Zuozhuan, a classic of Chinese studies: Twelve years of Zhao Gong.

original text

/kloc-in the spring of 0/2, he served as the coach, and Yan Bo was there. Ren Shen and Zheng Bojia died in March. Hua Ding, Minister of Xia and Song Dynasties, will be hired. The masses are like gold, and the rivers and lakes are complicated. In May, Zheng Jiangong was buried. Chu killed his doctor and became a bear. Autumn and July. In winter and October, Zimang goes out for a run together. Cut Xu. Gold cutting is dangerous.

In the spring of the twelfth year, Yan accepted the money from Yanbo in the North of the Tang Dynasty because of his popularity.

In March, Zheng Jiangong died and will be buried. Your temple will be destroyed. Uncle Zi separated him from all his disciples, so there was no need to destroy him. He said: "I gave birth to a daughter and asked me why I didn't die. I said:" I can't bear to part with the temple! Promise, it will be destroyed! " "If that's the case, Zichan is going to make it. There are people in power in the tomb room, and if they are destroyed, they will face it; If it is destroyed, it will be a long time. Uncle Zi invited him to destroy it, saying, "No one is a guest of a vassal! Zi Chan said, "All the guests of the vassal can come to my funeral. Are you afraid of Japan and China? "It doesn't hurt the guests, but it doesn't hurt the people. Why not? " Then it was destroyed and buried in Japan and China. The gentleman said, "The birth of a son is equal to knowing the courtesy." Rites do not destroy people, but are self-contained. 」

In the summer, Xue Huading hired him and passed on the heir to you. Enjoy it. Fu knows Fu's "little fruit" well, but he doesn't answer Fu. Zhao Zi said, "You must die. If you don't care about the language of the banquet, you won't know about it, and you don't know about it. Why is this happening? 」

Qi Hou, Zheng Bo, Jin, etc. are also heirs. The masses are like gold, and the rivers and lakes are complicated. Take the Battle of Gao, for example. The people of the State of Ju sued Jin for the funeral, but it was not cured, so he resigned. The child is as prosperous as gold. Jin Hou enjoyed being a vassal, and the son was born to Zheng Bo. Please don't mourn and then follow. Jin people promised it, and the ceremony was also. Jin Hou hosted a banquet in honor of Qi Hou and Bank of China. Toss the pot, Jin Hou first. Mu Zi said, "Wine is like Huai, and meat is like Gui. The widowed gentleman is a vassal teacher. " Inside. Qi Hou raised an arrow and said, "There is wine like a bottle and meat like a tomb. I am here to share the glory with you. " Among them. Bo Xian said, "Zi made a slip of the tongue. I am a vassal and a solid teacher, but what is a pot, and it is also a handsome one? Weaker than my husband, it's time for Fu to come! " Mu Zi said: "Our army is handsome and strong, and we are persuaded by competition. It is still ancient. What will Qi do? " Gongsun Sou hurried forward and said, "You can go out if you are diligent!" Come out with Qi Hou.

Zi Chu said that if he turned into a tiger, he would kill it. Or become a tiger in Zi Chu, which the tiger knows but can't do. The book says: "Chu killed the doctor and became a tiger." "Huai chong also.

In June, Zheng Jiangong was buried.

Jin, Xun and Wu pretended to be masters of Qi, pretending to be in danger, and then entered Xiyang. In autumn and August, it is noon, and the fat is ruined, and the fat is high.

Zhou tortured his courtiers and made Cao escape. In October of winter, God said that the man knelt down to find him and went to the suburbs.

Gan Jian has no children. He has a younger brother. I will go to Cheng and Jing's house, and Cheng and Jing will pay Liu. Bing Shen, who killed Gan to mourn Gong, became Gong's grandson. Ding You, the son of Fu Yupi, the son of the prince, killed the defect in the city, the king of the palace, Liu Zhou, Yin Ji and Lao Yoko.

JiPingZi stand straight, but you're welcome to Kuai. Nan Kuai called Zi Zhong: "I left Ji's house and went back to his office. A son has more status. I regard Fei as my official. " Purple Zhong Xu. Nanbi's uncle Zhong told me.

After Ji Aizi's death, his uncle and grandson took his life as Qing. And Ping Zi's conquest of Ju 'an and Keduo suffered three lives. Uncle Zhongzi wanted to establish two families and said to Ping Zi, "It is not decent to have three lives beyond my father and brother." Ping Zi said, "Of course." So go to Zhao Zi. Zhao Zi said, "Uncle Sun Shi had a family disaster, so it doesn't matter to kill him, so it's here. If you die of a disaster, you will smell life. Don't waste this life, there will always be a life. Zhao Zichao ordered the officials to say, "I want to tell the Ji family that the words in the book are quite different." Ji Sun was afraid, and put the blame on ZhongZiShu. So, an uncle, Nan Kuai and Gong Zi conspired with Ji. Sue the public, and then follow the public for gold. Nankuai is not afraid of anything, and it will be rebellious if it costs money. Zi Zhong was also loyal, while Wei, hearing of the chaos, fled and led first. And suburbs, smell the rebellion, then rush together.

Nan Kuai will rebel, and his fellow villagers may know about it, but afterwards he sighed and said, "I sympathize, I sympathize, I am happy!" " Thinking and short-sighted, you have foresight, your minister has ambition, and some people are arrogant. When you met the third part of Bi Kun, you said, "Huang Shang Yuanji." I thought it was good luck, so I took Huibo and said, "What should I do if I want something?" Hui Bo said: "I learned this, but I can do what I believe, otherwise I will fail." Strong outside and dry inside, loyal also. Harmony leads to chastity and loyalty. Therefore, it is called "Huang Shang Yuanji". Yellow, and so is the middle color. Dress up, under the decoration. Yuan, the length of goodness is also. Infidelity is not its color 2. No * * *, no decoration. Some things are not good, so we must not be extreme. Advocating internal and external harmony as loyalty, leading things with faith as * * *, and taking three virtues as goodness are not the three. Besides, if you write Yi, you can't take risks. What will happen? And it can be decorated? China and the United States can be yellow, the upper beauty is the yuan, and the lower beauty is the clothes. There are still flaws. Although it is auspicious, it is not. 」

It will be appropriate. Drink the villagers' wine. Villagers or songs say, "I have a nursery, born in vain!" " From my son to my contempt, double the shame of my neighbors! Almost finished, not a member of our party! 」

Ping Zi wants Zhao Zi to be a junior. You can't face it when you listen. Zhao Zi ordered officials to treat the government in a small and broad way, saying, "I don't complain about the government." He was founded in Zhou, Wei, Shi Huihou, Sima Du, Wu, and Ling Yin, and his handsome teachers surrounded him with fear of Wu. Zi Chu is second only to western Jiangxi. Rain and snow, Wang Pi Crown, Qin, Cui Bei, Leopard and Whip came out, and the servant Li Zicheng's father surrendered. Right Darren Chan turned to Xi, and Wang Jianzhi took off his crown, quilt and whip and said to him, "In the past, my former kings Xiong Yi, Lu Ji, Wang Sunmou, Fu Xie and Niaofu all participated in Kang Wang, and the four countries each had their share, but I had nothing." Today makes people in Zhou, and wants to be divided into Ding. Is Wang Qi with me? "Yes, with the king! My late king Xiong Yi was founded in Jingshan, with a blue road and a bumpy body. Travel across mountains and rivers to serve the son of heaven. It's just a peach arc stabbing an arrow, and it's a royal affair with * * *. Qi, uncle Wang also. Jin and Lu, Wei and Ye. Chu has nothing, but he has everything. This week, I will serve the king with the four countries and keep my word. Do you love Ding? " Wang said, "In the past, my grandfather's uncle Kunwu used to be a house. Now it is their fields that Zheng people are greedy, not me. What does it have to do with me if I want it? "Yes, with the king! Zhou doesn't love Ding, but Zheng dares to love Tian? Wang Yue said, "In the past, governors were far away from me and feared Jin. Now I am a big city, Chen, Cai and Tang. I have been blessed thousands of times and I have worked hard. Are the princes afraid of me? " Right: "Fear of the king! It is the four countries that are full of fear, unite with Chu and dare to fear the king! 」

The hermit asked, "The king has ordered me to strip gold and bismuth. Dare you plead for it?" Wang walked in. An analysis of my father's call to Zige: "My son, the hope of Chu! Today, if the king speaks like a bell, what about the country? " Zi Ge said, "If you sharpen your knife, you will not miss the woodcutter. If the king comes out, my blade will be cut." King, complicated language. Zuo Shi leans towards the other side. The king said, "A good history is a good thing for a son to see. I can read three graves, five classics, eight categories and nine hills. " Yes, "I asked. In the past, when Mu Wang wanted to have his own heart and travel around the world, there would always be ruts. At the expense of the public, I asked my father to write a poem "Zhao Qi" to stop the king's heartbeat, so that the king would not be in the palace. I asked him about his poems without knowing it. How do you know from afar? "Wang said," What can I do? Right: "Right. He wrote in his poem: "Praying for good deeds is a way to show virtue. Think of me, Wang Du, as jade as gold. Form the strength of the people, not the drunken heart. " "Wang Yi came in, unable to eat, unable to sleep for a few days, unable to take care of themselves, and full of difficulties.

Zhong Ni said, "The ancients also had aspirations:" Self-denial, self-respect and benevolence. ".Believe in goodness! If King Chu Ling can do this, how can he be humiliated in Ganxi? 」

Gold cutting is dangerous, all because of the battle of fertilizer.

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In the spring of the twelfth year, Gao Yan of Qi gave the money of Beiyanbo to the Tang Dynasty, because people in the Tang Dynasty were willing to accept him.

In March, Zheng Jiangong died. The road will be cleared for burial. When I arrived at the ancestral temple, I was ready to tear it down. Uncle Zi asked his cleaner to stand with his tools, not unpacking them for the time being, and said, "Zi chan passed by you. If you ask why it's not demolished, just say,' I can't bear to destroy the ancestral temple'. "Yes, it can be demolished." "From then on, Zi chan asked the sweepers to avoid your ancestral temple. Some houses of the grave keeper are located on the road. If you tear it down, you can bury it in the morning. If it is not removed, it will not be buried until noon. Uncle Zi asked to dismantle it, saying, "What will the guests do if they don't dismantle it?" Zi chan said: "guests from all over the world can come to our country to attend the funeral." Are they worried about being late at noon? " There is no harm to the guests, as long as there is no harm to the people, why not? "So didn't open the buried at noon. The gentleman thought, "Zi Chan knows how to be polite in this matter. Li did his own thing without destroying others. "

In the summer, the Song people came to Lu to ask for advice, so as to make friends with the newly acceded Song. Someone gave him a gift to entertain him and a poem "Little Fruit", which he didn't know and didn't answer. Zhao Zi said, "He will definitely run away. In the poem, I don't miss the laughter at the banquet, I don't publicize my love and glory, I don't know my goodness, and I don't accept it. Why is he in your position? "

So he and Zheng came to the state of Jin to meet the newly established monarch. Zhao Gong went to the State of Jin and came back when he reached the Yellow River. In the battle for land, the people of the State of Ju complained to the State of Jin that Gong Ping's funeral happened in the State of Jin and could not be handled, so they politely declined Zhao Gong. So the son secretly stirred up private affairs.

Jin set up a ceremony to entertain the princes, and Zi Chan assisted Zheng, asking not to attend the ceremony, and asking to listen to the orders after the funeral period expired. Jin people agreed, which is in line with the ceremony.

Jin He held a banquet, and the President of the Bank of China exchanged greetings. Jin Xinran threw an arrow into the pot and threw it first, saying, "There is wine, and there is meat, like Gao Qiu. The widowed gentleman threw a pot and ordered the princes. " Let's begin. Qi Jinggong raised his arrow and said, "There is wine like water and meat like a mountain. I am a Wang Zhu pot and prosperous. " I also hit it. Bo Xian said to Mu Zi, "Your words are not appropriate. We have the princes under control. What's the use of a pot? Don't take the blow as a surprise. Qi Jun thinks that our monarch is weak and will not come back. " Mu Zi said: "The commander-in-chief of our army is strong, and the soldiers are eager to encourage us. As before, what can Qi do? " Gongsun Sheng walked in quickly and said, "It's getting late, and the monarch is tired. You can go out! " I went out with Qi Jinggong.

King Chu Ling thought Hu Cheng was Joao's best friend, so he killed him. Someone framed Hu Cheng at King Chu Ling's place. Hu Cheng knew about it, but he couldn't escape. "Spring and Autumn Annals" recorded that "Chu killed doctors and turned tigers into tigers" because he was greedy for money.

In June, Zheng Jiangong was buried.

Xun, Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty, pretended to meet the Qi army and took the opportunity to enter Xiyang by taking the road of Xianyu. Autumn, the tenth day of August, destroyed the fat country and brought back the fat son Miangao.

Yuan Bo of the Zhou Dynasty was cruel, and many of his subordinates fled collectively. In winter, on the first day of October, the local people rushed away and set up a son to kneel. Strangled and fled to the suburbs.

Gan had no son, so he made his brother king. Ready to get rid of Cheng Gong and Gong Jing. Chenggong people and people paid bribes to Liu. On the 25th, they killed Gan Molin and set up a successful grandson. On 26th, he killed his son and Yu Pi, the son and son of Prince Bao in the market, and also killed Chu, Wang, Liu Zhouge, Yin Ji and Lao Yoko.

After Ji ascended the throne, he was rude to Nan Kuai. Nan Kuai said to Zhong Zhong, "I want to drive Ji away and return his property to the public. You will replace him, and I will take Fei Di as my servant. " Zizhong agreed. Nan Kuai told Zhong Shu what had happened and the reason.

When Ji Mouzi died, his uncle and grandson became nobles because of his second life. When Ji won the attack on Ju State, he changed three lives. Uncle Zhong wanted to alienate Ji's family from his uncle's, and said to him, "Sansheng has passed his father and brother, which is impolite." Ping Zi said, "Yes." So let Zhao Zi politely refuse himself. Zhao Zi said: "Uncle Sun Shi suffered a family disaster. He killed his first son and had an illegitimate child, so he came to this step. If I come to crusade because of trouble, then I will obey orders. If you don't abandon your order, you will have my rank. " So he appeared in court and ordered the official to say, "I intend to sue Ji, so don't be partial when writing the complaint." When Ji was afraid, he blamed Uncle Zhong, so Uncle Zhong Muzi, Nan Kuai and Zi Zhong had an idea. After Zi Zhong told Zhao Gong, he followed Zhao Gong to the State of Jin. Afraid of not winning, Nan Kuai took the money to the State of Qi. Zi Zhong returned home, went to Wei, heard the news of *, left the agreement and fled back to China, went to the suburbs, and fled to Qi when he heard the rebellion of Fei Di.

When Nan was about to mutiny, someone in his hometown knew the situation and walked by his house, sighing and saying, "Sad, sad, sad!" " The idea is high and the wisdom is shallow, and the relationship is close and the ambition is far away. As a minister, if you want to write for the monarch, you must be talented! "Nan Kuai didn't ask him what he was asking, but made a divination. When he got Kun Gua, he became Bi Gua, which read "Huang Shang Yuanji" and was considered as good luck. Show it to Huibo and say, "What if something happens? Hui Bo said, "I have studied the Book of Changes. If it is faithful, it can meet the prediction of hexagrams, otherwise it will fail. Being strong outside is hollow, which is loyalty, and divination is carried out harmoniously, which is credit, so we say' Huang Shang Yuanji'. Yellow is the color of underwear. A petticoat is a dress for the lower body. Yuan, is the first good. If you are unfaithful, it doesn't match the color. If you don't respect it below, it doesn't match the clothes. If things are not handled well, they are not up to standard. Harmony inside and outside is loyalty, honesty is courtesy, and advocating the above three virtues is goodness. Without these three virtues, we cannot bear the prophecy of divination. Yi can't be used to predict risky things. what are you going to do？ And can you be respectful next? China and the United States are yellow, beautiful in Yuan and beautiful in Shang. These three things can only be combined with the prediction of hexagrams. If something is missing, it may be auspicious, but it may not work. "

Nan is going to the fat land to invite people in the village to drink. Someone in the village sang, "I have vegetable fields, but I have Chinese wolfberry!" " Those who walk with me are great people, and those who don't walk with me are humble people. It's a shame to turn your back on his relatives! Please, it is not one of us! "

Ji Pingzi wants to get rid of uncle Zhong Zi. Uncle Zhongzi was afraid to appear in court. Zhao Zi ordered officials to tell Uncle Zhong to wait for his office in the court, saying, "I don't play the role of gathering resentment."

King Chu Ling came to this country to hunt and parade, and was stationed in Wei Ying. So he sent the party princes, Sima Du, Tao, Ling Yin, etc. to encircle Wu. King Chu Ling was stationed in Ganxi as their backup. When it snowed, King Chu Ling came out wearing a fur hat, a down jacket of Qin State, a jade shawl, leopard shoes and a whip in his hand. The servant analyzed that his father was a follower. You Yin Zige went to court in the evening. The king of Chu received him, took off his hat and shawl, put down his whip and talked to him. He said, "In the past, our late king Xiong Yi served Kang Wang with Lu Ji, Wang Sunmou, Fu Xie and Niaofu, and all the four countries of Qi, Jin, Lu and Wei gave jewelry, but our country didn't. Now I send someone to Chengzhou to ask for a tripod as a reward. Will Emperor Zhou give it to me? " Zige replied, "It will be given to the king! Once upon a time, our late king Xiong Yi lived in a secluded place in Jingshan. He used a firewood train and rags to dig up weeds. He traveled across mountains and rivers to serve Tian Zi, so he could only use peach bow and jujube arrow as a tribute. Qi is the uncle of the son of heaven. Jin, Lu and Wei are the brothers of the son of heaven. Chu didn't get a reward for it, but they did. Now it is the Zhou Dynasty and the Four Kingdoms that obey and serve the king. I will obey your orders. Do you still cherish the tripod? " King Chu Ling said, "In the past, our uncle Kunwu lived in Lao Xu, but now Zheng's people are greedy for the land here and won't give it to us. Will he give it to us if we ask? " Zige replied, "It will be given to the king! The Zhou dynasty didn't cherish the tripod, and Zheng dared to cherish the earth? " King Chu Ling said: "In the past, the governors thought that our country was remote and feared the state of Jin. Today, two cities, Chen and Cai, have been built, with 1000 chariots each. You have credit, and the princes will be afraid of us! " Zige replied: "Fear of the king! These four cities alone are scary enough, and with the strength of the whole state of Chu, how dare you not be afraid of the king? "

Gong Yinlu pleaded, "Your Majesty ordered the jade to be broken to decorate the axe handle. Please give the order. " King Chu Ling went in and took a look. The father said to his son Ge, "You are a famous person in Chu. Now talk to the king. The correct answer is like an echo. What will the country do? " Zige said, "I sharpen my knife and bide my time." When the king comes out, my knife will be cut. " King Chu Ling came out and talked to Zige again. Zuo's family passed quickly, and King Chu Ling said, "This man is a good historian. You should take good care of him. This person can read three graves, five classics, eight categories and nine hills. " Zige replied, "I once asked him. Once upon a time, Zhou Muwang wanted to indulge his selfishness and travel around the world, leaving his ruts everywhere. Sacrificing the public, I begged my father to write a poem "Prayer" to stop Mu Wang's egoism, so Mu Wang was kind and finally entered the palace. When I asked him about this poem, he didn't even know. Ask further, where can he know? " King Chu Ling said, "Do you know?" Zige replied, "Yes. This poem says:' Pray for peace, harmony and happiness, and show the voice of a virtuous person. Think of our kingly demeanor, jade and gold. Save the power of the people, but you are not drunk. ""King Chu Ling bowed to Zige, and he went in. He didn't eat food and couldn't sleep. For several days in a row, he couldn't help himself and finally suffered a disaster.

Confucius said: "There is an ancient saying:' Restrain yourself from returning to etiquette, which is benevolence.' That's great! If King Chu Ling can do this, will he be humiliated in Ganxi? "

Gold strikes first, and the first danger comes by the way after the death of the fat country

Extended reading:

Historical position

The remarkable achievement of Zuo Zhuan is that it is China's first large-scale and detailed historical masterpiece, which occupies an irreplaceable position in the development of ancient historiography. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the development of China culture was still in its early stage, and so was the evolution of historiography. As far as reliable documents are concerned, the contents of a few works published before, whether they are part of the compilation of Shangshu or the historical books compiled by various vassal countries (such as Chunqiu), are generally scattered and concise, and the contents are often just a few outlines. With a length of nearly 200,000 words, Zuo Zhuan comprehensively and systematically recorded the major events in the Spring and Autumn Period, covering the Zhou Dynasty and more than ten vassal states such as Jin, Lu, Chu, Zheng, Qi, Wei, Song, Wu, Qin, Yue and Chen, and frequently recounted the historical facts of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Shang Yin and even the pre-Xia period. It adopts the way of chronicle, although it takes Chunqiu as the key link, but the scope of chronicle is wide and the narrative content is detailed, which greatly exceeds Chunqiu.

The appearance of Zuo Zhuan marks that the compilation of China's ancient history books has entered a new stage of development. Zuo Zhuan provides a great deal of important information about the academic history of the Spring and Autumn Period and its previous stages, such as ideological history, economic history, social history and so on, which is unmatched and compared by any other history before or at the same time. It reliably recorded an important historical stage from the 8th century BC to the 5th century BC, filled the blank, and was valuable for future generations to fully understand the progress of ancient civilization in China.

As a historical work compiled more than 2,000 years ago, another remarkable feature of Zuo Zhuan is that its annotations also reflect the guiding ideology and writing principles with positive significance, thus creating a fine tradition of compiling ancient history books in China. First of all, in the face of all kinds of historical facts, Zuo Zhuan dares to write straight, not empty beauty, not hiding evil. The events and characters recorded in Zuo Zhuan have high historical authenticity.

The book's detailed description of the infighting between Zhou Wang and the vassal States, between the vassal States and within the vassal States, and the true description of the different performances of many figures in this period, bright and ugly, all reflect the vision and courage of a real historian. Ban Gu called Sima Qian a "good history", which actually started with Zuo Zhuan. It can be said that this spirit of "good history" has already begun.

Secondly, on the basis of real events, Zuo Zhuan shows a certain tendency, which not only shows different attitudes of love, hate and obscurity in the choice of historical materials or the narration of events, but also often directly comments on people and things in the form of "gentleman's words", or condemns, regrets or praises. Some of these comments are the author's own words, and some may be "from the time" and "approved by the left", all of which show a clear evaluation of right and wrong, showing the author's historical knowledge and vision.

Thirdly, the praise and criticism of historical figures in Zuo Zhuan embodies the affirmation of moral norms such as benevolence, righteousness, courtesy and morality. Because this moral concept generally belongs to the category of Confucianism, and after the Han Dynasty, Confucianism was defined as a statue, this moral concept gradually merged into orthodox thought and became a very important evaluation system in traditional culture, which determined that later historians always recognized and inherited the above moral concept of Zuo Zhuan. In addition, although Zuo Zhuan did not completely deny the fate of ghosts and gods, it strongly emphasized the personnel action, attached importance to the important political role of the people's hearts, and opposed the "master of the trapped people", all of which highlighted the "people-oriented" thought. The people-oriented thought, which originated in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period (or earlier), has been continuously inherited and carried forward by later historians through the classics such as Shangshu, Zuozhuan, Guoyu and Mencius, forming a striking red line that runs through the spiritual tradition of ancient historiography in China, and its positive significance is not limited to the field of historiography.