Relevant knowledge of judgment

The emergence of China countries began in the Xia Dynasty, and the establishment of official positions only appeared with the emergence of countries, so official positions can only begin in the Xia Dynasty. In ancient China, the official positions of different dynasties were different, and the changes, increases and decreases were very complicated.

The development of China's ancient official positions can be roughly divided into three periods:

The first period was Xia and Shang Dynasties, which lasted about 1000 years. The monarch is called "Hou" and "Wang", and the main officials are called "Shi" and "Wu". In the late Shang Dynasty, the elders of the royal family called themselves "father teachers" and "Shao Shi" and were responsible for assisting the kings, such as Ji Zi and Bigan. Servants who manage housework are called "ministers", "butchers" and "Yin". (Yin years, fatuous and helpless, brother Wei Zi resigned and disappeared; His uncle Ji Zi repeatedly remonstrated and was punished as a slave; Zhou Wang's other uncle, Beagan, died in protest. Confucius said, "Yin has three benevolence". )

The second period, from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period, lasted about six or seven hundred years. The monarch is called "the son of heaven" and "the king of heaven". Heirs to the throne are called "Prince" and "East Palace". Wang's wife's name is Hou. ("Poem _ Xiao Ya _ Beishan" says: Under Pu (Pu) heaven, it is the land of kings, and the land of command. Is it Wang Zhichen? ") vassal fiefs are called countries, doctors fiefs are called cities, the royal family is the central government, and countries and cities are local governments. In the central government, except the king, the three public offices (Taishi, Taifu and Taibao) have the highest positions, and they can act on behalf of the king when he is young or absent. The government departments headed by Qing history manage military, administrative, judicial and foreign affairs, while the cultural and educational departments headed by Taishi manage gods, religions, secretaries and calendars, which are also called "Qing Dynasty History Liao" and "Taishi Liao" in bronze inscriptions. Under the bluestone, there are Dr. Situ, Dr. Sima and Dr. Sikong. Si Tuleideng is in charge of land and servants, Sima is in charge of military taxes and chariots and horses, and Sikong is in charge of major projects such as building cities and roads. Under Taishi, there are literature and history, imperial history, too servant, Zongbo, musicians and so on. Literature and history are responsible for planning the affairs of Dr. Qing, Imperial History is responsible for archives, Taibu is responsible for divination, Zongbo is responsible for etiquette, and musicians are responsible for music and education. The temporary tutor is called Xiang, the one in charge of royal affairs is called Zi or Tai Zi, the one in charge of the imperial army and teaching martial arts is called Shi, the imperial army is called Bian, and Wang's near minister is called. The establishment of local governments is basically the same as that of the central government. However, the ministers in power are all appointed by the Zhou Emperor and have been attacked from generation to generation. They can only be called "Qing" or "Zhengqing" or "Zhengqing", not "Qing history".

The third period began in the Warring States period and lasted for more than 2300 years. The characteristics of this period are as follows: ① the status of monarch was greatly improved and the power was highly concentrated; (2) In the state institutions, the history of witchcraft and imperial clan aristocrats do not occupy an important position, while the servants and attendants of the monarch rise to the main position; (3) The ruling area is getting wider and wider, the organization is getting bigger and bigger, and the division of responsibilities is getting more and more detailed and complicated.

1, monarch

Xia, Shang and Zhou were called the Emperors, Kings and Heavenly Kings.

During the Warring States period, it began to be called "Emperor" and "Emperor" (Emperor is the title of supreme god, and Emperor originally described the emperor. )

Qin began to call himself "the emperor" until the Revolution of 1911.

Huns are called Shan Yu (ch_n) Yu, Shan Yu's wife (yānzhι), Wusun Kunmo, Hou Loushou (f_) Le, Xianbei, Rouran, Turk, Uighur (h_), Khitan and Khitan. Tubo is called "Three Treasures".

2. Prime Minister

The prime minister is the highest office under the monarch to assist the monarch in handling government affairs.

Xia and Shang Dynasties were the history of witchcraft, the Spring and Autumn Period of the Western Zhou Dynasty was the minister, and after the Warring States Period, he was the prime minister.

The prime minister developed from the vassal of the monarch. Zaiben is the title of the monarch's chief housekeeper, which means assistance. It is the essence of a prime minister to manage state affairs with the head of a vassal. The title of Prime Minister was first seen in Han Feizi's Constitutional Studies: "Therefore, the Prime Minister must start from the state department, and the fierce generals must be dispatched."

The prime minister's office originated earlier. Chu set Lingyin, Chyi Chin set Xiang, Song set, Wu set Taizai. Guan Zhong, who helped Qi Huangong establish hegemony, was the first outstanding prime minister in the history of China. After the reunification of Qin, the title of prime minister was "Prime Minister".

After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the functions and powers of the prime minister were transferred to Shangshutai (Shangshutai was originally a small organ responsible for sending and receiving documents in the emperor's private house), and its chief officer was Shangshuling (eunuch served as the secretariat).

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the powerful ministers Dong Zhuo and Cao Cao returned to the position of prime minister or prime minister, but they held this position and their real power was above the emperor.

After Wei and Jin Dynasties, Shangshutai became independent from the palace and became the general organ of the central government to carry out government affairs. The chief and deputy chief of Shangshutai are both prime ministers. After Shangshutai was changed from an imperial clerical organ to an administrative organ of the imperial court, in order to receive and send documents, draft and convey imperial edicts, the Chinese Book Department was set up as a document processing organ, and its chief officials were the Chinese Book Supervisor, the Chinese Book Order and the Prime Minister. Zhongshu province is more important than Shangshu province, because Zhongshu province is in charge of confidential information and close to the emperor. In ancient times, it was called "Fengchi" and "Fengchi". The post of prime minister in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties belongs to Shangshu Province, Zhongshu Province and Menxia Province, so the governors of the three provinces are also called prime ministers.

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the name of the Prime Minister changed. The Sui Dynasty called it the internal history order and the internal book order, and the Tang Dynasty called it the right phase order, the Fengge order and the Wei Ziling. Shang Shuling held this position when Li Shimin was the king of Qin, but he didn't say anything later. Therefore, in the Tang Dynasty, the provincial governor of Shangshu had only left and right servants to shoot (y_).

In the Northern Song Dynasty, there was another official position of the Prime Minister, which was called "Zhengting Hall", "Zhongshu Gate" and "Zhongshu". In the Song Dynasty, the Privy Council was the highest military institution, and its chief, Tang ambassadors and deputy ambassadors were consuls commensurate with Fu, and together with the Prime Minister, they were called "domination".

In the Ming Dynasty, the positions of Zhongshu Province and Prime Minister were abolished, and college students such as Gaihuatang, Shenshentang, Wuyingtang, Wenhua Hall, Wenyuange and Dongge were established as advisers to the emperor. Later, these college students became the actual prime ministers, known as "assistant ministers", and the chief college students were known as "yuan fu" and "records", with the heaviest authority and presided over the major affairs of the cabinet.

Imitation of Ming dynasty in early Qing dynasty. It was the "south study" in Kangxi and the "minister of military aircraft" after Yongzheng.

Among all kinds of official positions, the prime minister changes most frequently, and there is no fixed position, title and personnel, which is determined by the fundamental nature of absolute monarchy. The monarch can't live without the prime minister, and he is most worried that the prime minister's power is too heavy and his power is sidelined. This is the main reason why the official position of the Prime Minister is constantly changing.