Briefly describe the main content and theme of Zhao.

This article mainly tells the rise and fall history of Zhao, one of the "Seven Heroes of the Warring States" for hundreds of years. The ancestor of Zhao people is a branch of Huaxia nationality, and the monarch is Zhao, whose surname is won. In 403 BC, Han, Zhao and Wei were divided into Jin, and King Weilie of Zhou made Zhao Liehou a vassal and founded the country. Zhao successively won Jinyang (now Taiyuan, Shanxi), Zhongmou (now Hebi, Henan) and Handan. In 222 BC, it was destroyed in the state of Qin.

Zhao's ancestors and Qin people are the same ancestor. When he arrived in Zhongyan, he gave a driver to Emperor Taiwu of Yin. His descendant, Fei Lian, has two sons. One of the sons, named Elei, was a courtier and was killed by Zhou people. His descendants are Qin people. E Lai's younger brother's name is Jisheng, and his descendant is Zhao.

Ji sheng Meng Zeng. Meng Zeng is favored by Zhou Chengwang, and this is Zhai Gaolang. The high wolf was born, and Zhao Fu was born. Zhao Fu got the support of Zhou Muwang. Zhao Fu selected eight good horses and presented them to the famous horses from Taolin, such as Thief Li, Huayi and Green Ear. King Mu asked Zhao Fu to travel to the west by car. He was so happy that he forgot to go back when he met the Queen Mother of the West. Soon, Xu Yanwang launched a rebellion, and King Mu traveled thousands of miles in a carriage, attacked Xu Yanwang and completely defeated him. So he gave Zhao Cheng to Zhao Fu, and from then on he became Zhao Shi.

From Zhao Fuchuan to the sixth generation, and then to the elected father, Gong Zhong. In the crusade against the Rong people, he tried to catch the car. In the battle of a thousand acres, Wang Xuan was saved from danger by his father's election. My father gave birth to Uncle Dai. When my uncle took over, Zhou Youwang was dissolute and ruthless. He left the Zhou Dynasty and went to the State of Jin, where he served Jin Wengong and began to establish the Zhao family.

Brought down from his uncle, the Zhao family became more and more prosperous, and spread to Zhao Su after five generations.

In the 16th year of Jin Xiangong (before 66 1), the state of Jin conquered Huo, Wei and Geng, and Zhao Ji made Huo a general. Huo Gongqiu fled to Qi. This year, there was a drought in the state of Jin, and the result of divination said, "The mountain gods of Mount Huotai are at work." So Zhao Su was sent to Qi State to recall the monarch of Huo State, restored his position, and made him preside over the sacrifice of Mount Huo, so that the State of Jin could reap another bumper harvest. Gave Geng land to Zhao Su.

The year of Zhao Jisheng * * * Meng happened to be the year of Lu Min (66 1 BC). * * * Meng Shuai (Cu: and Cui), the word Zhao Shuai Yu.

It is unlucky for Zhao to serve or for his sons to divine. Divination served the son Zhong Er, and the result was auspicious. He went to serve Zhong Er. Because of rebellion, he fled to Zhai, with Zhao Shuai as his entourage. Zhai people, for example, got two women's complaints (gāo, high) by fighting. Zhai Juan married a young woman Zhong Er and an older woman Zhao Shuai and gave birth to Zhao Dun. When I was in the State of Jin, Zhao's wife gave birth to Zhao Tong, Zhao Kuo and Zhao. Zhao Shuai fled with Zhong Er and returned to the State of Jin after nineteen years. Zhong Er became a Duke Wen of A Jin, and Zhao Shuai became a former doctor, living in the original city and presiding over the state affairs. Zhao's calculation recorded in the Book of Jin is an important reason for restoring the country and claiming the emperor.

After Zhao Shuai returned to the State of Jin, his original wife in the State of Jin insisted on marrying the wife who had been married in Zhai, and made Zhao Dun, the son of Zhai's wife, the authentic heir, and his three sons were subordinate to him. In the sixth year of Jin Xianggong (662 BC), Zhao Shuai died and posthumous title flourished.

Two years after Zhao Dun took over from Ji Cheng, Duke Xiang of Jin died, while Prince Gao Yi was still young. Due to national difficulties, Zhao Dun wanted to establish Yong, the younger brother of the project leader, as the monarch. Yong was in the state of Qin, so he sent messengers to meet him. The mother of the Prince cried day and night and kowtowed to Zhao Dun, saying, "What crime have you committed? Why did you abandon his first son and find another monarch? " Zhao Dun was worried about this matter, fearing that his relatives and doctors would attack and kill himself, so he set up a prince, Jin Linggong, and sent troops to intercept a group of people who met "xianggong" and his younger brother in Qin. After Gong Ling ascended the throne, Zhao Dun monopolized the politics of the State of Jin.

Gong Ling ascended the throne for fourteen years and became more and more arrogant. Zhao Dun protested many times, but Gong Ling wouldn't listen. Once, he ate the bear's paw, killed the food officer, and carried his body out, as Zhao Dun saw. Gong Ling was so scared that he wanted to kill Zhao Dun. Zhao Dun is always generous and kind to people. He once delivered food to a man who was so hungry that he fell under a mulberry tree. The man turned to cover and save Zhao Dun, and Zhao Dun was able to escape. Before he fled the country, Zhao Chuan killed Gong Ling, and made Xianggong's younger brother Heibuttou the monarch. This is Jin Chenggong. Zhao Dun is back in charge of state affairs. This gentleman mocked Zhao Dun for "being an official for the next term, never leaving the country and never punishing thieves when he came back", so the history books recorded that "Zhao Dun killed the king". After the death of Duke Jing of Jin, posthumous title of Zhao Dun was Meng Xuan, and his son Zhao Shuo inherited this title.

In the third year of Duke Jing of Jin Dynasty (597 BC), Zhao Shuo led the Jin army to save Zheng and fought on the Yellow River. Zhao Shuo married Jin Chenggong's younger sister.

In the third year of Duke Jing of Jin, the doctor Tu'an Gu tried to kill the Zhao family. When Zhao Dun was alive, he dreamed that his uncle was holding his waist and crying, which was very sad. Then I laughed again, clapped my hands and sang. Zhao Dun performed divination for this purpose, and the crack burned on the tortoise shell was interrupted, but the back was healed. Yuan, a historian of Zhao, judged: "This dream is fierce, not for you, but for your son and because of your fault. In your grandson's generation, the Zhao family will be even more declining. " Tu'an Gu, who was favored by Gong Ling at first, became a scoundrel in Gong Jing. When things were about to happen, he first punished the rebels who killed Gong Ling to implicate Zhao Dun, and told all the generals: "Although Zhao Dun didn't know it, he was still the first rebel. How to punish the sinner when the courtiers kill the monarch and the descendants are still officials? Please kill them. " Han Jue said, "Zhao Dun was not at home when Gong Ling was killed. Our late king didn't kill him because he thought he was innocent. Now you are going to kill his offspring. This is not the will of the late king, but indiscriminate killing or insurrection. It is arrogant to be a minister and not let you know. " Tu'an Gu wouldn't listen. Han told Zhao Shuo to escape. Zhao Shuo refused to run away. He said, "You must not break Zhao's fragrance. I have no complaints when I die." Han Jue agreed to his request. He lied that he was ill and didn't go out. Without the permission of the monarch, Tu'an Gu and his generals attacked Zhao in Xiagong, killing Zhao Shuo, Zhao Tong, Zhao Kuo and Zhao, and destroying their families.

Zhao Shuo's wife, Cheng Gong's sister, was pregnant with Zhao Shuo's child, and she fled to Gong Jing Palace to hide. A guest in Zhao Shuo is named Gongsun Chujiu. Chu Jiu said to Zhao Shuo's friend Cheng Ying, "Why don't you die?" Cheng Ying said, "Zhao Shuo's wife is pregnant. If she is lucky enough to be a boy, I will support him. " If it is a girl, I will die slowly. "Not long after, Zhao Shuo's wife gave birth to a child and a boy. When Tu'an Gu heard this, he went to the palace to look for it. Adults put the baby in their pants and prayed: "If the Zhao clan is extinct, you will cry;" "If it won't be extinct, don't make any noise." The baby was silent when I found it here. After getting out of danger, Cheng Ying said to Gongsun Chujiu, "I didn't find it when I searched today. I must search again in the future. What should I do? " Gongsun Chujiu said, "Which is more difficult, raising an orphan or dying?" Cheng Ying said, "It is easier to die than to raise orphans." Sun said, "Zhao's ancestors treated you well, so you can't bear it." I'll make it simple, let me die first! "So they managed to find someone else's baby to carry, wrapped him in a beautiful floral quilt and hid him in the mountains. When I came out of the mountain, I pretended to say to the generals, "I have no ambition and can't raise Zhao's orphan." Whoever can give me a daughter, I will tell him where the orphan Zhao is hiding. People were very happy, agreed to him, and sent troops to follow Cheng Ying to attack Gongsun Chujiu. Chu Jiu said for a pretence, "Cheng Ying, you little man! You can't die in the palace, and you discussed with me to hide the orphan Zhao, and now you betray me. Even if you can't support him, how can you have the heart to betray him! He held the baby in his arms and shouted, "Oh, my God! God, what did Zhao's orphan do? Please let him live and kill me, Chu Jiu. "The generals refused, and immediately killed Chu Jiu and orphans. People thought that the orphan Zhao was really dead, and they were all very happy. However, the real orphan Zhao was still alive and finally hid in the deep mountains with him.

Fifteen years later, Duke Jing of Jin fell ill and performed divination. It turns out that the descendants of Daye are not going well, so it is strange. When asked Han Jue, Han Jue knew that the orphan Zhao was still alive, so he said, "Among the descendants of Daye, isn't Zhao the one who put out the incense of the State of Jin? All its descendants are surnamed Wang. The wise man with a face and a bird's mouth, who came to the world to assist Yin Taiwu, and several Zhou Tianzi who were assisted by his descendants all have good virtues. When I went to see King Li and King You, my uncle left the Zhou Dynasty and went to the State of Jin, where he served the late King Hou Wenguo. Until he became a public official, they established their achievements from generation to generation, and they never lost their fragrance. Now only the monarch destroyed Zhao, and the people of Jin mourned for them, so it was shown during divination. I hope you will think about it! " He asked, "Does Zhao have any descendants?" Han Jue told Gong Jing the whole truth. So he discussed with Han Jue that an orphan named Zhao should be established, and he should be found to hide in the palace first. The generals entered the palace to meet the serious illness, relying on many followers of Han Biao to force them to meet the orphan Zhao. Zhao's orphan is named. The generals said helplessly, "Tu'an Gu did what happened to Xia Gong. He faked your life and gave orders to his ministers. Otherwise, who dares to rebel! If you are not sick, our minister will invite Zhao's descendants. Since you have this order, that is the wish of the ministers! " At that time, Wu Zhao and Cheng Ying were asked to thank the generals one by one. The generals in turn attacked Tu'an Gu with Cheng Ying and Wu Zhao and destroyed his family. Jing Gongzhong gave Wu Zhao the fief that belonged to Scott.

When he was crowned an adult in Wu Zhao, Cheng Ying bid farewell to the doctors and then said to Wu Zhao, "Everyone died in the event of going to the palace. It's not that I can't die. I want to help Zhao's descendants. Now, Wu Zhao has inherited his ancestral business, and when he grows up, he has restored his original title. I will report to Zhao Xuan and Gongsun Chujiu underground. " Wu Zhao cried and kowtowed, insisting: "I would rather let my bones and muscles suffer than repay you until I die." Do you have the heart to leave me to die? " Cheng Ying said, "No way. He thought I could achieve great things, so he died before me; Now if I don't go back to life, I will think that my task has not been completed. " So he killed himself. Wu Zhao kept filial piety for Cheng Ying for three years, and arranged land sacrifices for him, offering sacrifices to the Spring and Autumn Period from generation to generation.

Eleven years after the restoration of Zhao, he killed three doctors named Zhao. Luan Shu was afraid of implicating himself, so he killed Duke Xiang of Jin and made Duke Xiang's great-grandson Zhou. This is the funeral of Duke Xiang of Jin. Since then, the power of doctors in the state of Jin has gradually become stronger.

Wu Zhao ascended the throne twenty-seven years later. In the 12th year of Gong Ping (546 BC), Wu Zhao became Zhengqing. In thirteen years, Yanling ji zi was sent to the State of Jin. He said: "The state power of Jin will eventually fall into the hands of the descendants of Zhao Wuzi, Han and Wei Xianzi." After Wu Zhao's death, posthumous title became Wen Zi.

Wen Zi gave birth to Uncle Jing. Shu Jing and Qi Jinggong sent Yan Ying to the State of Jin, and Yan Ying talked with the uncle of the State of Jin. Yan Ying said: "The regime of Qi will eventually fall into Tian's hands." Uncle Xiang also said: "The regime of the State of Jin will fall into the hands. Liu Qing is very presumptuous, but our monarch is not worried. "

Zhao Shujing died and gave birth to Zhao Yang. This is Zhao Jianzi.

During the reign, in the ninth year (5 17), Jianzi joined the vassal and was stationed in Zhou territory. The next year, I sent Zhou back to the Zhou Dynasty because he was far away from his younger brother Zichao.

In the twelfth year of Jin Qinggong, Liu Qing killed the clans of Qi Wang Qi Shi and Yang She Shi, and divided their territory into ten counties. Liu Qing asked his people to be doctors separately. Since then, the power of the state of Jin has been further weakened.

Thirteen years later, Yang Hucheng, a rebel from the state of Lu, fled to the state of Jin and accepted a bribe, which was very kind to him.

Zhao Jianzi was sick and in a coma for five days, and the doctor was afraid. The doctor Bian Que came out after seeing it. Dong An asked about his illness. Bian Que said, "Blood is peaceful, so why are you surprised?" ! This kind of thing happened in Qin Mugong before, and it took seven days to wake up. On the day I woke up, I told Gong He, "I am very happy to come to the place where God lives. I stayed for a long time because I was taught. God told me:' the state of Jin will be chaotic, and the fifth world will not be peaceful; Their descendants will dominate and die before they are old, and the son of the overlord will live in the state of Jin. "Gong wrote it down and hid it, and Qin's prophecy came out at this time. As you know, offering the chaos of the public, writing about the hegemony of the public, Xiang Gong Yaoshan defeated Qin Jun, and went back to debauchery. Now your monarch's illness is the same as Qin Mugong's. In three days, he will be all right. After that, he must have something to say "

Two and a half days later, Jane woke up. He said to the doctors, "When I went to see God, I was very happy. I was visiting God." . I have heard many times the songs of Chongwei and watched Wan Dance, unlike the songs of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, which are very moving. A bear came to catch me, and God told me to shoot it. The bear was shot. Here comes another one. I shot again and was killed. God was very happy and gave me two bamboo boxes, both of which were small. I saw a child by God's side. God entrusted me with a dog and said to me,' When your son grows up, give him this dog.' God also told me:' The State of Jin will gradually decline and perish after seven generations. The man who won the surname will defeat Zhou people west of Fan Kui, but you can't occupy them. Now I remember Yu Shun's exploits, and then I will marry Meng Yao, the daughter of Shun descendants, to your seventh-generation grandson. ""Dong Anyu wrote it down after listening to it and kept it properly. He reported what Bian Que said to Jane, who gave Bian Que four acres of land.

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Appreciation editor

Zhao is a distinctive one among the 30 Historical Records. The full text is like the Yangtze River, with ups and downs, and wonderful fragments are seen from time to time. Its vivid narration, vivid characters, changeable composition and exquisite tailoring left a deep impression on readers. Among them, there are two most striking events. One is that King Wuling of Zhao is riding and shooting in Hu clothes, and the other is a story about the orphan of Zhao.

King Wuling of Zhao was one of the most outstanding figures in the Warring States Period. According to Zhao's national conditions, he boldly put forward the idea of riding and shooting. To realize this idea, it is necessary to change the traditional customs, so it has met with opposition from all sides, with heavy resistance and difficulties. However, King Wu Ling did not give in to the old customary forces. He pushed his way through the crowd and had a heated debate with nobles and ministers. Finally, his opponent was forced to agree with him. Sima Qian's account of Wuling Wang's efforts to squeeze through the crowd is quite detailed, because the reformer's vision, courage and courage have been fully reflected in repeated debates. Of course, the author also describes the effect of riding and shooting, which makes Zhao quick and powerful. We can see from history that riding and shooting is not limited to Zhao, and this measure of changing customs has had a positive impact on the historical development of China in many aspects. Although Sima Qian didn't have time to fully see these influences, he saw the innovative measures and unusual things of King Wuling with keen eyes and fully affirmed them. This is also the excellence of this great historian.

The story of Zhao's orphan has long been known because of the spread of operas and novels. But it was this "Zhao" who first described the story. Through this story, Sima Qian praised justice, whipped evil, and revealed the truth that justice will eventually overcome evil. The story is tortuous and thrilling; The characters are lifelike, lifelike. Cheng Ying's humiliation, Gongsun Chujiu's generous sacrifice, and Tu'an Gu's treachery and cruelty are all vivid. However, this story has been criticized continuously since the Tang Dynasty. Scholars have accused him of not believing in history, and some have made detailed textual research. If only from a historical perspective, this criticism is not unreasonable. But Historical Records is not only a history book, but also a literary masterpiece. The three main characters and important plots in the story may be made up by the author or may come from folk rumors. Taking fiction or hearsay as historical facts does not conform to historical laws, but it is only a good creation from the literary point of view. For example, fundamentally speaking, this story does not go against the historical truth. Based on this, Yuan Dynasty writer Ji created the drama The Orphan of Zhao, which was praised by Wang Guowei as "one of the great tragedies in the world and without shame" in the textual research of Song and Yuan Dynasties. Imagine how Ji could have created such an outstanding zaju without Sima Qian's description of Zhao's orphans.

There are several descriptions of dreams in this article. The prediction of dreams is to predict the future according to dreams. This superstition should be criticized. However, superstitious activities such as remembering dreams in history books did not begin with Sima Qian, and there are many such records in Zuo Zhuan. Sima Qian can't completely get rid of this influence, which is the limitation of the times.