The origin of the word shaman wizard

Shaman is the primitive belief of the northern nationalities, which originated very early.

Acting historians do not use the word "shaman", but only call it "witch" in words. In the Xiongnu period, shaman played a certain role in politics and military affairs. Any war or other indecisive events ultimately depend on the shaman. Shamans of northern nationalities are very different from witches of Central Plains. Shaman must have a lot of common sense or knowledge, be able to observe the development of things, predict the future, and dare to predict good or bad. The same is true of Rouran, but its brief biography is not described!

Shaman is the primitive belief of northern nationalities, which originated very early and has been very developed and mature in matriarchal society. Shaman is almost a clan leader, and the queen mother deified by the Central Plains is a shaman and a chief.

Tiger Pan's theory, which created a perfect place, was also written by a female shaman. "An old woman of Gao Xin's family lives in the palace. She suffers from ear disease. She put something as big as a cocoon in a bowl and soon became a dog. This old woman is a shaman, and she became the ancestor of the dog army. Her understanding of everything in heaven and earth has been sublimated, resulting in a world view of the integration of heaven and earth, and the combination of heaven and earth leads to everything. Cocoon can be interpreted as primitive cells, dogs represent everything, five colors are transformed into five elements of fire, water, wood, gold and earth, five elements of east, west, north and south, five colors of green, yellow, red, white and black, and so on. Simple materialism and evolutionary consciousness have produced the most primitive belief, that is, the natural worship of everything in the world. Especially "heaven"

It is the highest object of worship of ancient Mongols. Softness is "heaven". Rouran khanate is "the kingdom of kings".

Rouran is the sound change of Ding Ling and Di Li, pronounced as point connection, while Chinese writing is Rouran, which is actually homophonic.

The ancients believed that the natural changes of celestial bodies would bring people enjoyment and disaster. In the instinctive activity of seeking good fortune and avoiding evil, human beings have a sense of awe and respect for the changes in nature. Because these disasters come from heaven, they have the highest worship and belief in heaven. According to the ancients, the objects worshipped outside the sky are all attached to the sky, all subject to the will of the sky, and all carried out according to everything created by the sky. For example, the interaction of all things, ups and downs, are all natural. When human beings produced leaders and leaders, the ancients also thought of the leaders of the universe and who would preside over this mysterious sky. It imitates the division of labor of human beings and the master of heaven. Some people say that "Dili" is the highest god of the northern nationalities. Although the reason is similar, it is not convenient to follow blindly.

Shaman culture

In the long historical period, Manchu believed in and inherited Shamanism which was consistent with the ancient polytheism of Tungusic people. The word shaman first appeared in the historical document "Three Dynasties North Alliance" in the Southern Song Dynasty. It is a jurchen language, meaning a person like a wizard.

Shamanism is a primitive religion widely believed by northern nationalities in ancient China, which originated from the flourishing period of primitive matriarchal clan society. Ancient northern nationalities or tribes, such as Sushen, Buji, Mohong, Nuzhen, Xiongnu, Qidan, etc. Modern northern nationalities, such as Manchu, Mongolian, Hezhe, Ewenki, Kazak, etc. , also believe in shamanism or keep some of its customs. The spread of Shamanism's primitive belief behavior is quite extensive, including the vast areas of North Asia, Central and Northern Europe and North America.

Shamanism is a primitive polytheism. In ancient times, people associated all kinds of natural objects and unpredictable natural phenomena with human life itself, endowed them with subjective consciousness, worshipped and prayed for it, and formed the original religious concept, that is, everything is animistic. The universe is dominated by "God". There are mountain gods, fire gods, wind gods and rain gods on the ground, as well as various animal gods, plant gods and ancestor gods, forming a universal nature worship (such as wind, rain, thunder and electricity gods, etc.). ) and totem worship (such as tiger, eagle, deer god) Shaman's religious activities use many instruments, such as saddle, waist bell, bronze mirror, drum, drum whip and so on. There are various designs of gods carved on musical instruments, especially the colorful masks carved on the shells of gods and when robbing drums in ancient times. These Manchu masks have precious artistic value, academic value, folk value and cultural value. Because Manchu shaman masks are religious articles, they are generally only collected by shamans, and it is difficult for outsiders to see them.

Shaman is called the intermediary between God and man. He can convey people's prayers and wishes to God, and he can also convey God's will to people. Shaman tries to master the secrets and abilities of super-life forms through various spiritual ways, and obtaining these secrets and magical powers is a kind of life practice content of Shaman. Shamans are divided into domestic shamans and wild shamans. Shaman, as a servant of God, is mainly responsible for the sacrificial activities within the clan. The wild shaman (also known as the Great God) is a shaman caught by God, that is, a shaman possessed by God. God's activities of catching shaman include medical treatment, physical disaster, blessing, divination, prophecy and other problems that people need to solve. Manchu shamans are usually the same as ordinary people of their own nationality. Their service is free, and they have no right to surpass others. They can get married and have children. After the death of the shaman, the artifacts, ornaments and costumes used were buried with him. The new shaman must be selected and trained (full of dark clouds) to be determined. Manchu shaman masks are often used when jumping wild gods offer sacrifices. In shaman sacrifice, various animals or monsters are simulated according to the requirements of sacrifice content. For fear of being recognized by the dead or gods, shamans should wear masks and cover their faces with colorful spikes on their hats. Wearing a shaman costume, tying a bell around his waist, grasping the drum in his left hand and holding a drum whip in his right hand, with the cooperation of musical instruments such as lifting drums, he played drums and sang divine songs, which was full of mystery.

Young Manchu scholars found that Fu, a descendant of Manchu culture in Ning 'an, had a large number of maps of Manchu shaman masks. Wang Songlin's sincerity, persistence and persistence touched the old man. The old man took out more than 100 Manchu shaman masks and 25 Manchu totem maps and presented them to him as Manchu historical materials. After finishing and drawing by Wang Songlin, the Manchu shaman mask finally came out in the autumn of 2000, which is called the miracle of China folk art at the end of the 20th century.

Manchu mask mainly reflects the goddess, and its formation time is about the prosperous period of primitive matriarchal society. Manchu mask is a living fossil of Shamanism, with a long history, rich connotation, mysterious and rough, bright colors and charming childlike innocence.

As a universal weapon with pure spirit, mask gradually evolved into an entertainment tool after the fear and inferiority of primitive ancestors gradually disappeared. Manchu masks gradually changed from solemn shaman sacrifices to theatrical entertainment performances.

In the Qing Dynasty, Mahu Opera was widely circulated in the court and among the people. "Mahu" is Manchu, that is, mask dance, or masked dance. In the early years, masks were mostly made of grass loquat, animal skin, turtle shell and shell. In modern times, Korean paper and birch bark were used as materials, and the faces of people, birds and ghosts were carved, which were kind or ferocious and varied.

"History of Qing Dynasty Draft" 10 1 volume records: "After eight years of Qianlong, it was renamed Qinglong Dance, which was divided into two parts, namely Yang Lie Dance and Wu Dance; I dance, dance for fun, and dance for literature. " It also says: "Yang Lie dances, there are 32 people wearing masks, those people wearing yellow canvas, and those people wearing black leather. Jump and throw, like an animal. " The "horse protection" mentioned in the article is both a "tiger" and a mask. There is also a record in the Customs of the Yangtze River, which is "Love Hui Shili": carelessness loves to play tricks, not only in the Qing Palace, but also in the Manchu folk Wang clan and big tribes as early as the Jin Dynasty.

Manchu mask is a precious heritage of Manchu culture. It not only provides new research methods and new enlightenment for the academic research of ethnology, folklore, archaeology, linguistics, fine arts, drama and other disciplines, but also opens up new research fields and directions. It also provides great development opportunities for tourism and folk arts and crafts.

Shaman sacrifice

Shaman culture originated from Manchu. Shaman sacrifice is divided into fire sacrifice, learning sacrifice and other forms of sacrifice.

Shamans should use musical instruments and clap their hands to pray to the gods for arrival and longevity. At the same time, it also has the purpose of entertaining God and people. Its lyrics can connect the relationship between man and god, and its dance shows the piety of shaman to expel evil spirits by force and magic and people's desire for longevity, and shows the course of shaman's seeking for god, the obstacles he encountered on the way and the struggle against evil spirits. By singing and dancing, we can ask God to bless us.

After the sacrifice to the DPRK, the shaman toasted with the sound of sanxian, pipa, clapping and clapping. Yi Gi and others sang "Eloro" at every dedication. After offering wine, the shaman plays the sanxian, pipa, clappers and castanets, and prays and kowtows before entering the temple with a magic knife. Every time I pray with a magic knife, the secretary and others sing "Eloro". The shaman prayed for three times with a magic knife and sang a divine song. Sing a hymn three times, and then pray nine times. Prayer is chanting, "Iroro" is a song, and "chanting divine songs" is singing the divine word of prayer and supplication.

Accompanied by musical instruments and clapping, praying and kowtowing before entering the shrine with a magic knife is a simple dance, while singing "Eloro" and chanting divine comedy are obvious singing methods, resulting in a warm scene of singing and dancing before the ceremony. Everyone is happy.