Chu yi Kao Dian

1. The earliest known human in China was Yuanmou.

2. The fundamental difference between humans and animals lies in whether they can make tools.

3. List the representatives of the ancient residents of the motherland and the age of the active areas.

A: ① Yuanmou people: Yuanmou County, Yunnan Province, about 6.5438+0.7 million years ago ② Beijingers: Longgushan Cave in Zhoukoudian, southwest Beijing, about 700,000 to 200,000 years ago; ③ Neanderthals lived in the top cave of Longgu Mountain in Zhoukoudian, Beijing about 30,000 years ago.

Similarities and differences between cavemen and Beijingers

Answer: Similarities: ① Living in the same area; ② All stoneware shall be used.

Cavemen have made progress compared with Beijingers: ① Physical characteristics: Beijingers have retained some characteristics of apes, while cavemen are basically the same as modern people. (2) Tool manufacturing: Beijingers use hammers to hit stone tools, and cavemen have mastered the grinding and drilling techniques. ③ Ways of taking fire: Beijingers take fire naturally, while cavemen make fire artificially. 4 concept: cavemen have learned to love beauty. (5) Beijingers live in groups, and cavemen have entered the clan commune period.

Lesson 2

1 list comparison

Resident representative activities, regional production conditions, production tools and living conditions, original handicrafts

The original inhabitants of Hemudu lived in the Yangtze River basin for about 7000 years.

Polished/ground stone

Bone is used in settlements, and dry fence houses are used in ceramics.

The primitive inhabitants of Banpo used millet, vegetables and livestock to grind stone tools in the Yellow River basin, with a history of about five or six thousand years.

Wooden settlement, semi-basement house painted pottery textile industry

2. List several inventions that China made contributions to the world in the primitive farming era.

Answer (1) China is the first country to grow rice in the world.

China is the first country to grow millet in the world.

(3) China is the first country to grow vegetables in the world.

Lesson 3

1 The influence of the battle of Zhuolu laid the foundation for the formation of the Chinese nation. The warring parties, Yanhuang Tribe Alliance and Chiyou Tribe.

About 4-5 thousand years ago, the famous tribal leaders in the Yellow River valley of China: Huangdi and Yan Di. According to the Yellow Emperor, Yao Shunyu was the leader of the outstanding tribal alliance in the Yellow River Basin.

The symbol of the end of primitive society: Yu established Xia in 2070 BC. The root cause of the end: the development of productive forces

4 the way of leader replacement in primitive society: abdication system. In essence, it is a democratic method to elect the leader of the tribal alliance.

5. Why is the Yellow Emperor called the ancestor of mankind?

(1) The Yanhuang Tribal Alliance, after defeating Chiyou in the battle of Zhuolu, developed into the future Huaxia nationality. According to legend, the Yellow Emperor built palaces, made clothes, taught people to dig wells and invented boats and cars. Lay the foundation for future generations. His wife Lei Zu invented sericulture and silk reeling, his subordinate Cang Xie invented writing, and Ling Lun compiled music. Therefore, later generations respectfully call the Yellow Emperor the ancestor of mankind.

1 What are the excellent qualities of Yao Shunyu worth learning?

See P 14 brain problem for the answer.

First unit

1 lists primitive humans living in the Yellow River basin.

Beijingers, cavemen, Banpo aborigines, Dawenkou aborigines.

Do you think Yu's change from the leader of tribal alliance to the king of slavery country is a historical progress or a historical retrogression?

A: This is the progress of history. Because although there is no distinction between rich and poor in primitive society, it is based on the extremely low level of development of productive forces. People's living standards are extremely low. The quality of life is poor and the cultural development is extremely slow. Only slavery can make a greater division of labor between agriculture and handicrafts possible. Therefore, it creates the necessary conditions for the improvement of productivity and the development and prosperity of culture.

The Yellow River is the mother river of our Chinese nation. This paper discusses it in combination with the relevant historical facts we have learned.

A: The Banpo aborigines who lived in the Yellow River valley about 5-6 thousand years ago planted millet as the earliest crop. Live a stable life. Yan Di and Huangdi are famous tribal alliance leaders in the Yellow River Basin, and they are called the ancestors of humanity by later generations. The Xia Dynasty established by Yu was the first dynasty in the history of China, and its ruling center was also in the Yellow River valley.

Lesson four:

1, list comparison

The founder of the country, the capital, was established until his death, and the king of the country died.

Yangcheng, Yu Xia 2070 BC-65438 BC+0600 BC Jie.

Shang Tang BC 1600- BC 1046.

Haojing, Zhou Wuwang, Western Zhou BC 1046- 77 BC1Zhou Youwang.

2. Hereditary system replaces abdication system, and the symbol that the public world becomes the home world is that after death, Qi inherits his father's position and becomes the second generation king of Xia Dynasty.

3. The establishment of Xia Dynasty marked the emergence of China's early state.

4. The ruling centers of Xia Dynasty are: western Henan and southern Shanxi.

The state organs of Xia Dynasty were: building castles and palaces, setting up government agencies, forming troops, enacting criminal laws and setting up prisons.

The essence of state institutions is a tool used by slave owners to oppress civilians and slaves.

6. Appointment of sages: Shang Tang appointed Yi Yin and Zhou Wenwang appointed Jiang Shang.

7. The time of Makino War influenced and decided the demise of Shang Dynasty and the establishment of Zhou Dynasty BC 1046 BC: the struggle between slave owners and nobles against tyranny.

8. Why did Shang Tang's downfall and King Wu's attack win?

A: First of all, the extremely brutal rule of the Western Zhou Dynasty aroused the dissatisfaction and resistance of civilians and slaves. Secondly, Shang Tang and Zhou Wuwang couldn't get rid of the tyrant, and ended the brutal rule of Xia Jie and Shang and Zhou Dynasties and won the hearts of the people. Finally, Shang Tang and Zhou Wuwang were able to appoint sages, unite with the surrounding small tribes, and seize the opportunity to win at one fell swoop.

The purpose, content and influence of the western Zhou dynasty enfeoffment system

A: Purpose: To strengthen and consolidate the rule.

Content: Zhou distributed land and civilians to relatives and heroes and made them princes. Governors must obey Zhou's orders, pay tribute to the emperor in peacetime, defend the territory, and fight against the emperor in wartime.

Influence: The Western Zhou Dynasty developed the frontier and strengthened its rule by enfeoffment of governors, and became a powerful country.

Lesson 5: 1 Bronzes appeared at the end of primitive society, and the Xia Dynasty increased, and the Shang Dynasty was brilliant, and the Western Zhou Dynasty was used as a sacrifice.

Bronze representatives: Simu Wuding and Siyang Fangzun.

Sanxingdui culture can be traced back to the same period of Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and its location is Chengdu. The plain is represented by bronze masks, bronze statues and bronze sacred trees.

China is the first country to invent porcelain in the world.

The prosperity of agriculture, animal husbandry, handicrafts and commerce has formed a splendid bronze civilization in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties.

5. Why is Shang culture a splendid bronze culture?

A: Slavery is cruel, but with the development of productive forces, private ownership is inevitable. In slave society, if slave owners possess a large number of slaves, they can organize large-scale production, carry out simple cooperation and division of labor, and improve production efficiency. Because a large number of slaves engaged in heavy manual labor, some people specialized in mental labor, so the culture of Shang Dynasty can be called "splendid bronze civilization". Of course, this civilization is based on the tragic fate of slaves.

Lesson 6:

1, the Eastern Zhou Dynasty is divided into two periods: the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

2. Famous monarchs in the Spring and Autumn Period: Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong and Chu Zhuangwang. The first bully in the Spring and Autumn Period: Qi Huangong.

3. The background of the hegemony in the Spring and Autumn Period: the decline of the Zhou royal family and the hegemony of princes. Essence: get the political and economic privileges that Zhou used to have.

4. Symbol of Qi Huangong's hegemony: In the 7th century BC, an alliance of governors was held, and the Zhou Emperor sent people to participate.

5. The battle that decided Jin Wengong's hegemony was: the battle of Chengpu, and the idiom: stay away from three schools.

6. Seven Heroes of the Warring States: Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei and Qin Seven Heroes of the Warring States were formed after Han, Zhao and Wei were divided into Jin and replaced by Tian.

Famous battles in the Warring States Period: Guiling Battle, Maling Battle and Changping Battle.

7. The reason and function of Qi Huangong's first hegemony.

Qi is a big country in the East, rich in fish and salt and rich in economy. (2) Qi Huangong appointed Guan Zhong as prime minister, actively reformed internal affairs and developed production. Reform the military system and set up a powerful army, which made Qi rich and strong, respected the king and resisted foreign countries, ordered the princes, and improved Qi's status. Function: Qi Huangong became the first overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period.

Think about it, what is the reason why Qi Guojincan is fast and powerful?

They all became strong rapidly through reform, and the contents of the reform all involved internal affairs, production and military affairs.

The time and influence of the battle of Changping.

From then on, the six eastern countries could no longer compete with Qin Jun, which laid the foundation for Qin to unify the six countries.

Lesson 7: 1. Iron farm tools and Niu Geng appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period and became popular in the Warring States Period.

2. The remarkable improvement of land utilization rate and crop yield is marked by the popularization of iron farm tools and Niu Geng.

Dujiangyan was built in the Warring States Period, located in the middle reaches of Minjiang River, and was built by Li Bing for flood control and irrigation.

4. The purpose of political reform in various countries during the Warring States Period was to establish feudal rule and develop feudal economy.

5. The background, time, content and significance of Shang Yang's political reform.

A: Background: Since the Spring and Autumn Period, with the use and popularization of Niu Geng and iron farm tools, a large number of barren land has been reclaimed, and two classes of landlords and peasants have emerged. Time: 356 BC. Content: Internationally recognized land is privately owned and allowed to be bought and sold freely. Those who reward farming and produce more grain, cloth and silk can avoid corvee, grant titles and fields according to the size of meritorious military service, and abolish the privileges of the old nobles who did not have meritorious military service. Establish a county system, and the monarch directly sends officials to govern. Influence: Shang Yang's political reform made Qin's economy develop, and the army's combat effectiveness increased constantly, making it the most prosperous feudal country at the end of the Warring States Period. It laid the foundation for the later national reunification.

6. Is Shang Yang's political reform successful? Why?

Success, the success of political reform depends on whether the purpose of political reform has been achieved. Although Shang Yang died, the purpose of political reform has been achieved. After the political reform, Qin's economy developed, and the combat effectiveness of the army continued to increase, and it developed into the most prosperous feudal country at the end of the Warring States Period. So Shang Yang's political reform succeeded.

7. Why did Shang Yang's political reform succeed? Is it instructive for today's development?

A: Reason: Shang Yang's political reform complied with the historical trend of the development of feudal system and formulated effective measures. In the political reform, Shang Yang dared to fight against the old forces. This reform is supported by Qin Xiaogong. Guiding significance: Reform is the driving force to promote social progress. Only by reforming the country can we become rich and strong. Like Shang Yang, we should conform to the historical trend and be brave in reform and innovation.

Lesson 8: 1. The history of textual research in China began in Shang Dynasty.

2. Evolution of characters: Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty-inscriptions on bronze in Shang and Zhou Dynasties-seal script in Western Zhou Dynasty.

3. Calendar: Xia Dynasty-Xia calendar; Shang dynasty-gradually improved; Warring States period-24 solar terms

At the end of the Warring States Period, Qu Yuan was a world cultural celebrity, and his book Li Sao.

5. List the representatives of various schools and their thoughts during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

During the Spring and Autumn Period: ① Confucius: the founder of the Confucian school, whose main idea was to put forward the theory of "benevolence", advocate loving others and require rulers to govern the country by virtue. Educational achievements: setting up private schools and recruiting disciples. The Analects of Confucius written by disciples recorded Confucius' remarks. Laozi: the founder of Legalism. His main idea is that everything has opposites, such as difficulty and size, and the opposing sides can be transformed into each other. (3) Sun Wu: the founder of a military strategist, an outstanding military strategist, and the author of The Art of War.

Warring States period: ① Mohist school: the founder was Mozi, who advocated "love but not attack" and hoped that people would help each other, love each other, oppose the war of aggression and support the just war.

(2) Confucianism, represented by Mencius, advocates that "the Spring and Autumn War is meaningless" and opposes all wars. The rulers are required to "govern the country with benevolence" and ignore taxes.

(3) Taoism: The representative figure is Zhuangzi, who advocates "governing by doing nothing" and governing the country should let nature take its course. Legalist: The representative is Han Fei, who advocates reform, opposes empty talk about benevolence and righteousness, and advocates the rule of law. Deeply appreciated by the monarch of Qin State.

6. What positive things in the theory of a hundred schools of thought contend are worth absorbing and utilizing in our modern society?

A: Confucius' theory of "benevolence" and Mencius' "benevolent policy"; Confucius' educational thought; Laozi believes that all foods have opposites and opposites can be transformed into each other; Mozi's thought of "love but not attack" Han Fei's thought of rule of law is worth absorbing and learning from modern society.

Lesson 10: 1 time of Qin's annihilation of the Six Kingdoms: 230 BC-22 BC1year.

The first unified centralized feudal country in the history of China was the Qin Dynasty, with Xianyang as its capital.

The political measures after Qin's reunification are: centralization of feudal absolutism.

After the reunification of the Qin dynasty, the unified currency was: round square hole money.

Unified text: Xiao Zhuan, and later promoted official script.

The purpose of burning books to bury Confucianism is to strengthen ideological control, and the books kept are books on medicine, divination and planting.

The starting and ending point of Qin Changcheng: Lintao in the west and Liaodong in the east. Construction purpose: lower than Xiongnu.

The function of the building lingqu: connecting the Yangtze River water system with the Pearl River water system, providing favorable conditions for economic and cultural exchanges between the Central Plains and Lingnan areas.

The territory of the Qin Dynasty: East to the East China Sea, west to Longxi, north to the Great Wall and south to the South China Sea.

What measures were taken to consolidate the unification of Qin after 10?

A: ① Politically, a set of feudal autocratic centralization was established; Economically, currency, degree, quantity and balance are unified. ③ Culturally: unified writing. 4 ideologically: burning books and burying Confucianism. ⑤ National defense: attack Xiongnu in the north, build the Great Wall, develop southern Xinjiang, and dig canals.

What important role did the Qin Dynasty play in the national history?

A: 1) ended the vassal regime and created a new unified situation. 2) The Qin Dynasty was the first unified multi-ethnic centralized feudal country in the history of China. 3) Qin unified the weights and measures of writing and currency. 4) Built the famous Wan Li Great Wall and Lingqu and other ancient buildings.

Lesson 11 Manifestations of tyranny in Qin Dynasty: Heavy corvee 2) Heavy taxes 3) Severe punishment 4) Qin Ershi's brutal rule.

2 Peasant Uprising at the end of Qin Dynasty: In 209 BC, location: osawa Township, characters: Guangwu, Chen Sheng, significance: Guangwu Uprising in Chen Sheng was the first large-scale peasant uprising in China history, and their revolutionary pioneering spirit inspired millions of working people in later generations to rise up against brutal rule.

3 Reasons for the outbreak of the peasant war at the end of Qin Dynasty: the root cause: the tyranny of Qin Dynasty, and the direct cause: osawa Township was cut in the rain.

The Battle of Julu Time and Place: 207 BC: Julu, Influence: It played a certain role in overthrowing the rule of Qin Dynasty.

12 lesson: 1 the western Han dynasty was founded in 202 BC, and it faced economic depression and desolation. The reasons for this form are the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty and the long-term war at the end of the Qin Dynasty.

The measures taken by Emperor Gaozu and his successors drew lessons from the death of Qin Dynasty, lightened the burden of corvee, military service and taxes for farmers, and attached importance to the development of agricultural production. As a result, the prosperity of Wenjing rule appeared.

Confucianism became the orthodoxy of feudal society in the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty.

The most prosperous period of the Western Han Dynasty was the period of Emperor Wudi.

How did the unification of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty come into being?

A: 1) Politically, he accepted Zhu's suggestion and ordered the kings to distribute their fiefs to their descendants to establish a smaller vassal state. 2) Ideologically, he accepted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" and set up imperial academy in Chang 'an. 3) Militarily, Wei Qing and Huo Qubing were sent to attack the Huns in the north and won. 4) Economically, the local coinage right and the management right of salt and iron will be brought to the central government, and the five baht money will be unified, and the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining business will be implemented.

What measures did Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and Qin Shihuang take ideologically? What are the similarities and differences?

Answer: Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty accepted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" and established imperial academy. And Qin Shihuang "burned books to bury Confucianism"

Similarity: 1) Same purpose: strengthening centralization. 2) The essence is the same: they are all manifestations of cultural professionalism.

Different ways have different results: Qin Shihuang destroyed other thoughts and cultures with legalist ideas, which not only did not consolidate his rule, but accelerated the demise of Qin State. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty respected Confucianism exclusively and took Confucianism as orthodoxy, which promoted the formation and consolidation of the unified situation.

Lesson 65438. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the outstanding leader Morton Khan unified the Mongolian grassland for the first time.

2. In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, in the face of the Xiongnu's attack, the rulers carried out a pro-Qin policy. By the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, they began a large-scale counterattack against the Xiongnu and seized the Hetao area and the Hexi Corridor area.

3. In the battle against Xiongnu, the most famous battle in Mobei in BC 1 19 was named Huo Qubing and Wei Qing. The significance of this battle lies in the fact that the Huns have been unable to resist the Western Han Dynasty, and some Huns moved westward.

4. Emperor Zhao Jun of the Han and Yuan Dynasties, Uhaanyehe and their relatives made great contributions to the friendly coexistence and cultural exchange between China and Hungary.

essay question

What is the difference between the policies of the early Han Dynasty and Emperor Wudi towards Xiongnu? What is the reason for the change?

A: In the early Han Dynasty, the Xiongnu adopted a policy of concession and pro-intimacy, but with the arrival of Emperor Han Yuan, the Xiongnu could not fight back on a large scale.

The reason for the change: it is related to the great talent of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, but ultimately depends on the change of the national strength of the Western Han Dynasty, because the strength of the national strength is the material basis for determining the outcome of the war.

Lesson 65438. The Western Regions in the Han Dynasty refers to the west of Yumenguan and Yangguan in Gansu today, that is, today's Xinjiang and beyond.

Zhang Qian made two missions to the Western Regions in BC 138 and BC 1 19 respectively. His most important contribution to the world is to lay the foundation for opening up the Silk Road.

The symbol that Xinjiang officially belonged to the central government was that in 60 BC, the Western Han government established the Western Regions Capital Protection Office.

What is the relationship between the Western Han Dynasty and the Western Regions?

A: Zhang Qian made two missions to the Western Regions, which communicated the links between the countries in the Western Regions and the Western Han Dynasty. In 60 BC, the government of the Western Han Dynasty established the Western Regions Capital Protection House to manage affairs and protect business travel.

In the Eastern Han Dynasty, in 73 AD, the Eastern Han Dynasty sent Ban Chao to the Western Regions, which made the western regions and the mainland more closely linked.

Lesson 65438. At present, the earliest paper known in the world is made of hemp in the early Western Han Dynasty.

Cai Lun, who made the greatest contribution to the spread of human culture, improved papermaking.

The famous mathematical work in Qin and Han Dynasties was Nine Chapters Arithmetic.

The earliest recognized seismic instrument in the world is the seismograph invented by Zhang Heng in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

The most famous doctors in Han Dynasty were Hua Tuo and Zhang Zhongjing.

Hua Tuo's pioneering work in the medical field is to make a general anesthetic into "Mafei Powder". Known as the "medical sage" is Zhang Zhongjing. His book is Treatise on Febrile Diseases.

Buddhism originated in ancient India and was introduced to the Central Plains of China at the end of the Western Han Dynasty.

China's native religion is Taoism, which rose in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

Wang Chong, an outstanding thinker who criticized the thought of ghosts and gods in Qin and Han Dynasties, wrote Lun Heng.

The 10 history book praised by Lu Xun as "a historian's swan song, Li Sao has no rhyme" is Historical Records, written by Sima Qian. Historical Records is the first biographical general history of China, which records the historical events from Huangdi to Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty.

The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum were discovered in Xi 'an, Shaanxi.

12 The fundamental reason for the cultural prosperity in the Qin and Han Dynasties was economic development.

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were two famous battles: the battle of Guandu in 200 AD and Battle of Red Cliffs in 208 AD.

The warring parties in Guandu War were Cao Cao and Yuan Shao, and the influence of the second battle laid the foundation for the reunification of the North.

Battle of Red Cliffs's warring parties were Cao Cao, Liu Bei and Sun Quan, and the influence of the second campaign laid the foundation for the formation of the Three Kingdoms.

The key battle for the tripartite confrontation between the three countries was Battle of Red Cliffs, and the decisive factor for Battle of Red Cliffs to defeat Cao Jun was the Sun-Liu Alliance.

In 5.220, Cao Pi established the regime of Luoyang, the capital of Wei Ding. In 22 1 year, Liu Bei established political power, and Chengdu was the capital of Han (Shu). In 222, Sun Quan established political power and Wuding Capital Jianye, which marked the formation of a tripartite confrontation.

During the Wu Dynasty, Wei Wen was sent to lead a fleet to Yizhou (now Taiwan Province Province).

7. Why did Cao unify the north?

A: Politically, Cao Cao "held the emperor to make the princes." Take the initiative. Attach importance to the development of agricultural production economically. The strength is constantly increasing. Militarily, the battle of Guandu laid the foundation for unifying the north. Cao Cao himself is good at employing people. Mastering the art of war is an outstanding strategist.

Lesson 65438

1.266, Sima Yan usurped the throne and established Luoyang, the capital of Jin Dynasty, which was called "Western Jin Dynasty" in history.

2. The symbol of the unification of the Western Jin Dynasty is the demise of Wu in 280.

3.3 16 Xiongnu perished in the Western Jin Dynasty.

In 4.3 17, Si Marui rebuilt Jiankang, the capital of Jin Dynasty, which was called the Eastern Jin Dynasty in history.

5. It was in the late 4th century that Di people established the pre-Qin regime to unify the Yellow River valley, and it was the former Prince Fu Jian who made the pre-Qin dynasty prosperous rapidly.

6.383 years ago, Qin and the Eastern Jin Dynasty defeated the former Qin in the water.

In 7.420, Emperor Wu of Song established himself as emperor, and the title of Song Jindong ended. Since then, the south has experienced four dynasties, namely, Song Qi Liang Chen, known as the "Southern Dynasties" in history.

8. What was the cause of the short life in the Western Jin Dynasty?

A: After the unification of the Western Jin Dynasty, the ruling clique quickly decayed. The "Eight Kings Rebellion" exhausted the national strength of the Western Jin Dynasty. All the nationalities who moved in used the civil strife in the Western Jin Dynasty to fight against Jin.

9. What was the reason why Qin defeated the Eastern Jin before the Battle of Feishui?

Before Qin dynasty, the army was disunited, and the Han people in the army did not want to win the former Qin dynasty; The general is proud, underestimates the enemy and misdirects. During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the soldiers and men had high morale and United as one; Generals are wise and resourceful when they command.

10. What are the causes and effects of the development of Jiangnan?

A: The natural conditions are superior; People who moved to the south brought a lot of labor and advanced production technology; Life in Jiangnan is stable and there are few wars.

Impact: The development of Jiangnan laid the foundation for the gradual shift of economic center of gravity to the south.

Lesson 20: 1.439 The Northern Wei Dynasty, founded by Xianbei people, unified the Yellow River basin.

2. The fundamental purpose of Emperor Xiaowen's reform in the Northern Wei Dynasty is to consolidate the Northern Wei's rule over the Central Plains.

3. The main reason for the success of Emperor Xiaowen's reform is to conform to the trend of historical development.

4. Because the integration of northern nationalities has become the trend of historical development, it was reformed by Emperor Xiaowen of the North.

5. The Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties all took Luoyang as their capital. The dynasties were Cao Wei, Western Jin and Northern Wei.

6. The climax of northern ethnic integration since the Western Jin Dynasty is the reform of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty.

7. After the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Eastern Wei Dynasty, the Western Wei Dynasty, the Northern Qi Dynasty and the Northern Friday Dynasty appeared in the north.

8. What are the measures and functions of Emperor Xiaowen's reform in the Northern Wei Dynasty?

The measures are on page 1 15.

Function: promoting national integration; It accelerated the feudal process of all ethnic groups.

Lesson 265438

1. Zu Chongzhi in the Southern Dynasties was a famous mathematician in ancient China. The most outstanding achievement of the astronomer's work "Composition" is to make Pi accurate to the seventh place after the decimal point.

2. Jia Sixie in the Northern Dynasties is the book Qi Yao Min written by a famous agronomist in ancient China, and it is the first complete agricultural science book in China.

3. Li Daoyuan of the Northern Wei Dynasty was an outstanding geographer in ancient China, and his book was Notes on Water Classics.

Calligraphy became an art in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. Wang Xizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty was called "the sage of books" by later generations. Preface to Lanting has the reputation of "the best running script in the world".

5. The most outstanding painters in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties are Gu Kaizhi's representative works "A History of Women" and "A Picture of Luoshen" in the Eastern Jin Dynasty.

6. Fan Zhen, a Southern Dynasty thinker, wrote "The Theory of Deism", which was against Buddhism.

7. The outstanding representatives of grotto art are Yungang Grottoes in Datong, Shanxi Province and Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, Henan Province.

8. The development of science, technology and culture in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties is due to the great integration of northern nationalities and economic development, especially the economic development in the south of the Yangtze River.

Seeking adoption is a satisfactory answer.