What is the earliest and most complete text?

Reference answer: Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Chinese characters have a history of 3000 years, counting from Oracle Bone Inscriptions, the earliest written material we can see at present. Because Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a fairly mature writing system, we can infer that Chinese characters must have appeared as early as 3,000 years ago.

Oracle Bone Inscriptions is one of the Chinese characters, and it is also the oldest mature character in China. Oracle Bone Inscriptions is also known as Wen Qi, tortoise shell script or tortoise shell animal bone script. After divination with tortoise shell bones, Shang people used knives to engrave the divination time, the names of diviners and the things divined, and some even engraved the good and bad luck that came true several days later. However, the details are different because of the stages of Oracle bones, and the inscriptions in Wuding period are the most important. At the same time, it is also the period with the largest number in existence. Scholars call this kind of record Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and this kind of writing is Oracle Bone Inscriptions. A large number of Oracle Bone Inscriptions with Oracle Bone Inscriptions were unearthed in Yin Ruins, and these characters have the basic structure of Chinese characters. A large number of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and inscriptions not only recorded the political, economic, military, meteorological and divination situation at that time, but also marked the maturity of the writing. The picture shows Oracle Bone Inscriptions carved on the tortoise shell.

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Oracle Bone Inscriptions is mainly found in Yin Ruins in Anyang, Henan. Up to now, about 6.5438+0.54 million written Oracle bones have been unearthed, including 97,600 in Chinese mainland, 30,200 in Taiwan Province and 89 in Hongkong. Due to war and commercial factors, Japan, the United States, Britain, Canada, France, the former Soviet Union, Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, the Netherlands, Sweden and other 12 countries have more than 26,700 pieces. Among them, Japan systematically excavated the Yin Ruins during its invasion of China, so it has the largest collection, exceeding 12000 pieces. At present, there are more than 500 pieces in the world.

Shang and Zhou Dynasties were very superstitious. Kings in Shang and Zhou Dynasties often used Oracle Bone Inscriptions to predict good or bad luck, and engraved the events, dates and results of divination on it. So Oracle Bone Inscriptions is also called Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Its content involves politics, economy, military affairs, climate, practice and many other aspects, and it is an important material for studying the history at that time.

Oracle Bone Inscriptions has about 4,500 words, about one third of which have been interpreted. According to research, pictographic characters, demonstrative characters, knowing characters and pictophonetic characters are used in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. In the application of word meaning, we can clearly see the method of metonymy. Pictophonetic characters account for about 25%. Today, pictophonetic characters account for about 90%.

Oracle Bone Inscriptions Harmony is a symbol of the maturity of Chinese characters. It belongs to ideographic characters like cuneiform and hieroglyphics, and it is also the only precursor of ideographic characters used in the world at present. Its writing materials are generally tortoise bones and ox shoulder blades, and can also be engraved on walls, woodwork, stone tools, knives, Zhu calligraphy and ink calligraphy. In ancient China, Chinese characters existed for a long time, and only in the late Spring and Autumn Period were they separated from Oracle Bone Inscriptions and gradually rejected. But it is usually sold as a "keel" to drug dealers as medicinal materials. It was not until 1899 (twenty-five years of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty) that it was accidentally discovered by the tomb owner Wang and verified as a relic of Shang and Zhou Dynasties.

In the early years of the Republic of China, the collected Oracle Bone Inscriptions was divided into five periods: Wuding era in Pan Geng, Zujia era in Zu Geng, Baoxin Kangding era, Wuyi Wen Ding era and the First Di Xin era. After studying Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Guo Moruo thinks that it will take at least 1500 years for Oracle Bone Inscriptions to mature.

Oracle Bone Inscriptions, mainly referring to Oracle Bone Inscriptions in the Yin Ruins, was carved (or written) on tortoise shells and animal bones by the royal family in the late Shang Dynasty (14 ~ 1 century) in China. This is the earliest and most complete ancient Chinese character discovered by China.

In the 25th year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (1899), Oracle Bone Inscriptions was first known by epigraphist Wang and bought at a high price. In the following ten years, Wang Xiang, Meng, Liu E, Luo Zhenyu, as well as Fallen in the United States, Ku Shouling and Zhang Jin in Britain, Lin Taifu in Japan and James Mellon Menzies in Canada, etc. Oracle bones were searched successively, and tens of thousands of pieces of Oracle bones were obtained. 9.1111110 15 The archaeological team of the Institute of History and Linguistics of Academia Sinica excavated in a planned way. Later, Oracle bones were unearthed in Yin Ruins. 1973, the Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences excavated more than 4,000 pieces of Oracle bones in Xiaotun South, Anyang, Henan Province (see inset 5 of the color map). In addition to Yin Ruins, there are 1953 and 6544. Since 1954, about 300 pieces of Oracle Bone Inscriptions of the Western Zhou Dynasty have been unearthed in Hongdong, Shaanxi, Changping, Fenghao, Zhouyuan and Feng Chu, Qishan.

Since Oracle bone inscriptions were first discovered, more than 50,000 pieces of Oracle bones/kloc-0 have been unearthed in Chinese mainland, Taiwan Province Province, Hong Kong and Macao, Japan, the United States, Britain, Canada, France, the Soviet Union, Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, the Netherlands, Sweden and other countries, and South Korea also has collections.

Most of the unearthed Oracle bone inscriptions have been recorded and published, such as Liu E's Tieyun Hiding a Turtle, Luo Zhenyu's Yinxu Shuqi and Yinxu Shuqi's Postscript, James Mellon Menzies's Yinxu Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Lin Taifu's tortoise shell and beast bone, and Wang Xiang's essays on Yin Qi in the room. Later, there were Dong Zuobin's Collection of Yin Ruins and Collection of Yin Ruins, Hu Houxuan's Collection of Newly Acquired Oracle Bones in postwar Nanjing and Shanghai, the records of Oracle bones seen in the north and south after the war, the newly acquired Oracle bones in Beijing and Tianjin after the war, and the continuation of Oracle bones. The Collected Works of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, edited by Guo Moruo and Hu Houxuan, found hundreds of thousands of recorded and unrecorded pieces in Oracle Bone Inscriptions for more than 80 years. * * * Collected about 40,000 pieces of Oracle bones and compiled them into thirteen volumes, which provided systematic data for studying Oracle bone inscriptions and Shang history. In addition, 1973 Oracle bones unearthed in xiaotun south have been included in the book xiaotun south Oracle bones. Oracle bones hidden in Japan, Canada, the United States, Britain, France, the Soviet Union, Germany and other countries are also recorded in books.

Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a relatively mature language, which mainly uses pictographs, loanwords and pictographs. Today, Chinese characters are mainly pictographs, so Oracle Bone Inscriptions provided the basic form of Chinese character structure for future generations. Grammatically, there are nouns, pronouns, verbs and adjectives in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and their sentence patterns and structural order are basically the same as those of later generations.

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Because the Shang King knew almost everything, Oracle Bone Inscriptions's content involved all fields of the Shang society. According to the information about the Shang class and country in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, slaves and civilians in Shang Dynasty are composed of people with different identities, such as the masses, peasants, Qiang people, servants, concubines and people. Slave owners and nobles include former princes and their spouses, such as Yan, mother and son. The army has divisions, brigades, etc. Penalties include ■, measures, mowing, beheading, ■, etc. Prisons have also been set up. Oracle Bone Inscriptions also recorded the sacrificial rites of Shang people, which is directly related to solving the social nature of Shang dynasty. The Shang Dynasty often waged wars with foreign countries, and the conquered countries paid tribute to the Shang Dynasty. Oracle bone inscriptions also often recorded the arrival of stones (branches) and the entry of horses, cattle, sheep and turtles.

Oracle Bone Inscriptions is rich in social production content of Shang Dynasty. In agriculture, there are records of fields, fields, fields, as well as the names of various crops such as millet, millet, wheat, thunder and rice. Shang Wang was concerned about the abundance and sorrow of agricultural harvest and the influence of wind and rain on agricultural harvest, and often set up millet, saved millet, prayed for and announced the year. And there are a large number of livestock and special stables. A large number of cattle and sheep are often used for sacrifice. Fishing and hunting still played a certain role in the social life of Shang Dynasty. The prey recorded in Oracle Bone Inscriptions include deer, elk, tapir, elephant, tiger, fox, fish and various birds. Hunting methods include wild hunting, hunting, trapping, shooting, ■, ■ and so on. Shellfish are also found in Oracle Bone Inscriptions.

Oracle Bone Inscriptions also enriched the ideological and cultural content of Shang Dynasty. There are solar eclipses, eclipses, birds and stars, new stars and big stars in the astronomical calendar, as well as leap month data such as "March" and "time scales" of branches to record different stages of a day. In meteorology, there are many records about divination, one day, clouds, thunder, hail, snow and rainbow.

The king worships ghosts and can predict everything. The content of divination is mostly centered on the king. As for his concerns, such as offering sacrifices and praying to ancestors and natural gods, paying attention to wind, rain, water, astronomical phenomena, farming, years of success, etc., he asked God, ghosts and gods, the first male and the first king, etc. By being a virgin, I can predict good or bad luck and hope to be protected. The materials for divination are mostly tortoise shells (.

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Generally, Oracle Bone Inscriptions carved a vertical picture first, then a horizontal picture, then a trillion words, auspicious words, harmony words and another hexagram, so it is also called Oracle Bone Inscriptions. A complete Oracle Bone Inscriptions should include narrative words, life words, professional words and investigation words, but most Oracle Bone Inscriptions often omits the professional words or investigation words. Oracle Bone Inscriptions, some painted sand or ink on the description, and some wrote on Oracle Bone Inscriptions with a brush.

The distribution of Oracle Bone Inscriptions has certain rules. Generally speaking, inscriptions greet omens and are related to some omens. The divination on the right side of tortoise shell is left, and the word is right. On the left, the omen is right and the text is left; The Oracle Bone Inscriptions at the bridge head, the tail and the side are all from the outside to the inside. Oracle divination in Shang Dynasty was often questioned by both positive and negative sides, which was reflected in the corresponding "left and right" on tortoise shell. On the other hand, the left scapula is the opposite. Only the two Oracle Bone Inscriptions's near the upper bone mortar read from the middle, about two points. All the Oracle Bone Inscriptions on Oracle bones are carved from bottom to top, or from top to bottom. There are often boundaries between them, and everything is repeated. But there are also different Oracle Bone Inscriptions staggered, which is an "alternate inscription"; There is no room for Oracle Bone Inscriptions on the front, but the back is carved, which is a "positive and negative connection"; Some people ask the same thing over and over again, but Oracle Bone Inscriptions, whose content is basically the same, is engraved on several versions of Oracle bones, but each version of Oracle Bone Inscriptions has a different order, which is called "Tongwen Oracle Bone Inscriptions".

In the late Shang Dynasty, he moved from Pan Geng to Zhou Wang for about 273 years, after eight generations and twelve kings. Oracle Bone Inscriptions in this period should be divided into sooner or later. There are many ways to divide the chronology of Oracle bones in Shang Dynasty. At present, Dong Zuobin's five-stage theory based on ten criteria such as lineage, appellation and chastity is mainly adopted, namely, the first stage: Pan Geng, Xiao Xin, Xiaoyi and Wu Ding; The second stage: Zu Geng and Zujia; The third issue: Yan Xin and Kangding; The fourth period: martial arts, Wen Ding; The fifth issue: the first issue and Di Xin. Some of these issues are still under discussion.

1904, Sun Yirang wrote The Example of Wen Qi, which is the first work to research and explain Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Since then, scholars have adopted the method of "tracing back to the ancient characters of Xu Shu and looking at Oracle Bone Inscriptions from the ancient characters", made a comparative analysis of the illustrations of Oracle Bone Inscriptions's glyph radicals, and used phonology, exegetics and other methods to interpret the characters. Among them, some scholars and major works have made contributions, such as the theory of resisting forest and living, Guo Moruo's textual research on Oracle Bone Inscriptions, the textual research on Nazi Party compilation and Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and Yu's textual research on Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Wang Guowei's Textual Research on Yin Ruins from 19 17. Guo Moruo, Dong Zuobin and Hu Houxuan respectively wrote Studies on Ancient Society in China, Li Yinpu and Collection of Business History in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Chen's Summary of Oracle Inscriptions in Yin Ruins also contains a lot of contents about Shang history. In recent years, many young scholars have also made valuable contributions to the study of business history by using Oracle Bone Inscriptions.

Great progress has been made in the study of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, but there are still many problems to be discussed, such as textual research, dating by stages, Shang society, slave status and many problems in Shang history. In addition, the study of Oracle bones in the Western Zhou Dynasty is still in its infancy, and there are still many controversies. These are all topics that need to be further studied and solved.

The evolution of Oracle Bone Inscriptions's style: Oracle Bone Inscriptions is the result of the common development of the two styles, that is, Oracle Bone Inscriptions's style changed from the style of inscriptions to the style of writing. Dong Zuobin divided Zhenlai people into five periods according to the divination in Yin Ruins. Taking Oracle bone inscriptions, the changes of writing style and the tracing back to the times as clues, and taking ten cadres and twelve friends as examples, this paper expounds their glyphs. From the first period to the fifth period. Each has its own characteristics. The first period (martial arts timing) has a vigorous calligraphy style, and it is difficult to make a large-scale Oracle Bone Inscriptions. These characters are often strong, with thick carved strokes and Zhu Mo (cinnabar and ink). There are also neat and beautiful fine print, all of which are extremely wonderful. These are all inherited the style, boldness of vision and skill of Wu Ding, the English master of Zhongxing. Quite amazing. His calligraphers are Wei, Yong and Bin. The second period (Zujia, Zu Geng era) was more sincere. Zujia and Zu Geng were both sages who inherited the first phase of Wu Ding, so the fortune tellers at that time strictly followed the rules and did not change much. Their calligraphers are swimming around, swimming around, even the third issue (Yan Xin and Geng Ding) has not been published. In the fourth issue (Wuyi and Wen Ding), Zhen people did not announce the names of the signers. In this period, the new calligraphers in Wuyi and Wen Ding era tried to get rid of the weaknesses of the previous period, and their works were vivid, powerful and unrestrained. Only one calligrapher signed this issue, and the rest were not found. The fifth issue (Di Yi and Wen Ding)