certain understanding of human psychology and human nature. In a specific lobbying field, in order to achieve a specific goal, we should pay attention to the lobbying strategies and skills adopted by default or improvisation, which is the main aspect when we learn the knowledge and skills of the debate on the Warring States Policy. 4. Lobbying field. It is the external objective condition of lobbying ontology, including the state power and state at that time.

Family interests, the country's foreign policy, cultural atmosphere, historical conditions, and the psychological nature of the time, geography, and people.

Reading every case, we can find out the above four elements, and through these four elements, we can see the case clearly.

In the complex human society, people will always face all kinds of problems, and the solution of the problems depends not on simple, rude and rash behavior, but on the human brain. Words and strategies can solve problems and resolve crises, while violent acts such as war conflicts do not help solve crises. People who can use eloquence and strategy will solve problems very easily.

Whether in the Warring States period or today's society, the competition and conflict of interests between countries and between people are eternal. When a weak person is in the jungle with many stakeholders, he should be as sober as Yan rate: in this world, no one will take the initiative to help the weak; Only the temptation of interests can make people who should help you help you. The reputation of the world and the temptation of Jiuding's treasure are always stronger than sympathy for the weak. You have nothing to do with the interests of others. Will others help you and lend you money? Only by being reasonable can we convince others; To tell the truth, people who can't respond at the moment can suddenly realize. The function of speech is simple, that is, to make things clear, from different actions to different results, from the beginning to the evolution, and then to the end. In fact, many things are just a thin layer of enough paper, and a little text can be poked. Unfortunately, victims without brains often don't know the truth of the matter. As the saying goes, "the authorities are fascinated, and the onlookers are clear." We must never overestimate the object of persuasion. We must prick what is punctured and clarify what is clarified.

Speaking requires planning, and what blurts out is the least valuable. Get to the point, solve the problem, or you'd rather say nothing. This requires that before we speak.

Think carefully and make good arrangements. Every sentence in "Su Like Zi" caters to the thoughts and interests of the Western Zhou Dynasty, making it feel that "releasing water" is in the best interests of the Western Zhou Dynasty, but it just falls into the overall strategic arrangement of Ziwei.

Language is a communication tool for human beings, and facts need to be spread. Without communication, it is impossible to know the minimum facts. According to modern western philosophy, people can never know the truth, and they can only know the truth through various means and media. In this way, language itself plays a decisive role in truth. In ancient times when information was underdeveloped, perilla skillfully used language communication to play a decisive role in the truth, making his audience fully listen to his explanation of the facts. It can be said that he easily monopolized the audience's "right to know". In modern society, as long as we understand the relationship between facts and language, we will also convince the audience and influence their actions.

Criticism of the minister is praise of the monarch, and lobbyists have made this dialectical relationship clear. Good and bad, black and white, noble and dirty are constantly changing. Good things will become the worst in some cases, and bad things will become good things. Just as the noble character of a minister leads to the meanness of a monarch, the filth of a minister also makes a monarch famous. Compared with today, we should put our boss's position in line with our own. As a subordinate, at a certain temperature, it is definitely not a good thing that your reputation and integrity are higher than your boss. Therefore, smart subordinates know to learn to cover up their mistakes for their superiors.

In fact, life is politics, and no one can escape, unless you stay away from politics and people. In human society, people without ideas are always pawns of people with ideas, and everything seems powerless in the face of interests.

On the road of life, sometimes you will be in a dilemma; Sometimes I miss fish and bear's paw.

The guest saw Wang Zhao and said, "I heard that the king asked people to buy horses, so what?" The king said, "Yes." "How come it hasn't been delivered yet?" The king said, "I didn't get a job as a horse." He said, "Why not send Xin Jianjun?" Wang Yue said, "Building a new monarch is a matter of state, but I don't know about horses." "Why didn't Wang send Ji Ji?" Wang said, "Ji Ji, female, I don't know how to watch horses." Right: "how can you make up for the country if you buy a horse?" The king said, "This will not help the country." "Buying a horse is evil, why is it a national danger?" The king said, "The country is not in danger." Yes, he said, "but if buying a horse is good and evil, there is no danger of national subjugation." However, if the king buys a horse, he will definitely wait for work. The rule of the world today is wrong, the country is vain, and the country does not eat blood. However, what does the king have to do with building a new king? " Wang Zhao didn't respond. The guest said, "Does Wang know the method and the so-called sang Yong?" The king said, "I haven't heard of it." "The so-called sangyong, the monarch around, and his wife love obedient also. This can take advantage of the king's drunkenness and ask him for what he wants. If you can get it in, then the minister will change the law outside. Therefore, the sun and the moon are outside, thieves are inside, so be prepared for what you hate, and the disaster lies in what you love. " (The Warring States Policy. Zhao Zesi ")

Learning experience:

A guest met Zhao Haoqi Cheng Xiao and asked, "I heard that the king is going to send someone to buy horses. Is it true? " Wang Zhao replied: "There is such a thing." The guest asks again: "Then why don't you send someone to buy it?" Wang Zhao said, "I can't find anyone who knows horses." The guest asked, "Why didn't your Majesty send an army?" Wang Zhao said: "The prison army has to deal with state affairs, not to mention that he has no ability to know horses." The guest asked again, "Why didn't your Majesty send Jackie?" Wang Zhao replied: "Ji Ji is a family member and can't know horses." The guest then asked, "If you buy a good horse, what good will it do to the country?" Wang Zhao replied: "Not good for the country." He also asked, "What harm will it do to the country if you buy a bad horse?" Wang Zhao said: "There is no harm to the country." The guest said, "Since the horse bought is good or bad, it is not good or bad for the country. Your majesty, if you buy a horse, you must find someone who understands it. If people are not properly employed to govern the country now, cities will be uninhabited and ancestors will cut off their sacrifices. But the king refused to hire experts and handed over power to Jianxin. Why? " The prince of Zhao was speechless. The guest went on to say, "Guo Yan has a method of divination called Sangyong. Do you know, your majesty? " Wang Zhao said, "I've never heard of it." The guest said, "Sang Yong refers to those close friends who are good at catering to themselves, as well as beloved wives and beautiful women." . These are the people who make unreasonable demands on you when the king is drunk. These people do whatever they want in the palace, so ministers can do evil outside the palace and take bribes and pervert the law. So the sun and the moon can only shine outside, while the bad guys are hidden in the depths of darkness; Beware of people you hate, but disasters often happen to people you love. "This article first describes that the prince of Zhao has been looking for someone who knows horses to buy, but he doesn't know how to appoint an expert in governing the country, so he appointed Jane Xinjun as his favorite. It can be seen that it is not important for the country to buy a good horse or a bad horse. It is most important to appoint experts to govern the country, but Zhao and Wang don't care.

Then he quoted Guo Yan's divination method, Sangyong, and described that Sangyong catered to people close to him and loved him, and it was these favored people who took the opportunity to ask the king for something, which led ministers to take bribes and bend the law outside the palace. It means that the person you love must also be prepared.

This story warns people that in governing the country, we should know the duty of being satisfactory, and we should be as wary of people we hate as we are of people we love. Otherwise, it will be harmful to the country, politics and people.

Reading Notes of Warring States Policy 3 —— Reading Warring States Policy, I feel that 475 BC-22 BC1year is one of the most important historical periods in ancient China. In this era, mother and son turned against each other, brothers killed each other, ministers usurped power, and people lost their lives. It was one of the most serious and lasting dynasties in China history. At the end of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the royal family of the Zhou Dynasty gradually declined, losing its prestige in the past, and countries fought endlessly, so it was called "Warring States" by later generations. The Warring States inherited the troubled times in the Spring and Autumn Period, created Qin Shihuang, and continued the cultural trend of a hundred schools of thought contending. The new development of economy and technology in the Central Plains and the national reforms launched by various countries to strengthen their own strength, the vertical and horizontal alliance of celebrities, and the struggle of old generals have emerged one after another, which has produced a large number of allusions for future generations. Shaped the embryonic form of the Chinese empire.

In the long history, Liu Xiang, a writer of the Western Han Dynasty, may not be the brightest pearl, but the Warring States policy he left behind is undoubtedly a work of Chinese historiography. It is the formation of the biographical style of Sima Qian's Historical Records, which has a great influence.

The Warring States Policy is a work of national history. It mainly describes the political opinions and strategies of strategists in the Warring States period, and shows the historical characteristics and social features of the Warring States period. This is an important book for studying the history of the Warring States. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang compiled thirty-three articles, the topics of which were also drawn up by Liu Xiang. It mainly records the political opinions and strategies of counselors and military strategists in the Warring States period, and shows the historical characteristics and social features of the Warring States period. The book was compiled in the order of Eastern Zhou Dynasty, Western Zhou Dynasty, Qin State, Qi State, Chu State, Zhao State, Wei State, South Korea, Yan State, Song State, Wei State and Zhongshan State, with a total of 12, 33 volumes and 497 articles. The recorded history is about1.2000 words, from 490 years before Zhi Bo's defeat to the attack on Qin Shihuang in 22 1 year before Gao Jianli. It is one of the most accomplished and influential historical prose works in the pre-Qin period.

The most striking thing in the book Warring States Policy is the description of literati and politicians. exist

Politically, politicians represented by Guan Zhong, Zhang Yi and Su Qin, as well as many Gao Shi, Yi Min and even hermits, have also appeared in the Jianghu, showing their abilities and leaving countless mysterious tricks for future generations. Many of them have evolved into household idioms. Words such as "better late than never, spotless, public, crowded, startled birds, missing" all come from this. Liu Xiang also made great efforts in characterization. "Zou Ji satirizes Qi Wang Nengchen" is the best proof. The descriptions of "more than eight feet" and "good looks" are great representatives of all the characters described in the Warring States Policy. But after Su Qin failed in lobbying Qin, at home, "the wife can't knit, the sister-in-law can't cook, and the parents can't talk". Since then, there has been a story of awl thorn stocks. When he longed for power, he hung himself on the seal of the six countries. "Parents heard that the Qing Palace was cleared, Zhang Le set up wine, and the suburbs welcomed Sanli." In sharp contrast, the utilitarian society of fame and fortune and the feudal society of "recognizing officials and not recognizing relatives" are vividly described. Invisibly exposed the hypocrisy of senior officials.

Compared with the well-known idioms, the Warring States Policy left behind more wonderful cases of strategists' lobbying. In the complex human society, people have to face all kinds of problems all the time. From the day when human beings were born, there was war. How to use one's own ability to solve problems, generate maximum benefits and avoid wars has been a difficult problem for human development since ancient times. The reason why the history of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period is enduring is that the emergence of politicians has changed the rudeness and imprudence of purely armed wars. During the Warring States period and even today's society, interests and conflicts are eternal. In the face of interests, people always have a dilemma. It's not easy to get carried away by profits. You can't have your cake and eat it. As advanced animals, we should use our brains instead of our fists. It's not everything to blurt out and do things by feeling. We should be like Zhao Lei, the counselor of Qin Gong and Yang Yi. Be good at sizing up the situation, analyzing the essence and development law of things, and taking further actions.

Life is politics. One wrong step and you lose everything. China five thousand years, countless predecessors, explained this truth to us. What the Warring States Policy left us is not a story, but a revelation?

With the popularity of The Legend of Mi Yue directed by Zheng Xiaolong, I have a great interest in the history of the pre-Qin period. I want to explore the true face of history and feel the surging tide of Lian Heng, the strategist of the Warring States period, and the hegemony of princes. During the Warring States period, political, military and diplomatic struggles were complicated and confusing. When we study this period of history, we often feel that there is an abnormal lack of information, which is caused by many reasons. First, countries destroyed documents at that time, and second, Qin Shihuang burned books, which caused irreparable losses. The Warring States policy we see today is extremely rare, although it only preserves the outline of a Warring States period for more than 200 years. We are far away today, so we should cherish it. The Warring States Policy has created many characters, including strategists like Su Qin. There are just people, such as Lu Zhonglian and Tang Ju; Some brave people are not afraid of death, such as Jing Ke and Nie Zheng. People with different identities and personalities are lifelike, lifelike.

Strategists are the healthiest figures on the stage of the Warring States Period. They are not only familiar with the general trend of the world, the strength of various countries, local conditions and customs, mountains and rivers, but also can speculate on people's psychology and put forward targeted countermeasures. According to the book, Su Qin and Zhang Yi lobbied for other countries, and their words were sharp and eloquent, which made the monarch obedient. In addition, some noble characters are written in the book, and they shine in the long history. Tang Ju, who lived up to her mission, and Lu Zhonglian, who lived up to her mission, are worthy of our high school students' careful reading. There are also some villains in the book, such as

Greedy minister Wang Cuo, traitor, tyrant Song Kangwang, etc. Exposed their insidious ignorance and duplicity. It can be said that The Warring States Policy is a brilliant opening of China's ancient biographical literature. The language of the Warring States Policy is also unique, overwhelming, unrestrained and powerful. Chanting it can make us write like a book, full of twists and turns, and not stagnate. Many fables are also used in the Warring States Policy, such as Smith, gild the lily, frightened bird, the opposite direction, etc. These words are still active in our oral and written language, showing great vitality.

Although Zheng Xiaolong's The Legend of Mi Yue is well-made and beautifully written, it still has deductive elements, and many histories can't stand scrutiny. So take this opportunity to read the Warring States Policy carefully, and you will find that the characters in ancient books are more stereoscopic and wonderful than those in film and television dramas. Although the language of characters in Warring States Policy likes exaggeration, it is really helpful for teenagers, especially middle school students, to expand their knowledge, understand the excellent cultural traditions of the motherland and cultivate noble moral sentiments. As for young teachers, they can read classics with the help of hot spots in film and television dramas, and form their own independent thinking and judgment when reading.

The Warring States Policy Reading Notes 5 mentions the Warring States Policy, and everyone will know it more or less. Some of these chapters, such as Zou Ji satirizes the King of Qi and Tang Ju does not disgrace his mission, were all learned in middle school, and we were deeply impressed by them. I am very interested in the Warring States Policy because it is different from other history books. "The Warring States Policy" records more the lobbying words of vivid figures in the Warring States Period, and the whole book mainly shows the times to readers through dialogues between the figures. Its refined and vibrant language is also an important reason to attract readers. Reading the Warring States Policy can improve the language logic ability, which is why many professionals regard it as a must-read book.

I borrowed the Warring States Policy from the library some time ago. Recently, I read Qin Ce in my spare time and wrote down this feeling.

Since Shang Yang's political reform, Qin has gradually become rich and strong, and its basic national strength is higher than that of Shandong. Later, although Hui Wang split Shang Yang, Shang Jun's influence on Qin has always been rooted in the depths of Qin. The country of Shandong, especially the Han and Wei Dynasties, is even more afraid of Qin. In this context, Zhang Yi, Su Qin and others' thought of joining forces changed the situation of Qin State and even the world. Later, under the governance of Gan Mao, Wei Ran and others, Qin became more and more powerful. Korea, Wei and Qin are adjacent and the most threatened. After Fan Ju entered the Qin Dynasty, he practiced the strategy of combining far and near with Zhao Haoqi. At this time, Qin has become a dominant situation. Tian Lei fought against Zhao in Changping, and Fan Ju countered and defeated Zhao. Of the six eastern countries, only Zhao's military strength can compete with Qin's. After this war, countries were on pins and needles, and there was no peace. Qin also let people lobby among the six countries, and all six countries rushed to cede territory to please Qin, but there was no * * * against Qin. After falling out of favor, he became Qin, and Qin had the strength to unify the world.

In Qin Ce, most lobbyists came from six countries, or fled to Qin, or heard that the king of Qin loved talents and took the initiative to go west to work for Qin. Shang Yang fled from Wei to Qin, so he was filial and reused and implemented political reform. Zhang Yi is favored, but bullying Chu makes Chu and Qi absolutely. When Zhao Haoqi was in power, the empress dowager had great power. Fan Ju persuaded Zhao Haoqi to strengthen the kingship, so Zhao Haoqi abolished the Empress Dowager and centralized the kingship. Fan Ju's position in the Qin Dynasty was increasing day by day, and he practiced the strategy of making a distant acquaintance and attacking from near, attacking Sanjin and killing Tian Lei who did not agree with him. Qin Xiangduo was driven away by the king of Qin because other tourists spoke ill of him in front of him. Because of Wang Ji, Fan Ju fell out of favor in money. Maybe he hoped he would follow in the footsteps of other Qin countries. At this time, Cai Ze saw Fan Ju and suggested that he fire him. Fan Ju took this opportunity to recommend Cai Ze as a photograph, but he himself was unscathed.

In my opinion, Qin's strength is inevitable. Compared with the six eastern countries, the king of Qin is more humble and virtuous, and his attitude towards talents is far better than that of other kings. And all the prime ministers who advised Qin made great contributions to Qin. I think Shang Yang, Zhang Yi and Fan Ju have made greater contributions than other prime ministers. They either attacked the city and toyed with the princes during the ruling period, or made the Qin state clear in rewards and punishments and clear in politics. Think of a sentence in "On Qin", "When the first emperor was strong in the world, he was able to unify the whole country, which was really the result of the concerted efforts of Qi Xin, the king of Qin Dynasty. It can be said that the Qin Dynasty unified China is inevitable.

This story is about how big your feet are, how big your shoes are, and how much you get the most profit at the least cost. The limited national strength of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty did not attract talented people with great fame and virtue, which was not a godsend opportunity. It hurts to think about it. People all over the world are Wang Chen, but its nominal attraction can no longer attract talents. In the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, Doukhi wanted to reuse Cui Jing and throw out potential stocks. Potential stocks have existed since ancient times. Although I can't see them for the time being, they have a little spirit. Such rough jade has limited value in front of ordinary people, but it is priceless in the eyes of countless "talent scouts". From the country to the family, the rise and fall of honor and disgrace are all in the word talent. Because only talents have eyesight that others lack, and only talents are more creative than ordinary people. Society is nothing more than natural resources seized by talents in order to give full play to their talents, and society is transformed into resources for talents to fight against nature. However, each needs his own needs, which leads to the diversity and hierarchy of talents. As for when diverse talents are important and when they are secondary, it is also the need of history. It can also be said that human beings have their own needs for talents in the process of development. Water is impermanent and abnormal, so. However, history has stages, how you scamper at this stage is secondary, and how decadent you are is also important. However, there is no essential difference between everyone as a talent, the only difference is the times. I don't know whether Cui Jing was a potential stock of so-called talents in that era, but we can know that Doukhi successfully promoted Cui Jing. Because he knew what kind of talents he needed in his time and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty at that time, and this talent must be worth the money.