I don't know anything about some Tang Wenhua. I hope people of insight can come in and answer.

Clothing, food, shelter and mode of travel

There are still differences in the laws of the Tang Dynasty on the shape, material and color of clothing. In the fourth year of Wude (62 1), Tang Gaozu initially determined the clothing system, which stipulated four clothing systems: sacrificial clothing, imperial clothing (also known as ceremonial clothing), public clothing (also known as provincial clothing) and regular clothing (also known as Yan clothing). Among them, the official uniform stipulates that red and yellow are reserved for the emperor, and the yellow robe has become the symbol of the emperor since then. Later, Emperor Taizong, Emperor Gaozong, Dezong, Wenzong, etc. It also ordered that the clothing differences between civil and military officials and ordinary people be clearly defined. Generally speaking, the clothes of aristocratic bureaucrats and rich children are made of brocade, while ordinary people can only wear coarse cloth, and there are strict grade restrictions on clothes.

The fashion of men's wear in Tang Dynasty can be roughly divided into two stages. From the early Tang Dynasty to the prosperous Tang Dynasty, it was popular to wear trousers, pleats, round neck, narrow sleeve robes, right skirts, belts, foot boots or soft leather boots. In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, men's wear in the upper class returned to the Qin and Han Dynasties with long sleeves and long skirts and high shoes, but trousers and pleats were still popular in the lower class.

Women's costumes in the Tang Dynasty were gorgeous and varied from front to back, but the basic clothes were skirts, purses, shirts and purses. Women's dresses in the early Tang Dynasty were mostly long skirts with narrow sleeves and bow shoes or high heels, that is, the style of "small head shoes and narrow clothes". With the development of social economy and the close relationship between all ethnic groups and China and foreign countries, especially the liberation of women's thoughts, the modeling of women's clothing in Tang Dynasty tends to be exposed and open. Women's hairstyles in the Tang Dynasty are very diverse, and the beauty lies in the high bun. Hairstyles include cloud bun, spiral bun, inverted bun, semi-rotating bun, triangular bun, double-ring Wang Xian bun, Uygur bun and Uman bun. Facial makeup is also very complicated, and the makeup sequence is roughly as follows: lead powder, rouge, yellow graffiti, black eyebrows, mouth fat, face painting, applique cymbals and so on. Among them, there are more than a dozen eyebrow styles such as Yuanyang, Xiaoshan, Wuyue, Sanfeng, Guazhu and Yuesuo.

The diet of the Tang Dynasty was more varied than that of the previous generation, with wheat, millet and rice as the staple food, and a variety of miscellaneous grains in the middle. Pasta is the most important food, which is eaten by both high and low. There are the most kinds of cakes, including soup cakes, Hu cakes, steamed cakes, pancakes, rice cakes, pies and five-color cakes. Steamed heads have also been made, called nail seats, twisted heads or steamed buns, which are mostly set for sacrifices. The staple food also includes baked wheat cake, cold food and wonton. Non-staple food mainly includes onions, leeks, garlic, ginger, spinach, bamboo shoots, apricots, pears, dates, melons, grapes and other fruits and vegetables. Meat is also very common, especially in wealthy families, where cows, sheep, pigs and chickens are the mainstay, and the water and internal organs of animals are also cooked into various delicacies. Fish products such as clams, mandarin fish, shrimp and crabs have also entered people's diet. Seasoning condiments include salt, vinegar, sauce, pepper and sucrose.

Wine has become a necessity in the life of the Tang people, and drinking is very popular. There are many famous wines all over the country, such as Xi Shiqiang, Lang Guanqing, Apoqing, Xinfeng, Qiujia, Huxian and so on. There are many hotels and flag pavilions in urban and rural areas, and the business of brewing and selling wine is booming. In the capital Chang 'an, there is also a hotel run by Hu Ji, which specializes in Hu wine and has become a place for literati to travel and drink.

Tea has become an indispensable thing in the Tang Dynasty. From the early years of Kaiyuan, the wind of drinking tea swept across the country, and there were many tea shops all over the country, selling fried tea, and the tea ceremony prevailed. Lu Yu's Tea Classic is the first book about tea ceremony in China. Tea has become a good product for tribute, reward and gift. Tea tasting and tea fighting have become literati. "Between the fields, hobbies are particularly keen" [2], and working people cannot do without tea.

A notable feature of the diet in the Tang Dynasty is the prevalence of Hu food, especially after the Kaiyuan period, "aristocrats try to make a meal of Hu food" [3] has become a fashion. The aforementioned Hu cake is a kind of Hu food, which is the result of ethnic integration in the Tang Dynasty.

Due to the different political and economic status, the living conditions in the Tang Dynasty were also very different. The palace where the emperor lived was the most luxurious. In the early Tang Dynasty, Tai Chi Palace in Chang 'an was the place where the emperor discussed and lived. There are five halls: Taiji Hall, Liangyi Hall, Ganlu Hall, Yanjia Hall and Chengxiang Hall. In the eighth year of Zhenguan (634), Emperor Taizong built a new palace in the name of his father Li. It was originally named Yong 'an Palace and later renamed Daming Palace. In the second year of Longshuo (662), Emperor Li Zhi suffered from wind arthralgia, which made Taiji Palace "damp", renovated Daming Palace and moved the political center here. Daming Palace is rectangular in the south and trapezoidal in the north, with Danfengmen, Hanyuan Hall, Zhengxuan Hall, Chenzi Hall, Penglai Hall, Hanliang Hall and Xuanwu Hall as the central axis, and there are several affiliated halls on the left and right, which are magnificent. After Xuanzong ascended the throne, he built a large-scale Xingqing Palace, which organically combined the palace with the garden. The main palaces and pavilions are Xingqing Hall, Datong Hall, Calyx Xianghui Building, Jingjin Building and Chenxiang Temple. At this point, the emperor of the Tang Dynasty built three palaces in the capital, which were called the "Big Three". After Wu Zetian moved to Luoyang, she also built Sanyang Palace, Xingtai Palace, Tang Ming and Xanadu. In addition, the Tang Dynasty also built many branches, such as Jiucheng Palace, Yuhua Palace and Cuiwei Palace.

In the Tang Dynasty, from princes and nobles to ordinary people, the form and scale of private houses were limited: namely, the princes' houses did not use heavy wood and caissons; Three products, nine in five halls and five in three doors; Five products, five halls and seven, three doors and two; Six products, seven products, three halls and five, Shu Ren four, one door and two. However, the royal clan and senior officials and ministers built many houses and competed for each other. After the Anshi Rebellion, the "wooden demon" was once popular, and the general spent more than 200,000 yuan to build a nave. In contrast, ordinary people can't afford bricks and tiles, and most of them live in huts. There are fires from time to time, and they often suffer from house leaks and rain all night.

The traffic in the Tang Dynasty was very developed, with the land traffic network centered on Chang 'an, the capital, and the waterway traffic network consisting of the Grand Canal and the southern water town extending in all directions. At the same time, the post system is perfect, including land post, water post, chariot post, water post and ship post, which provides very convenient conditions for public and private travel and business exchanges.

The horse industry in Tang Dynasty experienced a process from decline to prosperity. In the prosperous time of Kaiyuan, not only the government owned many official horses, but also the number of private horses was considerable, and the carriage became an important means of transportation. However, the respect of riding is very obvious. The emperor has five wheels for riding (jade wheel, golden wheel, elephant wheel, leather wheel and wooden wheel), root ploughing wheel, safety wheel and four-looking wheel, as well as south guide car, drum wheel in memory and egrets for etiquette. Empresses have heavy fasting, tired fasting, Zhai Che, and so on. The crown prince and princes also have their own cars. Folk wagons are mainly used to transport materials.

Besides wagons, ox carts and donkey carts are also widely used. Shoulders and eaves are also important means of transportation. Shoulder joint is also called shoulder joint, soft joint and soft joint, and eaves are also called bamboo joints and cages, which should be carried by shoulders.

wedding and funeral customs

In view of the scarcity of registered permanent residence and economic depression after the war in the late Sui Dynasty, the Tang government formulated the marriage policy of early marriage and early childbearing in order to increase the population and develop the economy. In the early years of Zhenguan, Emperor Taizong issued an imperial edict in time to encourage Shu Ren to get married, stipulating that both men and women should get married at the age of 20 and 15. In kaiyuan, the marriage boundary was defined as male 15 years old and female 13 years old.

There are many ceremonies that must be observed in weddings in the Tang Dynasty, generally including accepting gifts, asking names, accepting gifts, accepting gifts, inviting parties and welcoming relatives, which are called "six ceremonies". Nacai is the man's client who sent a bride price to his wife's house and expressed his willingness to marry her. Asking the name is a formal age exchange between men and women, including the date of birth, his three generations and the name, title and residence of the priest, commonly known as Xiaoding. Naji is a kind of clothing used by men to give women engagement gifts, mainly for women themselves. Levy means that the man gives the money and coins set at the time of marriage to the woman's family, which is also called "collecting money, giving money and hiring a big one". The date of the invitation is that the man writes the planned wedding date on the post and prepares a gift for the woman's family. If he accepts the gift, it means that he agrees to the wedding date. If not, he must choose another auspicious day. Kissing is drum music, etiquette and colorful games led by the groom. To marry the bride and return. Marriage is generally characterized by extravagance and waste.

Most marriages in the Tang Dynasty still obey parents' orders and matchmakers' words, but both men and women are not obedient and at the mercy of others, but have certain independent choices. Influenced by the legacy of the Six Dynasties, paying attention to family status is still an important concept of marriage in the Tang Dynasty. At the same time, in an open society, the concept of chastity is relatively light, and divorce and remarriage are more common. Some women even have three or four marriages, such as unmarried girls with good personal relationships, and many people have married women and found new lovers.

The wind of reburial prevailed in the Tang Dynasty, and it became more and more fierce, from princes and nobles to the people. The funeral system in the Tang Dynasty still followed the ancient rites, and it was divided into five types, namely, broken decline, Cui Zi, meritorious service, meritorious service and numbness. The cut-off is the heaviest of the five clothes. The clothes are made of the thickest linen, and the edges are not trimmed, thus revealing the broken parts. All sons and unmarried women are fathers, wives are husbands and great-grandchildren are grandfathers. They were required to serve for three years. Cui Zi's clothes are made of coarse cloth with neat edges. All the great-grandparents served in Cui Zi for five to three months after their death. Made of cooked flax. Cousins, unmarried cousins, married aunts and sisters, and married women who are uncles, parents, brothers, etc. , have made great contributions, for September. Small work clothes are also made of cooked flax, which is smaller than big work clothes. All great grandparents, uncles, uncles, etc. People belonging to the same tribe served for five months. Sima is the lightest of the five clothes. It is made of fine linen. Great-grandfathers, great-grandfathers, parents and brothers of this clan, etc. Will take it for three months. During the mourning period, you are not allowed to give up enjoyment, you must resign from all official and private affairs and mourn and cry every day. However, if the official business is urgent, you can also terminate the mourning period in advance and go to the official to see things. This is called "saving" and "grabbing feelings".

Funerals in the Tang dynasty are often not just funerals, but funerals after death, and they are to be buried for a period of time, mainly waiting for the loss of relatives and friends. The length of burial varies from days, months or even years. You must wear a white shirt when mourning, take five clothes according to your relatives, and burn more paper money when offering sacrifices. Before burial, it is necessary to predict the good or bad of the burial site and investigate the wind direction and water flow of the burial site. This is the so-called choice of auspicious place. There are 120 kinds of related burial books. At that time, there were also customs of martyrdom, cremation and celestial burial in Tubo, Uighur, Turkic and other minority areas.

Entertainment and sports entertainment

The highly prosperous feudal economy, ethnic integration and the development of Sino-foreign relations in the Tang Dynasty contributed to the colorful cultural and recreational activities of the Tang people and became an important part of social life.

Drama. In terms of music and dance, the drama of the Tang Dynasty has made great progress. The three most famous musicals are "Da Mian", "Tou Tou" and "Pick Niang". They are mainly based on stories, played by actors, and performed by singing, dialogue and facial expressions. Popular repertoires include The Warrior Lan Ling, The White Horse of God, The Phoenix Returns to the Cloud, somoza and so on. Other operas include joining the army and puppet shows. Joining the army drama is a combination of singing and dancing. It was performed by two actors, one who joined the army and the other who was a stork. When performing, one is witty and the other is stupid, humorous and full of fun. Puppet show is also called Queleizi, that is, puppet show. This kind of drama is often performed in urban and rural areas and is deeply loved by the broad masses of the people.

Acrobatics in the Tang Dynasty is a general term for hundreds of acrobatics. According to different forms and techniques, it can be divided into animal imitation, animal training, rope technique, pole technique, strength technique, pill sword technique, handstand technique and illusion technique. Animal-like skills mainly play animals to dance, such as dragon and lion dances. Animal training skills are mainly to train animals to dance, such as dancing horses, elephants and monkeys. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, every Mid-Autumn Festival, they all danced downstairs in the diligent government. Rope walking is the skill of rope walking. Performers perform all kinds of thrilling actions on straight ropes pulled in the air. Pole vault skills are divided into top pole and climbing pole, which are traditional events, focusing on strength, balance and aerial skills. Performance skills are characterized by great strength, such as lifting a tripod and lifting weights. Maruko swordsmanship mainly focuses on performing maruko and jumping sword. Those with high skills can collect four swords in their hands and five pills in their feet. The handstand technique is a performance of A Jiu Jiu Jitsu and Hard Qigong. Illusions include swallowing knives, breathing fire, yannu and so on.

Ball games. There are high-five, cuju and stepping on the ball, among which high-five is the most popular. Jutting, also known as hitting the ball and playing ball, is a kind of sport that rides on a horse and hits the ball with a stick. Zhu Bo was first introduced from Tubo [4]. It plays on a wide and flat field. Participants are divided into two teams to compete. There are goals on the court. A player rides a horse with a stick and fights for the ball, starting with the introduction, so as to decide whether to win or lose [5]. Polo courts were built in the court of the Tang Dynasty, Kyoto and other major cities. Monarchs, officials and scholars are crazy about it, and many women have joined in. Polo sports climax after climax, lasting for a long time. Cuju, also known as stepping on the bow, is an ancient football sport, which has reached a considerable level in the Tang Dynasty. In addition to the two teams winning or losing competitions, there are also single-player exhibition matches and double-player football matches, which are also deeply loved by all walks of life.

Chess activities. There are Go, Chess and Chess, which were always called "chess games" at that time, among which Go is the most prosperous. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, the number of Weiqi games was 17 289, and after the middle Tang Dynasty, it developed to 19 36 1, which greatly increased the changing space of Weiqi and was completely consistent with modern Weiqi [6]. Chess originated in the pre-Qin period, and it is still evolving in the Tang Dynasty. It is not as popular as Go, but both Go and Chess are based on competitive intelligence. During the Han and Wei Dynasties, chess became popular, winning mainly by skill, with certain rules of the game, similar to modern entertainment chess and billiards games.

Other popular sports activities in the Tang Dynasty include tug-of-war, gladiator, swinging, archery and boating. In the Tang Dynasty, tug-of-war was called "tug-of-war drama", and its scale was very large. During the competition, there was a lot of noise and folk songs, and the sound vibrated far and near. Corner arrival is also called wrestling and sumo wrestling, which is today's wrestling. When Xuanzong gave a banquet, he set up a corner to watch it, which was very lively. Swings, also known as colored ropes and colored ropes, are especially popular with women and children. Du Fu's poem "The Customs of Wandering with the Tongs in Wan Li" reflects the prevalence of swinging.

Festival custom

There are many festivals, rich activities and warm atmosphere in the Tang Dynasty, which richly adorn the social life of the Tang people.

New Year's Eve and New Year's Day. New Year's Eve is the last day of every year. New Year's Day is the first day of every year, that is, the first day of the first month, also known as January Day, Zhengri Day and Jacky. One is the end of the year, and the other is the beginning of the year, which is highly valued by the Tang people. In the Tang Dynasty, New Year's Eve and the morning of New Year's Day went hand in hand, forming the custom of "observing the age", that is, from New Year's Eve to the dawn of New Year's Day, people were happy and stayed up all night. At this time, thousands of families get together, have a big banquet, sing and dance at the same time, burn paper money, worship ancestors, and set off firecrackers to ward off evil spirits. At that time, setting off firecrackers was to burn dried bamboo on the fire to make it brittle, so it was also called blasting rod.

Shangyuan Festival. The fifteenth day of the first month is Shangyuan Festival, which is later called Lantern Festival. Because the night of Shangyuan is mainly about watching lanterns, it is also called Lantern Festival. On the night of Shangyuan, Chang 'an, the capital, was the most wonderful. All kinds of colorful lanterns compete with each other, and the people watching the lanterns come out of the city and are surrounded by each other. The scene is warm. In order to promote its peace and prosperity, Xuanzong changed the Shangyuan Festival to three nights, starting from the fourteenth night of the first month and lasting for three nights. On the Lantern Festival, a lot of singing and dancing activities were held, among which singing was the most popular. People flocked, holding hands, stepping on the ground for the festival, singing and dancing, and the lively atmosphere was intoxicating.

Cold Food Festival and Tomb-Sweeping Day. From winter to the next 105 days in the summer calendar, it is a cold food festival. Fire is forbidden for three days, and only cold food can be eaten, so it is also called "Cold Food Festival". Tomb-Sweeping Day is the last two days of the Cold Food Festival. Because of the close relationship between the front and the back, people in the Tang Dynasty often spend two festivals together. In addition to cold food during festivals, it has also become a custom to visit graves. When you come back from sweeping the grave, you should wear a willow hairpin and say, "If you don't wear a willow in Qingming, a beauty will become a head." Many sports activities are also carried out during festivals, such as bowing, swinging and cockfighting.

Shangsi Festival. The third day of March in the summer calendar is Shangsi Festival. In addition to practicing, people mainly go for a spring outing and go for an outing. "Wool washing" means that people come to the pond in Zhu Jiang during festivals to wash dirt with spring water, so as to drive away diseases, evil spirits and monsters, and have fun in the water. Going for an outing means that people come to the suburbs together to look for spring flowers, feast friends, talk or sing, and enjoy the beautiful spring scenery of nature.

Dragon Boat Festival. Dragon Boat Festival is on May 5th in the summer calendar, also known as Duanyang Festival, Dragon Boat Festival and Double Ninth Festival. During the festival, people not only eat zongzi, drink realgar wine, tie colored silk, hang sachets, but also hold dragon boat races and play with herbs. Dragon boat races are especially popular in southern water towns. In the competition, tens of thousands of boats were in full swing, the waves were churning, the boats were struggling to paddle, and the audience shouted in unison, shaking the world and exciting. A hundred schools of thought contend is a competition to see who has many kinds of flowers and plants.

Valentine's Day in China. July 7th in Gregorian calendar is Valentine's Day in China, which is the legendary day when the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl meet at the Magpie Bridge. On the night of Qixi, people decorate sacrifices such as wax flowers, melons and fruits, and wine, flicking the strings and praying for heaven. The woman asked the Weaver Girl for help, hoping to have a pair of skillful hands like the Weaver Girl. Lin Jie, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote a poem: "See Bixiao on Tanabata tonight and cross the bridge hand in hand with the Weaver Girl. Every family watches the autumn moon and wears tens of thousands of HongLing. " [7]

Mid-Autumn Festival. August 15th in the summer calendar is the Mid-Autumn Festival. People in the Tang Dynasty have the custom of enjoying the moon on this night, which is especially loved by literati. Bai Juyi has a poem saying, "Autumn moon is bright, how about inviting people to enjoy the moon?" There are also feasts and orchestral music when enjoying the moon, which is full of interest and elegant style.

Double Ninth Festival The ninth day of the ninth lunar month is Double Ninth Festival. During the festival, people hold climbing activities, drink chrysanthemum wine, wear dogwood bags, and give poetry interest and express their feelings. Climbing high is the main activity of the Double Ninth Festival. Climbing high is climbing high, mainly climbing mountains, as well as climbing cities, platforms, towers and buildings. People often use this to express their feelings and ambitions, and the content is healthy and elegant.