Chinese characters have a history of thousands of years and are one of the earliest characters in the world.

Chinese characters, also known as Chinese characters, Chinese characters and Chinese characters, are widely used in the cultural circle of Chinese characters. They belong to morpheme syllables of ideographic characters, which were invented and improved by the ancient Han people. At present, the exact history can be traced back to Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty around 1300 BC. Then the seal script of the Qin Dynasty was named "Chinese Characters" in the Han Dynasty, and in the Tang Dynasty it became the standard of handwritten fonts used today-regular script. Chinese characters are the main characters that have been used for the longest time so far, and they are also the only characters that have been passed down to this day in various ancient writing systems. Some scholars believe that Chinese characters are one of the key elements to maintain the long-term reunification of China's north and south, and some scholars list Chinese characters as China's fifth greatest invention. In China, Chinese characters are the main official languages of several generations.

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As for the history of Chinese characters, according to the archaeological findings recorded and confirmed in the existing ancient documents, Dawenkou culture has a history of at least 5,000 years in Wen Tao, and the history of the origin of Chinese characters is the historical beginning of ancient civilization in China, so we usually say that the Han nationality has a history of 5,000 years.

Archaeological and documentary records show that Chinese characters originated in Yangshao culture period of Neolithic Age, entered the stage of character accumulation in about 4000 BC and 2000 BC, and formed a fairly systematic writing system in Shang Dynasty.

The names of Chinese characters, named after the Han nationality and the Han dynasty, are the most widely used characters in the world today, and they are also the most widely circulated.

During the evolution of Chinese characters for thousands of years, there have been many differences. After the founding of New China, in the 1950s, specialized institutions were organized to standardize the form, sound and meaning of Chinese characters, commonly known as "simplified characters" (Chinese characters before the 1950s were commonly known as "traditional characters"), and they were popularized with reference books such as Xinhua Dictionary and Modern Chinese Dictionary, and simplified characters were juxtaposed with traditional characters. Chinese mainland, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and other Southeast Asian regions use simplified Chinese characters, while Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan regions still use "traditional Chinese characters".

Chinese characters are non-pinyin characters, which are obviously different from pinyin characters in writing. Even in neighboring countries of China, great changes have taken place. Take "Chinese characters" as an example:

Simplified Chinese characters: Chinese characters

Pinyin: Chinese z √.

English: Chinese characters

Japanese: Chinese characters (かんじ)

Korean (Korean): Han Jia

Vietnamese: Trung Qu Ta nhan v Xuan

German: Chinese

Russian: китакскиниерогли

French: caractère chinois

Polish: Chinsky Znak

Danish: kinesisk tegn

Filipino: Intsik karakter

Portuguese: caractere chinês

Greek: κ ν ν ν α ρ α ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ

Italian: Carattere Cinese

Indonesian: Cina· Karakot

Hungarian: kínai karakter

Finnish: Kiinalainen merkki

Five origins of Chinese characters

With language, human beings can accumulate knowledge and form culture. With words, you can record languages and exchange information. Language distinguishes people from animals, and writing distinguishes the primitive stage of human society from the civilized stage. Writing breaks the limitation of language in time and space, spreads language to distant places and expands the communicative function of language.

There are many theories about the origin of Chinese characters, including knot theory, gossip theory, Hutuluo theory, Cangjie word theory, picture theory and so on.

The origin of Chinese characters

From the ancient legend of Cangjie's word-making to the discovery of Oracle Bone Inscriptions more than 65,438,000 years ago, China scholars have been trying to uncover the mystery of the origin of Chinese characters.

Regarding the origin of Chinese characters, there are many sayings in China ancient literature, such as "knot rope theory", "gossip theory", "picture theory" and "calligraphy contract theory". Ancient books also generally recorded the legend of Cang Xie, the historian of the Yellow Emperor who created Chinese characters. Modern scholars believe that systematic writing tools cannot be completely created by one person. If Cang Xie really exists, he should be a text organizer or publisher.

"Bei" is a pictophonetic word and a knowing word. From the perspective of pictophonetic characters, the word "clothes" on the left of the word "quilt" means that the quilt belongs to the category of clothes, and the word "skin" on the right is similar to the word "quilt" in the word-making era, indicating the pronunciation of this word, but with the passage of time, the pronunciation of "skin" and "quilt" becomes different and gradually loses its function of expressing pronunciation. From the perspective of understanding characters, clothes made of leather are "quilts". The original meaning of quilt refers to a small quilt. In later generations, the meaning of "suffering" was extended on the basis of the original meaning of quilt.

1. Knot theory

"The History of the Northern Wei Dynasty" said: The ancestors of the Northern Wei Dynasty "hunted for a career, and simplicity was a custom, and simplicity was a change; Not for words, but for wood carving. " It records tribes in primitive society or some ethnic minorities in China. Before the writing appeared, it recorded large and small events such as war, hunting, alliance, election, celebration, marriage, childbirth, disease and disaster by knotting notes.

In the past, according to the Book of Changes, some scholars said, "The ancient rule of law was based on knotting ropes, and the later sages used calligraphy easily, and the rule of hundreds of officials was observed by all the people." Infer that "words originated from knots".

Step 2 gossip

Kong Anguo's Preface to Shangshu (this is a fake, but it is a long time ago) said: "The ancients loved the king of the Xi family and began to draw gossip and make a book contract instead of tying the rope, so literary books came into being."

"Yi Gan Wei's Letters" holds that: dry divination, Tian Zi ancient prose; Kungua, ancient Chinese characters; Deviating from divination, the ancient Chinese character of fire in China; Kangua, an ancient water character in China; Sea melon, ancient prose with wind characters; China ancient divination and thunder writing; Gengua, ancient mountain words; Dugua, Zezi's ancient prose.

3. He Tuluo said

The Book of Changes: the river is drawn, Luo is written, and the sage is written.

"Jade Edition of River Map": Cang Xie was the emperor, making his maiden voyage to the south, making the mountain in the Yang Que, facing the water for the first time, Gui Ling wrote the book, and Jia Danwen was clear, so as to teach it.

"Picture" and "book" are from Heluo, how mysterious! Mysticism is the main feature of this theory. In vain, it can be understood as books, but in fact, it can be understood as I ching and history books.

Under the article "Book of River Map" in Ci Hai, it is said that in Fu, Yi Long appeared from the Yellow River with a horse carrying "River Map"; A turtle appeared from Luoshui, carrying "Luoshu". Fuxi painted eight diagrams based on this "picture" and "book", which was the source of the later Zhouyi. Yu said that he was in charge of the flood, and the Emperor of Heaven gave him a nine-domain Hong Fan (Shang Shu Hong Fan). Liu Xin thought that Hong Fan was a lost book.

Unveiling the mystery of this theory, it is not difficult to find that its real core is arithmetic, which can be compared with the "Jiugong" algorithm. The so-called "Nine Palaces", for Chen Weijia, is the Eight Diagrams plus the Central Committee, and it becomes nine ("Five" is located in the Central Committee and can also be associated with the Five Elements); In the eyes of astrologers, the horizontal, vertical, oblique and additive numbers are always 15.

4. Cang Xie's Word-building Theory.

"Cang Xie's Theory of Word Creation" was popular in the Warring States Period. "Lv Chunqiu JUNSHOU" said: "Cang Xie is a book and Hou Ji is a crop." Xunzi and Han Feizi also recorded it. "Huai Nan Zi Xiu Wu Xun" said in an essay: Cang Xie "was born knowing books". In the Qin and Han Dynasties, this legend became more popular. Xu Shen [3] "Shuo Wen Jie Zi Xu": "Cang Xie's early book, Gai Yi is an pictograph."

Who the hell is Cang Xie? Legend has it that he is a historian of the Yellow Emperor, who was the leader of the tribal alliance in ancient Central Plains. With the society entering the stage of large-scale tribal alliances, the external affairs between alliances are becoming more and more frequent, and it is urgent to establish a set of communication symbols enjoyed by all alliances, so the work of collecting and sorting out * * * was handed over to historian Cang Xie.

During the period of Chunhua in Song Dynasty, there was a famous calligraphy collection, Chunhua Pavilion Post, which contained five volumes of 28-word ancient seal script, and the legend was written by Cang Xie.

The established Chinese character system is a long-term trial and error and gradually improved by the people, and it will never be created by one person.

5. Image theory

Modern scholars believe that Chinese characters really originated from the original picture. Some figures carved on unearthed cultural relics are probably related to words.

Around 4000 BC, it was unearthed in the site of Huaxian Village, Shaanxi Province, on the painted pottery basin of Yangshao culture in the Neolithic Age (the nature should be the emblem of the primitive clan here, when it was in the clan society stage of transition from matriarchal system to paternal system). There are four bird-shaped patterns, which are very similar to "bird" (rising) and "guard" (falling) in ancient Chinese characters. Shuowen said that "Wei" is a general term for short-tailed birds.

Painted pottery pots of Yangshao culture unearthed from Anbanpo site in Xi 'an and fish-shaped patterns on bronzes in the late Shang Dynasty are vivid. Comparing them with some "fish" in ancient Chinese characters, the similarity is enough to make people believe that Chinese characters evolved from the original picture.

The earliest carved symbols were more than 8000 years ago.

In recent decades, Chinese archaeologists have published a series of unearthed materials about the origin of Chinese characters earlier than Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins. These materials mainly refer to the carved or painted symbols that appeared on pottery in the late primitive society and early historical society, and also include a few symbols engraved on Oracle Bone Inscriptions, jade and stone tools. It can be said that they provide a new basis for explaining the origin of Chinese characters.

Wang, a doctoral supervisor of Zhengzhou University, made a systematic investigation and comparison of the carving symbols on pottery pieces unearthed from more than 100 archaeological sites in China, and thought that the earliest carving symbols in China appeared in Jiahu site in Wuyang, Henan Province, with a history of more than 8,000 years.

Characters first matured in Shang Dynasty.

As far as the written materials of Yin and Shang dynasties are concerned, there are many kinds of written carriers. At that time, in addition to writing on simplified Chinese characters with a brush, other main writing methods were carved on tortoise shells and animal bones, and pottery, jade and Tao Zhu were carved on bronzes. Oracle Bone Inscriptions and bronze ritual vessels used in Yin Ruins are the earliest mature written materials found in China.

develop

The evolution of Chinese characters has gone through thousands of years, including Oracle Bone Inscriptions, bronze inscription, seal script, official script, regular script, cursive script and running script. Regular script has been widely used so far, but it has not been completely finalized.

Chinese characters were written in ancient times, before the Han Dynasty. More vivid.

Warring States period text: "The princes are in power, not unified with the monarch, and evil rituals and music harm themselves, all of which go to their classics." "Different fields, different car paintings, different methods, different clothes and different words." It has a strong regional character.

The mainstream of the development of Qin characters and Chinese characters.

There are great regional differences in the characters of the six countries, which do not reflect the development track of Chinese characters and are tributaries.

1, Oracle Bone Inscriptions

Oracle Bone Inscriptions mainly refers to Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins, which was written by the royal family on tortoise shells and animal bones in the late Shang Dynasty in China (14 ~ 1 1 century). It is the earliest and relatively complete ancient Chinese character discovered by China.

Oracle Bone Inscriptions is an ancient script in China, regarded as an early form of modern Chinese characters, sometimes regarded as a script of Chinese characters, and also the oldest mature script in China. Oracle Bone Inscriptions is also called Wen Qi, tortoise shell or tortoise shell animal bone. Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a very important ancient writing material. Most Oracle Bone Inscriptions were found in Yin Ruins. Yin Ruins is a famous site of Yin Shang Dynasty, located in Xiaotun Village, Huayuanzhuang and Houjiazhuang in the northwest of Anyang City, Henan Province. It was once the capital of the central dynasty in the late Shang Dynasty, so it was called Yin Ruins. These Oracle Bone Inscriptions are basically the divination records of Shang rulers. Shang rulers are superstitious about whether there will be disasters, whether it will rain, whether there will be a good harvest of crops, whether there will be a victory in the war, what to sacrifice to ghosts and gods, and divination based on fertility, disease, dreaming and other things to understand the will of ghosts and gods and the quality of things. The materials used for divination are mainly tortoise's bellybutton, carapace and cattle's scapula. Small pits are usually dug or drilled on the back of Oracle bones for divination. This kind of pit is called "drilling" by experts in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Heating these pits during divination leads to cracks on the surface of Oracle bones. This kind of crack is called "omen" The word "Bu" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions is like a symbol. People engaged in divination judge good or bad according to the various shapes of divination. According to Oracle Bone Inscriptions in the Shang Dynasty, Chinese characters at that time had developed into a complete Chinese writing system. In the discovered Oracle Bone Inscriptions of Yin Ruins, the number of words has reached about 4000. There are a lot of signifiers, pictographs, knowing characters, and many pictographs. These words are quite different from those we use in appearance. But from the point of word formation, they are basically the same.

About 654.38+05,000 pieces of Oracle bones were found, with more than 4500 words. These Oracle Bone Inscriptions records are extremely rich in content, involving many aspects of social life in Shang Dynasty, including not only politics, military affairs, culture and social customs, but also astronomy, calendars, medicine and other science and technology. Judging from about 1500 characters identified in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, the methods of "pictographic, comprehending, pictophonetic, referring to things, transferring notes and borrowing words" have been developed, which shows the unique charm of China characters. Documents based on tortoise shells and animal bones in Shang Dynasty and early Western Zhou Dynasty in China (about 16 BC-0/0 BC). This is the earliest known form of Chinese literature. The characters carved on Oracle bones were previously called Wen Qi, Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Turtle Edition, Yin Ruins, etc. Now they are usually called Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Due to superstition, Shang and Zhou emperors used tortoise shells (common in tortoise shells) or animal bones (common in cattle scapula) for divination, and then carved divination related matters (such as divination time, diviner, divination content, divination result, verification, etc. ) in the Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and preserved by the royal historian as archival materials (see Oracle Bone Inscriptions archives). In addition to Oracle inscriptions, there are some unforgettable inscriptions in Oracle Bone Inscriptions's offerings. Oracle Bone Inscriptions's contribution covers astronomy, calendar, meteorology, geography, country, lineage, family, figures, officials, conquest, imprisonment, agriculture, animal husbandry, hunting, transportation, religion, sacrifice, disease, birth and disaster. It is extremely valuable first-hand information for studying the social history, culture and language of ancient China, especially the Shang Dynasty.

2. Jinwen

Bronze inscriptions refer to characters cast on bronze wares of Yin and Zhou Dynasties, also known as Zhong Dingwen. Shang and Zhou Dynasties were the bronze age, with the tripod as the representative ritual vessel and the bell as the representative musical instrument. "Zhong Ding" was synonymous with bronze ware. Therefore, Zhong Dingwen or inscriptions on bronze refers to inscriptions cast or carved on bronzes.

Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin. China entered the Bronze Age in the Xia Dynasty, and the smelting of copper and the manufacture of bronzes were very developed. Because copper was also called gold a week ago, the inscriptions on bronzes were called "bronze inscriptions" or "auspicious words"; This bronze ware was called "Zhong Dingwen" in the past because it had the largest number of characters on Zhong Ding.

The application time of bronze inscriptions is about 1200 years, from the early Shang Dynasty to the Qin Dynasty's destruction of the Six Kingdoms. According to Rong Geng's Jin Wen Bian, there are 3,722 inscriptions, of which 2,420 can be identified.

There are different words in the inscriptions on bronzes. The content of memory is also very different. Its main content is mostly to praise the achievements of ancestors and princes, but also to record major historical events. For example, the famous Mao has 497 words, covering a wide range, reflecting the social life at that time.

3. Big seal script

Representing the present Shi Guwen, it was named after a book written by Tai Shihuan of Zhou Xuanwang. On the basis of the original text, he transformed it and got his name because it was engraved on the stone drum. It is the earliest stone carving text that has been circulated so far, and it is the ancestor of stone carving.

It began in the late Western Zhou Dynasty and traveled in Qin during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The fonts are similar to those of Qin Zhuan, but the configurations of glyphs overlap.

4. Xiao zhuan

Xiao Zhuan is also called "Qin Zhuan". During the Qin Dynasty, Li Si was ordered to unify the characters, which was called Xiao Zhuan. It was in the Qin dynasty. The shape is long, even and neat, and it evolved from Da Zhuan. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Xu Shen said, "Qin Shihuang is the first emperor in the world, ... but he is not in harmony with Qin Wen." Li Si wrote Cang Xie, CZ ordered Zhao Gao to write, loved the calendar, and Grandmaster Hu Wujing wrote erudition: "They all took the stone script seal script, or saved a lot of changes, so-called small seal script." Today's remains (Langyatai Stone Carving) and "Taishan Stone Carving" are masterpieces of Xiao Zhuan. It is said that the seal script carved by Qin Quan was written by Li Si. After Qin Shihuang unified China, he implemented the policy of "writing in the same language and cars on the same track". The policy of unified measurement has been taken care of by Prime Minister Reese. On the basis of the original seal script used by Qin, it was simplified, and the variant characters of other six countries were cancelled, creating a unified Chinese character writing form. It was popular in China until the end of the Western Han Dynasty, and was gradually replaced by official script. But because of its beautiful font, it has always been favored by calligraphers. Because of its complex strokes and simple form, it is possible to add twists and turns and seal cutting at will, especially the official seal that needs anti-counterfeiting. Seal script was always used until the collapse of feudal dynasty and the emergence of modern new anti-counterfeiting technology. All the words in Kangxi Dictionary are also marked with seal script writing.

5, cursive script

A style of Chinese characters. Formed in the Han Dynasty, it evolved on the basis of official script for the convenience of writing. There are Cao Zhang, Cao Jin and Crazy Grass. There are rules to follow in the changes of strokes, such as the urgent chapter of the Three Kingdoms Wu in Songjiang Edition. Today's grass is eclectic and fluent, and its representative works include Wang Xizhi's "The First Moon" and Jin Dynasty's "Getting Time". Mad grass appeared in the Tang Dynasty, represented by Zhang Xu and Huai Su, and became an artistic creation completely divorced from practicality. Since then, cursive script has only been copied by calligraphers. Masterpieces such as Zhang Xu's Abdominal Pain Post and Huai Su's Autobiography Post. Cursive script is a font produced for the convenience of writing. It began in the early Han Dynasty. At that time, it was "Cao Li", that is, scribbled official script, which gradually developed into a kind of "Cao Zhang" with artistic value. At the end of the Han Dynasty, Zhang Zhi changed "Cao Zhang" to "modern grass", and the character style was formed in one fell swoop. In the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Xu and Huai Su developed into "weeds", with continuous strokes and changeable glyphs.

6. Running script

A font between regular script and cursive script, which can be said to be cursive or cursive. It is to make up for the shortcomings of slow writing in regular script and illegible cursive script. The brushwork is not as sloppy as cursive script, and it is not required to be as correct as regular script. There are more methods of mold opening than cursive writing, which is called "mold opening". Cursive calligraphy is more than modular method, which is called "cursive calligraphy". Running script was produced in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. Representative figures: "Two Kings": Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi.

7. Official script

Official script is basically evolved from seal script, mainly changing the round strokes of seal script into square folds, which makes writing faster, and it is difficult to draw round strokes when writing with pigments on wooden slips.

Official script is also called "official character" and "ancient book".

8. Regular script

Regular script is also called official script, or real book. Its characteristics are: square shape, straight strokes, can be used as a model, hence the name. Began in the Eastern Han Dynasty. There are many famous regular script writers, such as Ou Ti (Tang-Ou Yangxun), Yu Ti (Tang-Yu Shinan), Yan Ti (Tang-Yan Zhenqing), Liu Ti (Tang-Liu Gongquan) and Zhao Ti (Song-Yuan-Zhao Mengfu).

trait

Chinese characters are one of the oldest characters in the world, and they are written symbols to record events. Formally, it has gradually changed from a figure to a square symbol composed of strokes, so Chinese characters are generally called "square characters". It has developed from hieroglyphics (ideographs) to phonetic symbols with both sound and meaning, but the overall system is still ideographs. Therefore, Chinese characters have the characteristics of integrating image, sound and meaning. This feature is unique in world writing, so it has unique charm. Chinese characters are the treasure of China's culture for thousands of years, and they are also our lifelong mentor and friend, and everyone's spiritual home. Chinese characters can often arouse our wonderful and bold associations and give people beautiful enjoyment.

1, pinyin character

Among the characters used in the world today, Chinese characters and Shuishu belong to non-pinyin characters. In human history, there are two rivers characters and Egyptian holy book characters earlier than Chinese characters, but they have long been extinct, so Chinese characters are the oldest characters. There are two types of characters used in the world, namely, non-pinyin characters (Chinese characters and calligraphy) and pinyin characters (other characters). Some people say that Chinese characters are China's five great inventions and a miracle.

Among modern Chinese characters, only Chinese characters were directly created by our ancestors. Sanskrit letters were created by Brahma, the god who created the universe, and were given to human beings (as recorded in Volume II of Tang Xuanzang's Records of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty), while other characters were borrowed from other nationalities. Sanskrit letters are used to spell ancient Sanskrit and many modern Indian and Nepalese languages. Latin alphabet, Slavic alphabet and Arabic alphabet are called the three major alphabet systems in the world. English, French, Italian, etc. In Latin letters, it means borrowing Latin letters; Russian, Bulgarian, Serbian, etc. With kirill letters (or Slavic letters), converted from Greek letters; Latin letters are also transformed from Greek letters. The ancestors of Aramaic alphabet-Alama alphabet and Greek alphabet-Canaanite alphabet were not directly created by their ancestors, but were transformed from Semitic characters. This kind of letter borrowed from Sume's nail script and was transformed. The script of the nail head was created by Sumerians, the script of the holy book was created by Egyptians, the Chinese character was created by China, and the script of water was created by the minority in China, all of which are not pinyin characters. Of the four, only Chinese characters and Shuishu are left, and the other two have died out.

Another peculiar feature of Chinese is its super-dialect and super-language. Linguists divide China dialect into eight major dialect areas. Some people say that without Chinese characters, China would have split into dozens of countries. The differences between Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese and Romanian in Europe are much smaller than those in Chinese dialects, but they are never willing to admit that their languages are different dialects of "Romans" because they are all independent countries.

Chinese characters can also transcend national boundaries. Historically, Vietnam, South Korea and Japan all used Chinese characters to record languages. Japanese still mix Chinese characters and pseudonyms. The Japanese use Chinese characters, and another great invention is to write Chinese characters and read Japanese. As long as other countries are willing, they can do the same. If this is really done, Chinese characters will become a common international language symbol, just like mathematical symbols, which only express meaning, not sound.

2. Advantages

Chinese characters are the most widely used characters in the world. According to statistics, the number of people who use Chinese characters and Chinese has reached more than 654.38+06 billion.

Chinese characters are the oldest characters still in use. The earliest Chinese characters that can be seen and read now are Oracle Bone Inscriptions more than 3,000 years ago. This is a fairly mature system of Chinese characters. There is no writing in the world that has gone through many vicissitudes like Chinese characters and is still young. The sacred script of ancient Egypt 5000 years ago is one of the earliest scripts of human beings. But then it died out, and the recorded ancient Egyptian culture was buried deep. Sumerian cuneiform also has a history of 5000 years. But after 330 AD, it also died out. The famous figures who declined in history include Maya and Boromir. Chinese characters not only have a long history, but also have a growing influence.

1. Chinese characters are one of the most beautiful words to read.

Chinese characters are also one of the most beautiful characters.

Chinese characters are easy to recognize.

4. Chinese characters are easy to understand and relevant.

Step 4 communicate

1. The influence of Chinese characters on Japanese characters

Although the Japanese nation has an ancient culture, it is quite late to create its own characters. For a long time, its people have used Chinese characters as a carrier to spread their thoughts and express their feelings, which is called "real name". At the beginning of the fifth century, there appeared a kind of phonetic alphabet borrowed from Chinese characters in Japan, which was called "pseudonym". In the 8th century, Japanese pronunciation marked with Chinese characters was relatively fixed, and its symbol was the compilation of Ye Wan Collection, so it was called "Ye Wan's pen name". It is the basis of pure Japanese phonetic writing. The final creation of Japanese characters was completed by Kibi No Asomi Makibi and master Kong Hai. Both of them lived in the Tang Dynasty in China for a long time and had a deep study of Chinese characters. The former creates Japanese "katakana" according to the radicals of standard phonetic Chinese characters, while the latter creates Japanese "hiragana" by using cursive Chinese characters. Although pseudonyms have been popular in Japan since the tenth century, the use of Chinese characters has not been abolished. Today, Japanese characters, which have occupied an important position in the world, still retain more than 1000 simplified characters.

2. The influence of Chinese characters on Korean characters

Korean characters are called proverbs. Its creation and application is an important achievement of ancient Korean culture. In fact, South Korea in the Middle Ages, like Japan, did not have its own characters, but used Chinese characters. Silla changed slightly after reunification. At that time, Xue Cong once created "official reading", that is, using Chinese characters to represent Korean auxiliary words and verbs to assist reading chinese books. Finally, because of different languages, it cannot be popularized. In the early years of the Li Dynasty, Sejong set up a proverb bureau in the palace to make Zheng Linzhi, Cheng Sanwen and others formulate proverbs. According to China's phonology, they studied Korean phonetics, created 1 1 vowels and 17 consonants, and published and used "Training People in Andrew" in A.D. 1443. North Korea has its own writing since then.

3. The influence of Chinese characters on Vietnamese characters

10 century ago, Viet Nam was once a county in China. Officials from Qin, Han, Sui and Tang Dou ruled here, so they were deeply influenced by China culture. After Vietnam's independence, Chinese characters have been used as a tool for upper-class communication, school education and literary works. It was not until the13rd century that Vietnam had its own word "South". Zinan is a new word based on Chinese characters, which expresses Vietnamese pronunciation by pictophonetic characters, loanwords and literacy. By the 15th century, southern characters had spread all over the country, completely replacing Chinese characters.