Brief introduction of Qin Shihuang's life, thank you!

Early experience

Qin Shihuang (65438 BC+259 BC1October 27th-265438 BC+00 BC) was born in the first month of the forty-eighth year in Zhao Haoqi, Qin. The exact place of birth was in the ruins of Wen Ming Temple in Guokuo City (Dabei City) of Handan at that time, south of Congtai, east of Zhongjie Street in this city, and southwest of Congtai in Zhu Jiaxiang. He was a neutron of the King of Qin Zhuang, the 35th grandson of Hubei, an important minister in Shang Dynasty, and was named Zhao.

In 247 BC, King Xiang of Qin Zhuang died, and Qin Shihuang, who was 13 years old, was made King of Qin. At this time, Lv Buwei, as the prime minister, sealed 100,000 households, and posthumous title Wen Xin Hou was in power alone. When he acceded to the throne, due to his advanced age, the state administration was dominated by Xiangbang Lv Buwei, and Lv Buwei was named Guan Zhong. In the first 239 years, Qin Shihuang was 2 1 year old, but at this time, the court of Qin State was engaged in a fierce political struggle.

At first, Lv Buwei not only controlled the imperial court, but also had an affair with the Empress Dowager (Evonne). Later, when the king of Qin was old, he was afraid of being discovered by him, wanted to leave the Queen Mother, and was afraid of resentment from the Queen Mother, so he put his favorite pupil, Lao Ai, on a corrupt fake torture device and only pulled out his beard and eyebrows to give it to the Queen Mother for her lewd enjoyment. When the king of Qin grew up, they lied to him that the queen mother's bedroom was not good in feng shui and wanted to move out of here. Qin Shihuang believed it, so they moved to the detached palace in Yongxian County. As a result, the Queen Mother gave birth to two illegitimate children, and false eunuch Laoyi pretended to be the fake father of the King of Qin. With the help of the Empress Dowager, he was made a long-time letter Hou, and he owned, Taiyuan and other places, and incorporated his own henchmen. Lao Ai has been operating in Yongcheng for many years, and has established a huge force, which is a powerful political force of Qin after Lv Buwei.

Ai's success is inevitable. When he was drunk, he scolded a minister: "I am the false father of the king of Qin, how dare you provoke me." The minister was very angry after hearing this, and secretly found an opportunity to tell Ying Zheng about the relationship between Laoyi and the Empress Dowager. Qin Shihuang was very angry when he learned about it. Ed panicked and was ready to rebel.

In 238 BC, Qin Shihuang held a coronation ceremony at Yongnian Palace in Yongcheng. Lao Ai rebelled with the imperial seal of the King of Qin and the imperial seal of Empress Dowager Cixi, and captured the Palace of Prayer for the Year. The king of Qin has arranged 3000 elite soldiers in the Prayer Palace to defeat the rebels. Lao Ai moved to Xianyang Palace, where there was already an army. Lao Ai fled alone and was arrested soon. Qin Wangzheng cracked Lao Ai's car and exposed the body to the public. And put his mother Zhao Ji in the Luyang Palace in Yongcheng; Two illegitimate children born to Lao Ai and the Empress Dowager. In the second year, the king of Qin dismissed Lv Buwei and exiled Lv Buwei to Bashu. Lv Buwei knew that his relationship with the king of Qin was irreversible, so he committed suicide by drinking poisoned wine. Later, although Wang Zheng of the State of Qin listened to the words of the nobles of the State of Qin, he wrote the book of expelling customers from the six countries, but he was discouraged by Li Si's book of expelling customers. Later, he reused Liao Wei, Reese and others.

Unify the six countries

After Qin came to power, Ren, Li Si and others actively pursued the unification strategy.

A war broke out between Zhao Yan and his country 236 years ago. Zhao sent troops to attack Yan, and Qin sent Wang Jian and others to attack Zhao in the name of saving Yan, and successively captured Zhao's Kuihe, Yiyang (northwest of Nanyang, Henan), Hejian (southeast of xian county, Hebei) and Anyang (southeast of Yangyuan County, Hebei). The Zhangshui River Basin has been occupied by Qin.

In the first 234 years, the State of Qin attacked the State of Zhao on a large scale, and established Yanmen County and Yunzhong County with the land seized from the State of Zhao.

23 1 year ago, Wei was forced to cede some land to Qin, and South Korea was also forced to cede Nanyang land to Qin. The Qin Dynasty sent Naishi Teng as the pseudo-guard of Nanyang.

230 years ago, A Qin sent Shi Teng to attack North Korea, captured Wang Han 'an, established Yingchuan County in North Korea, and South Korea perished. At this time, there was a drought in Zhao. Wang Jian, the general of Qin State, led the soldiers down to Jingxing County, Hebei Province, and Yang Duanhe, the general of Qin State, led the army from Hanoi to Handan, the capital of Zhao State. Zhao sent Li Mu and Sima Shang to resist. Guo Kai, the minister of the State of Zhao, was bought by the State of Qin. It was rumoured that Li Mu and Sima Shang were plotting against him. The prince of Zhao replaced Li Mu and Sima Shang with Zhao Cong and Yanju, and killed Li Mu.

In the first 229 years, Wang Jian defeated Zhao Jun, killed Zhao Cong and captured Wang Zhao. Zhao Gongzi Jia led hundreds of people to escape from his clan to Zhao and became the king's own. Qin established Handan County in the area of Zhaodu Handan.

In the first 227 years, the State of Qin sent Wang Jian and Xin Sheng to attack the State of Yan. Yan and Dai rose up to resist and were defeated by Xiao Zhixi. The following year, Qin Jun captured Ji Cheng, Yan Dou. The prince likes to move the capital to Liaodong. Li Xin, commander-in-chief of the Qin Dynasty, led the troops in pursuit. Prince Xi listened to Wang Jia's plan, killed Prince Taizi Dan, and dedicated his head to the Qin Dynasty for peace.

In the first 226 years, there was a rebellion in the Korean capital. Qin sent troops to quell the rebellion in South Korea and took the opportunity to kill it.

In the first 225 years, Qin Shihuang sent general Wang Ben to attack Wei, surrounded Dewey Girder (Kaifeng City, Henan Province) and led the Yellow River to fill the city. In three months, Daliang City was broken, Wang Wei fell and Wei was destroyed. Qin established a county in the east of Wei. In the same year, the State of Qin sent Li Xin and Wu Meng to attack Chu with 200,000 troops. Li Xin attacked Chu Pingyu (north of Pingyu County, Henan Province) and Wu Meng attacked Chu's bedroom (Linquan County, Anhui Province), and achieved initial victory. Qin Chu's two armies met in Chengfu Town (now the father town in the southeast of Bo County, Anhui Province). Chu Cheng was unprepared to launch a counterattack and defeated Qin Jun. After Qin Dynasty, Wang Jian was sent to take 600,000 troops to war, and defeated the Chu army in Qi (now the southeast of Su County, Anhui Province), forcing Chu to commit suicide in Xiang Yan. Then Qin Jun invaded Shouchun, the capital of Chu, and captured the king of Chu. Qin Gui was originally located in Jiujiang County (Shouxian County, Anhui Province) and Changsha County (Changsha City, Hunan Province).

In the first 222 years, Wang Jianping decided the south of Chu, surrendered to the Vietnamese army, set up Huiji County, and Chu perished. While the State of Qin destroyed Chu, it continued to expand eastward, establishing counties in succession, seizing all the land and establishing Xue Jun (Qufu County, Shandong Province).

In the first 222 years, Qin Shihuang sent Wang Ben to attack Liaodong, the state of Yan, captured the music department of Rebecca and destroyed the state of Yan. Then, Li returned to the Wangs and established (southwest of Yuxian County, Hebei Province) and Liaodong County (old town of Liaoyang City, Liaoning Province).

22 1 years ago, Wang Ben, the general of Qin Dynasty, attacked Qi from the south of Yan State, captured Wang Jian, destroyed Qi State, and established Qixian County (northeast of Zibo City, Shandong Province) and Langxie County (Xiahe City, southwest of Jiaonan County, Shandong Province) in the hometown of Qi State.

From 230 BC to the end of Qi, the State of Qin annexed six countries in succession in 10, and set up counties in the occupied areas, which were directly owned by the king of Qin, thus ending the kingdom era of aristocratic vassal dictatorship and entering the imperial era of absolute monarchy.

Create an imperial system

After the Six Kingdoms were destroyed in the 26th year of the King of Qin (22 1), the title of King was not enough to show his industry, so he was called the Emperor, and he was called Qin Shihuang. And continue to implement Shang Yang's legalist policy since the reform of Xiaozong, strengthen the absolute monarchy, weaken the old aristocratic forces, and promote the nobles who rose from military service. The land ownership of the Qin Empire basically maintained the "Wang You" land system of the Western Zhou Dynasty, but changed "Wang You" to "state-owned". In 2 16 BC, Qin Shihuang ordered farmers all over the country to report the actual amount of land occupied in order to collect taxes. It is also practiced that even civilians can be awarded land and titles as long as they have military merits. Although Qin implemented the "land grant system" during Shang Yang's political reform, farmers' land was nominally owned by the state and cultivated privately, but this made the people of the whole country actually occupy the land that originally belonged to the king, and soon farmers and officials were free to buy and sell land, so Shang Yang's political reform in Qin finally facilitated the development of private land.

Statue of Qin Shihuang

After Qin Shihuang abolished the enfeoffment system, he established the county system and bureaucracy from the central to the local. It was divided into 36 counties at first, and then increased to 46 counties with the expansion of land, and Xianyang (Qindu District, Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province) was its capital. The highest bureaucrats of the central government are the Prime Minister, the Imperial Adviser and Qiu, also known as the "three publics". The local sheriff is a guard, and the sheriff is an order. The county system initially broke the patriarchal clan system of blood relationship, while the feudal system and bureaucratic system replaced the hereditary system of nobles. In order to consolidate political power, Qin Shihuang also implemented a series of policies, mainly: unifying currency and weights and measures; Unified writing; Building the Great Wall, Equator and Straight Road; The six countries moved to enrich the people and make peace. After Qin unified the six countries, in order to prevent the nobles of the six countries from "revival" according to clan, they were forced to emigrate to Xianyang to take care of the imperial tombs, or moved to remote areas in southwest China. At the same time, some civilians were forced to move, called "migration", to do coolies such as mining and drilling salt wells. 2 15 years ago, Meng Tian, the general of Qin, seized Jiuyuan Henan, set up 34 counties and established Jiuyuan County (located in the northwest of Baotou City, Inner Mongolia).

Before Qin Shihuang proclaimed himself emperor, many legalists entered Qin from eastern countries such as Jin. Qin Shihuang once issued a famous "marching order" to expel the scholars from the six countries of Qin. In 239 years ago, the first emperor stopped this order because of Reese's persuasion.

After the unification of the six countries, talents from all walks of life who strongly opposed Shang Yang's political reform came to work in Qin. Perhaps Qin Shihuang adopted Shang Yang's reform with Qin characteristics, which led to the prevalence of various superstitions in the Qin Empire. Among them, Huang Jia and Yin Yang Jia combined Confucianism, Legalism and Taoism, and put forward the so-called "five virtues ending in the beginning", which was especially trusted by the first emperor. The first emperor thought that Qin was the virtue of water, Zhou was the virtue of fire, and water could overcome fire, so Qin won the world. Confucian scholars and alchemists from Qi Yan also completely changed the "meditation" of Confucianism. It is said that emperors have held meditation ceremonies since ancient times.

Immortal journey

At the same time, they also said that there are three islands in the sea, Penglai, Abbot and Yingzhou, where immortals live, and there is an "elixir of life", which can make them "immortal" after taking it. The first emperor was very tempted and dreamed of becoming an immortal. In twenty-eight years, Xu Fu, a Qi man, wrote a letter about a fairyland on the sea, so Qin Shihuang sent him to recruit thousands of boys and girls to go to the sea to seek immortality.

From 28 years to 3 1 year (2 19 ~ 2 15), Qin Shihuang continuously toured the eastern coast, the Jianghuai valley and the north, and everywhere he went, he carved stones to praise the work.

In thirty-two years, the emperor ordered Lu Sheng, a Yan man, to seek the immortal trace, such as admiring the door and making a high oath. Later, he asked Han Tong, the harem and Shi Sheng to seek the elixir of life. Some Confucian scholars also put forward suggestions on this behavior of the first emperor. Dr. Qi Renchun suggested that the first emperor should still implement the policy of enfeoffment of imperial clan children as princes, and the first emperor handed it over to his lieutenants for discussion. Prime Minister Reese objected. Li Si's memorial prompted Qin Shihuang to order the burning of books and ban them, stipulating that all history books in the Qin Dynasty should be burned. If you are not a doctor, anyone in the world who dares to collect poems and hundreds of papers will carefully keep them and burn them. Those who dare to talk about "poetry" and "books" will abandon the market; The past is not the present, family. Those officials are all guilty of the same crime if they don't mention it. If it doesn't burn for the next 30 days, it will be a city. Quasi-preserver, the book of planting trees. If you are willing to study law, you should learn from officials. At this time, Xu Fu went to the sea to seek immortality, spending tens of thousands, but he could not take medicine.

The first emperor felt cheated, so he ordered the proposal to require students to expose more than 460 people involved. Qin Shihuang ordered them to be buried alive in Xianyang. This is the famous "pit Confucianism". Some people think that Historical Records records that Qin Shihuang killed warlocks, not Confucian scholars, but according to Historical Records of Qin Shihuang, all the people killed by Qin Shihuang "recited the teachings of Confucius".

Seven years after reunification, Epang Palace (also known as Gong Chao, Epang Palace was its old name) was built on the south bank of Weihe River, and more than 700,000 migrant workers were employed every year. At that time, the national population was only 20 million. The Forbidden City can hold100000 people, and it needs horses and chariots to transport food and wine inside. The area of only one vestibule is 693m from east to west, with a width of 116m from north to south, with a pedestal as high as11.65m and seating capacity of110,000 people. However, the archaeological team of Epang Palace, which was jointly formed by the Institute of Archaeology of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the Institute of Cultural Relics Protection and Archaeology of Xi City, found that Epang Palace was not built at all, and the foundation stone of this palace was laid only in the Qin Dynasty.

Submerged dune

In the thirty-seventh year of Qin Shihuang (2 10 BC), Qin Shihuang traveled eastward for the fifth time and died in Dune Palace (now Guangzong, Hebei Province). "Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor" records: "In July, the first emperor collapsed on the dune terrace." After the death of Qin Shihuang, Zhao Gao took the tactic of persuading Hu Hai to threaten Reese. After some conspiracy, they forged the imperial edict issued by Qin Shihuang, and Hu Hai succeeded to the throne. At the same time, in the name of Qin Shihuang, Fu Su was accused of being unfilial to his son, and Meng Tian was unfaithful to the minister, telling them to commit suicide and not to disobey. After getting the exact news of Fu Su's suicide, Hu Hai, Zhao Gao and Reese ordered the motorcade to travel day and night and quickly return to Xianyang. In order to continue to deceive the subjects, the team did not dare to take shortcuts back to Xianyang, but assumed the posture of continuing to patrol and detoured back to Xianyang. Due to the high temperature in summer, Qin Shihuang's body has rotted and stinked. In order to hide their eyes and ears, Hu Hai and his party ordered people to buy many abalones and put them in the car. The smell of abalone masked the rancidity of the corpse and puzzled everyone. After returning to Xianyang, Hu Hai succeeded Qin Ershi and Zhao Gao, and Reese was still the prime minister, but the power of the imperial court actually fell to Zhao Gao. After Zhao Gao succeeded in his plot, he began to kill people around him. He set a trap and cornered Reese. When Reese discovered Zhao Gao's plot, he wrote to report Zhao Gao. Qin Ershi and Hu Hai not only sided with Zhao Gao, but also convicted Lisi, and finally beheaded Lisi in Xianyang. Zhao Gao was promoted to prime minister. Because he can go in and out of the palace, he is called "Prime Minister".