Historical characteristics of Longshan culture

What are the characteristics of Longshan culture? /kloc-0 In the spring of 928, archaeologist Wu Jinding discovered the world-famous Chengziya site in Longshan Town, Zhangqiu City, Shandong Province.

On the western fault of Chengziya platform, he excavated a large number of pottery pieces, which were black in color and smooth in surface, and coexisted with stone tools and bone tools. Archaeologists originally called it black pottery culture.

Later, archaeologists named this cultural relic with black pottery as its main feature "Longshan Culture". Before Chengziya, most of the ancient pottery unearthed in China were painted pottery and red pottery with high sediment concentration, while the black pottery unearthed in Chengziya was a unique creation of Dongyi people more than 4,000 years ago.

The wall thickness of the black pottery eggshell cup unearthed from Chengziya is only 0. 5 mm thick and weighing only about 50 grams, it is regarded by Jane as the best of black pottery.

Since the discovery of Longshan site, archaeologists have discovered cultural remains of this period in Henan, Shaanxi, Shanxi and Hubei. However, due to their different cultural characteristics, they are named Longshan Culture in Henan, Longshan Culture in Shaanxi, Longshan Culture in Taosi, Shanxi and Shijiahe Culture in Hubei, which are collectively called Longshan Culture.

The most striking feature of culture in this period is the discovery of urban sites. In Shandong, in addition to the Longshan site of Chengziya, there is also the Wangcheng site on the Shouguang sideline.

Other areas include Pingliangtai Ancient City in Huaiyang, Wang Chenggang in Dengfeng, Haojiatai in Yancheng and Mengzhuang in Huixian. Longshan culture belongs to the late Neolithic period in China. During this period, agriculture and animal husbandry in Shaanxi developed greatly compared with Yangshao culture, and the number and types of production tools increased greatly, which greatly improved production efficiency.

Witchcraft activities such as divination are also very popular. Therefore, from the perspective of social form, it had entered the patriarchal society at that time, private property had appeared and began to enter the hierarchical society.

What are the outstanding features of Longshan culture? Longshan culture in different regions has its own characteristics, but it also has the characteristics of black pottery.

Black pottery is a prominent feature of Longshan culture, and it is also the fundamental feature that distinguishes Longshan culture from Yangshao culture. Compared with Yangshao culture, which was originally called "painted pottery culture", Longshan culture was also called "black pottery culture" when it was first discovered, which shows the essential difference between them.

Longshan black pottery is another excellent pottery-making technology after Yangshao painted pottery. Due to the fast wheel system technology, the ceramic tire is extremely thin, the tire bone is dense and the whole body is polished; In addition, because the carburizing method of closed kiln smoking is adopted in the firing process, the surface of the device presents a dark black luster, which is very beautiful.

It does not win by decoration, but is good at modeling, with only a few strings, scratches or holes, but it has four characteristics: black, thin, light and thin. The concentrated representative of these black pottery arts is Shandong Longshan culture, which is called typical Longshan culture.

Distribution and characteristics of Longshan culture After Yangshao culture, Longshan culture appeared in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, including the second stage of Miaodigou culture in Shanxian County, Henan Province, the late stage of Longshan culture in Henan Province and Longshan culture in Shaanxi Province. Miaodigou second-stage culture is distributed at the junction of Henan, Shanxi and Shaanxi, and Yangshao culture is often superimposed. Pottery is mainly gray pottery, but also a small amount of red pottery and black pottery. Basket pattern became the main decorative pattern, and many pottery shapes inherited Yangshao culture. The time is from 29 o'clock to 28 o'clock.

Longshan culture in Henan is the continuation of Miaodigou culture in the second phase, with Henan as the center, including parts of southern Shanxi and southern Hebei. Due to the different geographical distribution, there are certain differences in cultural features, which are subdivided into Hougang Phase II, Zaolutai, Wang Wan Phase III, Xiawanggang Phase III, Taosi and other different types. At this time, the pottery is still dominated by gray pottery. Although the rotation system accounts for a certain proportion, it is not as developed as Longshan culture in Shandong Province. The years are from 2600 to 2000. Later, Erlitou culture in Yanshi was developed on this basis. Shaanxi Longshan culture (Keshengzhuang culture) superimposed on Miaodigou culture is related to inheritance. It is mainly distributed in Guanzhong area, and there are also relics in northern Shaanxi and southern Shaanxi. The years are from 2300 to 2000.

What are the characteristics of Longshan culture in Shaanxi? Longshan culture in Shaanxi Province is mainly located in the Weishui River Basin, spreading in many areas of northern Shaanxi and southern Shaanxi, and generally divided into two periods: morning and evening.

The house is mainly semi-crypt type, with an inner room and an outer room. In the outer room, there is often a niche at the exit of the slope for cooking or preserving fire; In the inner chamber, there is a pocket pit for storing grain.

There are more than 100 houses in the Kangjia site in Lintong, and their layout provides information for investigating the social structure at that time. Pottery is mainly gray pottery, but there are also some red pottery. The shapes and patterns of pottery are similar to those of Longshan culture in Henan in the east and Qijia culture in the west, which reflects the mutual communication between these cultures.

Qijia culture is about 4000 years ago, named after Qijiaping site in Guanghe County, Gansu Province, and widely distributed in Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia and Inner Mongolia. Most of the houses in Qijia culture are crypt-style buildings, and the rooms are covered with a layer of white ash, which is not only strong and beautiful, but also moisture-proof and distinctive.

The pottery-making industry of Qijia culture is relatively developed, and at that time, complicated kiln-burning technology has been mastered, which is closely related to the emergence of copper smelting industry with distinctive Qijia culture characteristics.

The artistic characteristics of Longshan black pottery in Neolithic age are briefly described. Shandong Longshan black pottery is another excellent variety after Yangshao painted pottery. It is the culture of China in the late Neolithic period more than 4,000 years ago. It is called "black pottery culture" because of its characteristics. Black pottery is a kind of pottery with thin embryo and dense embryo bone. Dark and bright black pottery. It is the most exquisite pottery in Longshan culture. Black pottery technology mainly adopts the method of pottery wheel system. Not by decoration, but by modeling. In addition to pointed-bottom bottles, cans and pots, there are varieties such as plum, bean, cup and tripod. Black pottery is fired by kiln carbonization. There are only some strings, lines or holes in the decoration. Black, thin, bright and new are the four characteristics of black pottery. Among them, there is a thin-walled black pottery, black and bright, as thin as an eggshell, which represents the outstanding achievements of this type of pottery. Black pottery originated from people's daily utensils, and then gradually walked out of daily life because of its fragile texture. After thousands of years of wind and rain, today, Zhangqiu ceramists carry it forward.

What are the characteristics of architectural layout in Yangshao culture period and Longshan culture period? The "hierarchical community" structure centered on the big city site in Longshan period is completely different from the early urban form in the middle and late Yangshao period. From the point of view of form and structure, this is a reflection of the formation of the square state organization at the end of primitive society and the organizational structure of clan and tribal society on the verge of disintegration in settlement form.

Generally speaking, the popularization of urban defense facilities is not only the progress of settlement building technology, but also the objective result of urgent external defense and intensified internal contradictions. From the external form of the city site, Fangcheng became the main form, which is the embodiment of the mature urban form in Longshan era and getting rid of the traces of the early moat settlement. From the internal structure, the site of Longshan City is a reflection of the settlement patterns of major tribal groups in the late primitive society, and big cities have begun to occupy the position of Du Yi, the political center of the country. The site of Longshan City is relatively concentrated in the six ancient cultural flora in the Yellow River and Yangtze River basins, which is equivalent to the active areas of Huaxia, Dongyi, Bashu, Jingchu, wuyue and other nationalities and their ancestors from the legendary period to the early historical period in China. The "hierarchical community" structure centered on large settlements with different flora is a new type of archaeological remains of political entities. The cornerstone remains of human sacrifice and animal sacrifice are generally found in the ruins of big cities and important buildings in hierarchical settlement centers. In funerals, it is also quite common for people and animals in aristocratic cemeteries or public cemeteries to offer sacrifices. Central settlements often have large and complex special sacrificial places. It can be seen that the Longshan period is a mature stage of religious sacrifice and ritual culture, and it has also become an important symbol of the upcoming completion of the national civilization building.

What is Longshan culture? Longshan culture refers to a cultural relic in the late Neolithic period in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River in China. The bronze culture, named after its discovery in Longshan Town, Zhangqiu, Shandong Province, is about 4350-3950 years ago. Distributed in Shandong, Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi and other provinces in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. In Dawenkou culture, the fast-wheel pottery-making technology was widely used in this period. The polished black pottery is more in quantity and better in quality. It is made by firing vessels as thin as eggshells and its surface is as bright as paint, which is the peak period in the history of pottery making in China. /kloc-0 In the spring of 928, archaeologist Wu Jinding discovered the world-famous Chengziya site in Longshan Town, Zhangqiu County, Shandong Province. On the western fault of Chengziya platform, he excavated thin-walled pottery with black luster, which coexisted with stone tools and bone tools. This attracted the attention of experts from the Archaeological Group of the Institute of History and Linguistics of Academia Sinica at that time. Since then, archaeologists have excavated the Chengziya site many times and obtained a number of cultural remains characterized by beautifully polished black pottery. According to these findings, archaeologists named this cultural relic with black pottery as its main feature "Longshan Culture".

Similarities and differences between Yangshao culture and Longshan culture. Similarities: Yangshao culture and Longshan culture are two important cultures created by ancestors living in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River in the late Neolithic period.

2. Difference: 1. "Yangshao Culture" with different distribution locations was named after it first appeared in Yangshao Village, Humeanchi County, Henan Province, and it has been four or five thousand years since. Widely distributed, there are no less than 1000 ancient sites in western Henan, northern Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu and Guhai.

"Longshan culture" is a kind of late Neolithic culture which is later and more progressive than "Yangshao culture", about three or four years ago. It was named after its site was first discovered in Longshan Town near Jinan, Shandong Province.

It is also widely distributed in Shandong, Henan, Anhui, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Liaodong Peninsula and Hangzhou, Zhejiang. 2. The artifacts found in different pottery cultural sites are right-handed, bone and pottery.

Because the surface of these pottery is red and colorful, it is the most beautiful. This kind of painted pottery has obvious characteristics, so "Yangshao culture" is also called "painted pottery culture".

The pottery of "Longshan culture" has a black and bright surface and a thin and hard wall. Archaeologists call this culture "black pottery culture". 3. Different social features According to the study of Yangshao cultural sites and a large number of relics, we know that the economy at that time was dominated by primitive "hoeing agriculture" and the main crop was millet; Agriculture has stone axes, shovels, knives, millstones and grinding rods for grain processing.

At this time, although animal husbandry and fishing and hunting have gradually become sideline businesses, they still occupy a certain position in the whole economic life. As for livestock, there are already pigs and dogs.

In handicraft industry, stone-making, bone-making, pottery-making, textile and sewing have become very common. At this time, people have lived a relatively stable settled life.

Because many small square or round houses were found in the ruins, they were connected into a "village" (there is often a big house in this "village", which is probably a public place for members of this clan to carry out activities). It is found in the site of "Longshan Culture" that the economy in this period was mainly developed "hoeing agriculture", and hunting and fishing were only sideline businesses.

Handicraft industry began to occupy an important position. In addition to stone axes and knives, there are also half-moon stone knives, stone locks, mussels and other agricultural tools.

In this period, besides pigs and dogs, horses, cows, sheep and chickens also appeared. Handicrafts are also more exquisite and beautiful.

4. The social status of men and women is different. From the study of tombs and daily necessities at that time, it can be seen that women occupied a much higher position in agricultural production and daily life than men, so many scholars believe that "Yangshao culture" is in the prosperous period of matriarchal clan commune.

Longshan culture. Men played a major role in production, and the difference between the rich and the poor within the clan became more and more obvious.

Archaeologists and historians believe that "Longshan culture" is a patriarchal commune culture centered on men. Extended data:

The historical value of Longshan culture The establishment of Longshan culture is the most important discovery after Yangshao culture.

It not only fills the gap between Yangshao culture and Yin merchants in practice, but also takes a key step for China to find the source of Chinese culture. The city site is a major feature of Longshan culture.

Cities with defense projects are the product of social development to a certain stage. In the Book of Rites, Li Yun regards "Guo Cheng Gully and Pond as a solid" as an important symbol of the emergence of a country. At present, only in Haidai Longshan Cultural Zone, except Chengziya, there are more than ten well-defined Longshan cultural city sites, such as Shouguang Bianwang, Zouping Dinggong, Yanggu Jingyanggang, Wulian Dantu, Rizhao, Feixian Fangcheng, Lianyungang Tenghualuo, Tengzhou Zhuanglixi and Rizhao Yaowang City.

In addition to the city site, large-scale funerary objects, such as Xizhu Peak in Linqu, were also excavated from the Longshan cultural site. Take M202, Zhu Xi's tomb with the highest specifications, as an example. Each coffin is painted, and there are nearly 50 funerary objects, including jade crown ornaments, jade hairpin, jade spike, jade knife and turquoise string ornaments, eggshell black pottery tall handle cups, crocodile skin and so on.

However, the small tomb in the same cemetery had no burial utensils, only a small amount of pottery was buried with it, from which we can also see that the society at that time was highly divided. Moreover, many civilized elements of Dawenkou and Longshan culture, such as the tradition of thick burial, jade burial and coffin system, were obviously inherited and developed by the later Shang and Zhou civilizations.

In the ancient history of China, Longshan culture was in the formation period of civilized society. Because of this, a comprehensive and in-depth study of this culture is of self-evident significance for solving the important issue of the origin of private ownership, class and country in ancient China. At the same time, it is also the main way for us to understand the social structure, production activities, living customs, spiritual beliefs and the relationship between Yi and Xia.