Generally speaking, the longer livestock are kept, the better the meat tastes. If vegetables grow slowly in poor soil, will they taste better?

First of all, the development history and characteristics of caves in northern Shaanxi.

For example, Suzhou Garden, in the south, the cave landscape mentioned makes people feel that this place is often forgotten-the first time in northern Shaanxi. This cave is in northern Shaanxi, a loud card.

Northern Shaanxi usually refers to the vast areas south of the Great Wall, south of the Yellow River, east of Ziwuling and north of Qiao Shan. Total area? About 80744 square kilometers. 26 counties such as Yan' an and Yulin. People living in caves. Today, in the face of the huge impact of architecture, caves are still the home of the main residents for the purpose of the whole northern Shaanxi region, especially in the vast rural areas, and the occupancy rate is almost 100%.

The caves with a long history in northern Shaanxi. In 2004, archaeologists discovered a homestead near a cave in Shishi during the Longshan culture period (late Neolithic period) in wubu county, northern Shaanxi. The ancients built a wooden frame and a shallow hole on the wall of the earth cave in the loess layer, and gradually formed reconciliation. The prototype of this cave was formed more than 4500 years ago. The caves in northern Shaanxi developed in the Zhou Dynasty or semi-underground, and developed in the crypt of Qin and Han Dynasties, which is now behind the kiln. In the mid-Ming dynasty, stone was used as kiln wall. In the Qing dynasty, a local fake cave model built a cave. Adding colored tiles to the kiln surface and building new caves from top to bottom are also more comfortable. Why have people fallen in love with this form of ownership since thousands of years ago? There are three reasons. First, the deep loess and gravel have strong integrity, and cave construction provides unique natural conditions. Second, where the Han nationality in northern Shaanxi and the northern minorities live together, the war is repeated, and it is also a refuge where people often migrate. Therefore, few people build luxurious residential compounds, and most people only dig out their homes where the history of the 30-foot kiln can settle down. The war is together and it is deserted. Soil cave mining is simple, low cost, labor saving, warm in winter and cool in summer. Finally, the Loess Plateau lacks tall trees and it is difficult to build tile houses, so cave dwellings are a very suitable choice. Therefore, the heritage cave in northern Shaanxi has been produced from generation to generation.

The styles around the caves in the north are slightly different, reflecting different styles. But the materials used are generally divided into four categories: kiln, stone furnace, brick kiln and combined kiln. Excavate the loess cave behind the kiln. Caves, grottoes and brick kilns with stones and bricks on the ground. There is a layer of stone or brick hoop cave on the surface of the kiln from bottom to top. This cave looks neat and powerful, and it is at the entrance of the cave. In northern Shaanxi, many farmers live in this cave. Like Mizhijiang Manor, Mashi Manor and Changshi Manor, the design of the manor is unique and ingenious, and the combination of architecture and cave life is elegant and magnificent. In the architectural style of northern Shaanxi 1 cave, almost all the advantages and other advantages, the essence of northern Shaanxi is cave and model. /& gt； Cave dwellings generally have three or five holes, and the middle anode kiln has four holes. Tian Shao intends to escape from the 46 bodybuilding theory. Kiln legs are generally small kilns offering sacrifices to the gods of heaven and earth. Cave, then kiln eaves or brick fence to prevent rain from washing the kiln surface. Some people use wood grain stones to form a corridor in front of the kiln. Cave doors and windows, willows, poplars, elms, piles of wood. Window frames in various formats, with alternating lengths, simple and elegant components or novel octagonal buildings, and flower patterns carved by 12 lotus lamp are very elegant and hand-painted pigments, which are very good. David Shuang Ye, open in the middle, compared with one side, the leaves are simple. In some places, the door is hollow, which is called divided door, but most places are thick doors. The doors and windows of the cave are all wooden frames, and the cave in front. Climb up two logs from two skylights and come down from the door on the left. A piece of bright, clean and warm loose linen paper, stuck to the wood. The cave called Naohe fights against dry food. The front of the cave is called Alkali River, which is mostly used to grow vegetables.

This cave consists of two parts. The first kang, some of the kang in the cave and the kiln palm are finally connected together, called palm kang, and some are located near the window sill in front, called front kang or window kang to start a new stove. Generally speaking, it is best to make a square stove with stone, and cover the screws with slate and connect them to the cooker. Press the stove and put it in the pot, and the noodles are called kitchen dishes. Through the chimney, through the winding fire on the kang.

The cave decoration in northern Shaanxi is unique. The unique design of the cave in the cave, such as the shape in the cave, the hole (that is, the double hole in the middle, the small door) and a secret hole curtain. There are also decorative paintings, furniture, household appliances and their coats or covers, and quilts are stacked on the kang. These are basically local people, especially housewives, manual labor, and internal caves also largely determine the housewives of local people. Exterior decoration of caves refers to the technology of cave windows, the material and pattern of cave windows, the style and color of cave curtains, the style of flower bars on the top of the cave, such as the facade and cleanliness of the courtyard, the flowers and trees in front of the courtyard and the density, the size of stone mills, stones, bird's nest, doors and stone walls, dry food and peppers. Whether the externally decorated cave is the owner of this hardworking and wealthy family.

Northern Shaanxi on the Loess Plateau is rich in various agricultural and sideline products with abundant sunshine, large temperature difference between day and night and long growing period. Not only the quality and nutrition are obviously superior to those of other countries of origin, but also it is pollution-free and pure natural, which fully meets the requirements of modern green food. Due to the influence of the environment, the ancient kiln site in northern Shaanxi is the result of the unique and colorful food culture and eating habits in the north thousands of years ago. Before and after the festival, everyone must eat yellow stalls: drink thick yellow wine in winter; Eat colorful at the Cold Food Festival: I like the eating habits of mutton and ferrets. People have always had the custom of eating dog meat. The natural, healthy and dietary characteristics of northern Shaanxi are all generated in caves, which can detoxify, remove fire, relieve summer heat, strengthen the spleen and stimulate appetite, and have the effect of health care and beauty.

Second, the concept and scope of cave culture and northern Shaanxi culture

What is cave culture? By introducing the concept of culture into all aspects of the ceiling, we can see that the ceiling has broken through the cultural connotation of the components and overall style of the ceiling, the decoration inside the ceiling, including all the projects of the whole hospital, and various activities outside and inside the cave.

The material, social and spiritual projection, condensation and expression of northern culture in the northern part of human practice area are also the material, social and spiritual projection, condensation and expression of human practice in northern Shaanxi. This is the concept of northern culture, and the definition of culture is very broad. In northern Shaanxi, the definition of local culture in the first part is concentrated in this area, and the second part emphasizes the relevance of culture, which is subordinate to all ethnic groups in northern Shaanxi and the overall culture of China. Undoubtedly, northern Shaanxi culture is an inseparable part of China culture. The research objects of northern Shaanxi culture include religious belief, cultural relics archaeology, historical figures, morality, literature, art, photography, painting, opera music, film and television, science and technology education, publishing and printing, daily diet, dialect slang, folk art and so on.

3,

Through a detailed understanding of local customs, we find that caves in northern Shaanxi are closely related to local customs, mainly in several aspects.

3. 1 god of worship. For example, from the cave dwelling on the website, in the cave dwelling before construction, we will first look at the terrain from the Yin and Yang geomantic omen, and choose a fixed location for auspicious time. In the eyes of local people, the caves built are a family with great events, and future generations will multiply. Therefore, many people pay great attention to building soil and moving trees. The first stage of the house behind the roof, choose a auspicious place, the house is on a big plateau. The so-called "thick back, it is said that the back is backed by Jinshan": "Those who face south, act as big officials; The house is backed by a ditch, so it is taboo to "back the mountain". Show, and then choose a day of Yin and Yang to close the warm kiln of security window earth god in front of Longkou official residence. How strong the local land is and how broad the horizon is, as long as the yin and yang feng shui is not good, it must be changed. Finally, the closing ceremony is a concrete form of offering sacrifices to heaven and earth. As for the earth god and the worship of the earth, the double holes in the middle are more sacred on earth. This is because there is a relatively common pantheism belief with the people, and there are gods in the first three feet. " An ordinary stone mill. Legend has it that the dragon rolls and spins the stone, and the blue dragon changes its eyes. It's said to be a suspected Qinglong sleeve. Therefore, after many rural people meet in northern Shaanxi, the owner always needs to cover the wedding and funeral of the stone roller with red cloth, fearing that whenever the Spring Festival comes, the owner will stick the four characters "Qinglong Down" on the opposite side of the shelf of the stone roller to ward off evil spirits. This kind of folk activity is mostly related to ghosts. For example, the Yangko four-person field evolved from the dance of ancient shamans and wizards; Along the Siemens New Year Yangko, some people say that it threw a nine-turn folk disaster into chaos for every family to beg for blessings. Some people say it comes from the ancient Yellow River Battle 18 array. In fact, it is manifested in the gossip of Yin and Yang. Jiu Zhuan, also known as "Zhuan Deng", is a folk custom and a commemorative activity. People seek God's grace to eliminate disasters and take refuge within one year, so that people and animals are safe, crops are abundant, and they are safe, healthy and happy. This traditional custom is inseparable from religion. It means that in the Romance of the Gods, the three goddesses of Sanxian Island (sky blue, sky beautiful) reported on the next battle of Xiqibu, which was called "the teacher who killed his brother in the nine-curve array". The independent jade emperor, the three official halls (heavenly officials, local officials and human resources officials) and the nine lanterns after the Buddha commemorate the death of three goddesses who avenged their brothers. Folk customs have been handed down from generation to generation since they began to flourish.

3.2 interpersonal relationships. Caves have a great influence on the formation of interpersonal relationships, mainly in the following points. First of all, caves are generally a row of three holes, five holes or seven holes, where relatives who are related by blood live. Before liberation, this big family lived in a yard. In some places, this model has disappeared so far. Secondly, although the family does not live in a yard, the ownership is still relatively concentrated. Some of them are located at the top of the mountain, while others are distributed on several adjacent mountains. Finally, the courtyard and the front wall disappeared, and some citizens living at home became smaller. More people communicate with each other, and the distance is relatively small. For these reasons, the local people have a harmonious relationship, are defenseless and have a good social atmosphere. Good interpersonal relationships are formed by the following reasons. From a historical point of view, this is a relatively closed area with close internal and external structures. The northern part of Ordos grassland south of Qinchuan, the eastern part of Shanxi and the densely populated western minority areas in the Central Plains are surrounded by Guanzhong, Jinzhong, grassland and circulation, about 1000 km away from the Yellow River, but just independent of the outside world, becoming a "four untouched" land. Apart from war and frontier demand, it has little impact on the outside world. Internally, the traditional production and life style of self-sufficiency and self-production and self-marketing has been formed for thousands of years, which has produced great cohesion. It is precisely because of the diversity of these * * * that it gradually formed its own cultural model, and the fundamental reason for the existence of this breeding model is good interpersonal relationships.

3.3 Manual art, emphasizing the three magical techniques of paper-cutting by girls, furniture crafts such as doors and windows made by carpenters and decadent masons. Carpenters and masons need to constantly pursue beauty in the process of cave construction, and people force them to constantly tap their potential to improve their self-cultivation. Beauty is paying more and more attention to caves with doors and windows. In addition, in the pursuit of beauty, people try their best to continue to decorate their homes from all aspects. Paper-cutting is another aspect. Peasant paintings originated from the folk life in northern Shaanxi, evolved from peasant paintings around kangs, stoves and cabinets, and are original modern folk art based on more people, animals and flowers and birds. The composition is fantastic, and the imagination is concise, generalized and bold. This is a typical cave for the development and development of folk art. It has promoted the emergence of folk art forms such as caves, such as sewing and embroidery.

3.4 Art and culture, which is the concrete embodiment of storytelling in northern Shaanxi. The storytelling in northern Shaanxi is a form of expression of three strings, a popular accompaniment instrument in Yan 'an, Yulin and Gushu, Shaanxi. Pipa, or pipa, is also tied to the calf. Throw two boards and tie them to your wrist. Say "That's good" to string small boards. This is the beat rhythm. Storytellers in northern Shaanxi have been living in the countryside for a long time, and the lyrics with rich flavor of life are easy to understand. Northern Shaanxi storytelling, singing loud and rough, rich in northern Shaanxi style. The storytellers in northern Shaanxi usually travel all over the country, and many of them are blind. These artists will have special staff to receive them there, and then go to the home of storytellers who invite local people to tell stories. The location of the storyteller is in the cave. In the dim light, the crowded audience was intoxicated by the musical instruments that pushed the story all over the body. Everything in the cave seems so harmonious. Caves give artists a stage to perform and an artistic inheritance. Han Qixiang, a famous blind artist, told a folk story about a famous cave.

3.5 Stone carving art in the north. The stone carving in northern Shaanxi has a long history, freehand brushwork, smooth lines and self-contained, which occupies a unique position in the stone carving art in China. The earliest stone carving project originated from Longshan characters in the Neolithic Age, about 3500-5000 years ago. A large part of these special caves. Grottoes are caves of stones. There is a negative legend in The Classic of Mountains and Seas: "Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty made stones, and the stone houses are one", and the "stone houses" are caves, among which the famous Zichang Zhongshan Grottoes, Fuxian Lake Hong Shi Grottoes, Qingliangshan Grottoes in Yan 'an, Shuanglong Temple Grottoes in huangling county and Mizhipuke Cave are all famous. Zhongshan Grottoes have been approved as national key cultural relics protection units. Folk stone carving art has a long history, and it is also one of the few works of art preserved so far. Folk stone carving artists can fully embody their inspiration and skills, which is undoubtedly spread all over Shaanxi in the Song Dynasty and made statues through some Buddhist and Taoist cave temples. Promote another cave stone carving art to express Suide Shishi. The lion in Suide originated from the stone lion on the kang. It is mainly used by people to tie children and crawl around. In order to prevent children from falling on the kang, it is a loyal guardian of two children and also acts as a toy. Today is the same as the Trilateral Paper-cut Folk Art Exhibition. The lion on the kang was created by Suide people in China Art Museum. Most local craftsmen improvise because their feet are one inch bigger and one inch smaller, which is different from the old officials in front of the lion. The natural carving of the stone lion in Suide Baikangtou is rich in imagination, lively and interesting, which is of great artistic value. The artist said: "Suide Shishi has the spirit of a great river. The cutest life, the most vivid charm, the tradition of freehand brushwork and the pure national characteristics. The performance of the Wuding River is put forward. Thousands of lions have built more than 1,000 stone lions of different shapes on the bridge, which is a concentrated expression of exquisite art. Shilipu is the largest stone market in China, mainly carving lions. Starting from the needs of caves or religious beliefs in caves, this relatively independent stone art began to develop rapidly once it was produced. However, it is undeniable that cave stone art has to be like this to some extent.

Fourthly, the cave diet is reflected in the culture of northern Shaanxi.

4. 1 embodies the multi-ethnic culture in northern Shaanxi.

The history of northern Shaanxi is a place full of competitive fun. In ancient times, the nationalities who came here were Sidi, Bai Di and Canrong, and later there were Xiongnu, Tangut, Xianbei and Mongolia. The culture of northern Shaanxi has integrated the cultural identity of many ethnic groups, among which Mongolian culture is the most influential. Dog taboo in northern Shaanxi means the factors of integration and conflict between agricultural culture and nomadic culture. Northern Shaanxi customs, folk traditions do not eat dog meat; Tomb-Sweeping Day, in the process of adjusting the yellow stalls before and after the food stalls in every household, we must wrap the yellow paws tightly so as not to let dogs see them. If we see dogs, we will spread the white yellow lips (thick yellow parts can no longer spread into a brown, delicious and ever-active color in the northern land) and taboos. I can't see dogs urinating on weekdays. Anyone who sees this man will have white spots on his skin. According to textual research, this is the Red Week in Shaanxi, and it is considered that the dog totem, the culture of the dog Rong country and the farming culture of the Central Plains conflict and merge. Although the Han people do not recognize the ancestors of dogs, they also admit that Rong Di worships dogs all over the country. After a long time, "dogs have become a folk custom generally observed in northern Shaanxi." The dog can't see the street stall in Huang 'ao. This is the fusion of two cultures. In a potential conflict and confrontation, "my heart will be different in my game." This Han Rong emperor's racial exclusion also admitted that his beliefs and totems had long been called witchcraft and magic. Another feature of northerners' mutton is that they like it very much. Sishilipu mutton noodles Yulin chop suey is a fresh wind for nomadic people who have left the eating habits of sheep's hoof, sheep's brain, sheep's liver, sheep's lung and sheep's blood in northern Shaanxi, which is manifested in the following aspects: First, the main attack of cooking. People in countries where pumpkins and potatoes are cooked are the main courses in daily life. Snacks such as instant mutton, mutton offal and spices are taken with boiling water. There are also so-called noodle soup snacks, pasta, meatballs and meat stewed together. Even on holidays, few people can cook fried dishes. Usually, meat, pasta and vegetables are stewed in one pot and in each bowl. If it is a VIP, roast milk goat or roast suckling pig is the highest standard of courtesy. The dry food of fried rice and fried noodles is made of millet, mainly corn. Eat fried rice noodles and water to make a thick ball. Fried rice is easy to swallow. Third, serve sauerkraut. There are no fresh vegetables to eat in the cold winter in the north. In autumn, the people pickled several barrels of pickled cabbage, which was nomadic, and affected the farming and animal husbandry production mode of the people in the north. Diet, can you see the influence of Mongols in this respect, today, in this respect? As an economic means, animal husbandry is still generally maintained, and almost every household has keepers, but it is far from the scene of old sheep carrying livestock. The production here is generally dominated by families, and most people are mainly engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry. A small amount of traditional animal husbandry and hunting may also be reintroduced, but it is very seasonal, generally in the winter slack season. Another aspect of the absorption of Mongolian culture by northern Shaanxi culture is the worship of fire by people in many countries. For example, the ancient Mongolian worship of fire has formed a "fire" festival for many years. In some places, the so-called "divine fire" burned on the 23rd of the first month and the "ghost fire" burned on the 30th of the first month. Some places are left around to resist the evil spirits of the surrounding fires, and some places need to jump over. People used to call this "batch". In some places, on the day of January 17, 18 lit a fire, which was called "using a shovel 1 1 or sending oil, salt, scorpion and other poisonous insects along the slope or roadside in a depression, so that the whole family would not be damaged by the bite of poisonous insects. February fire, praying for good weather, unfinished, points 12 pile, burning embers from divination predicted to go out every month, this year Yang disappeared. Despite the time and title, these customs are related to fire. In some places, a flour product, called "Japanese food", is used to ward off evil spirits in the fire in the first month of the lunar calendar.

4.2, reflecting the inheritance of northern Shaanxi culture.

On the eve of the cold food festival, the local aunt grinds flour, buys pigments and prepares to pinch Yanyan. Actually, it's not just gorgeous. Dough is made of all kinds of things by hand, such as cows, sheep, horses, pigs, chickens, ducks, fish, pomegranates and peaches, so I want to get all kinds of shapes. Yanyan is a wonderful life. Give the elderly "peaches", which means longevity; Eating pomegranate is a new wife. I hope your son tells your child to eat "monkeys" to make him smart and lively. Tomb-Sweeping Day ate it and hung it on the wall to dry, which is ornamental. Yan Yan is also known as "self-pushing rock". According to legend, the Jin family was the earliest public photo frame in the Spring and Autumn Period. In order to prevent Jin Jie, the son of his stepmother, from entering the exile village (now northern Shaanxi), Jin Jie cut off the meat on his leg and cooked it for him when he was extremely hungry but could not find food. Later, Zhong Er didn't want to be an official like Jin Wengong Jie, so he lived in seclusion with his mother in Mianshanlin, Shaanxi. Jin Wengong thought it was surrounded by mountains on three sides and wanted him to come out, but Jay didn't want to come out and was burned to death. Jin Wengong reversed this trend and moved Mianshan to Zhujie Mountain. This day is designated as the Cold Food Festival, and students are forbidden to set off fireworks and firecrackers in every household. Then ordered the whole country not to bake with fire three days before the cold food every year. This is the origin of Yanyan, a cold food in northern Shaanxi. Ancient customs have been handed down from generation to generation. The Cold Food Festival is commemorated in many countries, but it is well preserved. The custom of pinching Yan Yan in northern Shaanxi is one of the few preserved commemorations.

4.3 reflects the closed nature of northern Shaanxi culture.

It is said that in the northern rural areas, it may be the northernmost population with diversified diets. Some food names are not recorded in any formula, and China characters and dialects can't be found. Only one or several languages suspected of remaining words have disappeared. This is because the Loess Plateau is very poor. In remote mountainous areas, geographical environment, traffic and other conditions, the economic value is not high. Coupled with the long-term invasion of several tribes, the court has never been taken seriously. As a vortex of war, prisoners are exiled, a relatively isolated field, a relatively isolated area. Thousands of years later, the land of China and primitive tribal peoples were assimilated in the long-term integration. Except for some ethnic minorities, Han culture has basically achieved great harmony, so the only exception is loess culture. Long-term relative closure makes it still maintain its original characteristics-original ecological culture, ancient cultural characteristics, and three-dimensional data become a part of national culture. The exploration of northern culture shows the cultural significance and primitive quality of the Chinese nation, especially the northern part of China. In Tomb-Sweeping Day in the Song Dynasty, in addition to the ready-made foods such as wheat cakes, cheese and milk cakes sold in the market by the Tang Dynasty, people also made a kind of swallow-shaped pasta, which is called "jujube prisoner swallow", which is now called Yan Yan by northerners. It is an art form of dough sculpture. The art of pottery figurines in China was recorded in writing as early as the Han Dynasty, and originated from the custom of dough sculpture animals, rather than the folk festival of slaughtering cattle, sheep and other animals. In other words, the former is used to worship Jay. The Ming Dynasty is leaving, dates should restrain swallows and long summer, and children should eat fried food. Now, in other parts of China, the custom of Tomb-Sweeping Day has long since ceased to exist, but it still exists in northern Shaanxi. In addition to this kind of reproductive worship of dough sculpture art, the custom of totem worship has been completely preserved. Folk songs in northern Shaanxi, people still maintain the cultural characteristics of religious thoughts at the beginning of this week, believing in ghosts and gods and believing in folk witchcraft is very popular in essence. Mr. Yin Yang, a folk professional or part-time job, is the host of Mr. Yin Yang's activities. With the ghost intermediary, they can be occupied, can ward off evil spirits and throw disasters, guide and persuade ghost towns to drive away evil spirits, and thus carry out the power of civil servants to the end. This kind of folk witchcraft, such as astrology, divination, sacrifice, spells and exorcism, is very popular. In prehistoric times, its source may be traced back to primitive society. Today, the rest of this practice has changed over time for a long time, but it has remained unchanged because of the closed culture of this land in northern Shaanxi for thousands of years. The paper-cut in northern Shaanxi retains the ancient pre-totem that has disappeared for a long time in other places. It is the continuation of primitive social culture, dragon and phoenix totem culture. For example, the snake block mining in Luochuan, the paper-cut fish with the first sphinx, the paper-cut deer tree Ansai and the paper-cut hand doll are all cultural relics of this era.

4.4 Have strong moral and religious ideas.

Religion and culture in northern Shaanxi clearly reflect the cultural identity of many ethnic groups. The simplest embodiment of the northern man Aries Chinese-style chest covering, the white dog totem worship is the dog rong family. The religious thought of multi-ethnic integration enhances diversity, but loses identity, which actually makes it the main religion in this region. Taoism and Buddhism, the traditional religions of China, were introduced to the north from here, and all these religions left traces here. When they were near the Taoist Grand View, they were located in Baiyun Temple, five miles south of jia county on the Yellow River, in the whole area of Buddhist grottoes, Buddha statues and stupas (floating pictures). But in the hearts of the people and the people, it seems that a complete belief has not been formed. There are still many religious buildings in this respect. There is a small temple on the edge of almost every big village, but many of these small temples have no new names. I don't know their religious sense of belonging. In people's minds, as long as it is the same temple, Buddhism and Taoism in many temples are mixed together. This negative performance is manifested in the diet: 12 rats don't eat food without a knife (food that should be eaten on the ground, eat more pasta), for fear of damaging rats and worsening rodent control. June 6, the day when I cooked in hot weather at home (mung bean soup); /kloc-In June of 0/9, I went to the Kitchen God to eat jujube hill (steamed into a mountain of noodles, with a specific date), expecting a good result in the kitchen. Local people eat rice cakes or high cakes, which means that the Cold Food Festival in the middle of BBK (July 15 in some places) is brightly colored, shaped like rabbits and snakes, and contains the meaning of reproductive worship and totem worship; The meaning of rice clearly expresses people's yearning for a better life. In short, the food culture in the north, including religious information, expresses people's outlook on life or fear of unknown nature, and worships the coexistence of multiple religions.