The official system of Qin dynasty

Brief introduction of ancient main official titles

China has a long history, with officials and guards, which began in Xia and Zhou Dynasties and was initially formulated when Qin established a centralized and unified country. Later, successive dynasties followed the development, and the number of official positions increased and decreased. The same official title was different in grades, and some official positions had different names. This paper only focuses on the official titles of Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, especially the official titles of Ming and Qing Dynasties. For easy searching, the selected titles are arranged in the order of initials and strokes.

Sanhua

Money and the military attache of Zhengliupin in Qing Dynasty.

Dali Temple is one of the three chief judicial officers in China. The highest official in charge of the national prison.

"Bachelor" was an official in charge of literary works in the Tang Dynasty. If the prime minister is in charge of the "bachelor", the prime minister is called the "bachelor". In the Song Dynasty, people with high expectations in The Bachelor were called "great scholars". In the Ming dynasty, there were a group of college students who were authorized to play for the emperor. They were responsible for government affairs and official ranks. If you are a minister and assistant minister at the same time, you can add an official to one product and become a de facto prime minister, commonly known as "Ge Lao". University students in the Qing Dynasty were the chief officials of the cabinet, and their rank was just a product, which was generally called "main hall".

Shang Shu, the minister in charge of the national water and soil engineering in the Ministry of Industry, was the second product in the Ming Dynasty and the first product in the Qing Dynasty.

Deputy director of the Ministry of Industry, Ministry of Industry, two products in Ming Dynasty and two products in Qing Dynasty.

General Guangwei was the military attache of Zhengsi in Yuan and Ming Dynasties.

Huasi

Dr. Zhong Feng was a civil servant in the Song Dynasty and a subordinate in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties.

At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, Chinese medicine practitioners were four civil servants.

Dr. Zhong Xian was a civil servant in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.

On four kinds of civil servants in yuan and ming dynasties.

Dr. Zhongshun was a civil servant in Yuan and Ming Dynasties.

In the Tang Dynasty, the "Secretariat Order" of Zhongshu Province, the "Shangshu Order" of Shangshu Province and the "Temple" of Menxia Province were all called governors of the three provinces, and all of them were in charge of central secrets. In fact, the decision-making body of Zhongshu Province was the prime minister, while in Song Dynasty, Zhongshu Province and the Privy Council were in charge of government affairs and military affairs. The Yuan Dynasty abolished the three provinces, and the secretariat order was the only lawsuit of the Supreme Minister of State. The Ming and Qing Dynasties abolished the official name of China's secretariat order.

Zhongshu Province talks about the prime minister in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty, and Zhongshu Province talks about Cheng (or Guo Xiang), who is the deputy of the prime minister. After 12 years of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty, there were no more official names such as "Prime Minister", "Pingzhang" and "Participating in Politics".

Taishou was the highest official in charge of county affairs in Han Dynasty. The Three Kingdoms, Yang Di, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties changed the state secretariat to the county satrap. From then on, the satrap is no longer an official name, but only another name for "secretariat" or "magistrate". During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the deity was called "the magistrate" and belonged to Sipin officials.

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, Tai Wei was the highest military officer in China. Later, this title was also used for many generations, but it gradually became an official title without real power. During the period of Song Huizong, Qi Taiwei was designated as the highest rank of military attache, which did not represent any position in itself, but was generally regarded as a title of military attache, regardless of the size of the position. This name was abolished after the Yuan Dynasty.

Prince Taishi, Prince Taifu, Prince Taibao, Prince Shao Shi, Prince Shaofu and Prince Shaobao are referred to as "three divisions" and "three little" for short, and were originally the closest people around the emperor or prince. "Teacher" is to impart his knowledge, "Fu" is to supervise his actions, and "Bao" is to take care of his body, that is, the person in charge of the monarch's intellectual education, moral education and physical education respectively. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the teachers of the Prince were appointed by other titles. The "three divisions" and "three small divisions" were official titles for officials, and there were no departments. The "three divisions" in the Song Dynasty are the titles of prime ministers and princes. "Three divisions" is the first level, and "Three Less" is the second level. The "three divisions" in Ming and Qing dynasties are subordinate to one product, and "three little ones" are positive two products.

Taizai Ancient "Taizai" was the first of all officials. During Song Huizong's period, the left servant of Shangshu was shot as too slaughter, while the right servant was shot as less slaughter. Generally speaking, the official minister is called Taizai. The Ming dynasty is the second product, and the Qing dynasty is the first product.

Taichang Siqing, the official in charge of ancestral temple sacrifice, is the third product.

Shao Qing of Taichang Temple, deputy dean of Taichang Temple, fourth grade.

Dr. Taichang, the official in charge of sacrifice in Taichang Temple, is in the seventh grade.

Dr. Taizhong was in charge of the civil service discussion, and the Tang and Song Dynasties were subordinate to the four products, and the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties were subordinate to the products.

Taipu Temple Qing Taipu Temple Director is responsible for conveying the king's orders and attending the emperor's entry and exit. Cars, horses and other ministries are all three products.

Gong, Hou, Bo, Zi, Gong This is a title granted by the emperor. "Gong" is the highest title below "Wang". In the Tang and Song Dynasties, there were princes, governors and founding county kings, and the cities they ate ranged from 4,000 to 3,000. Only Hou Hebo was appointed in the Ming Dynasty.

The chief executive of the Ministry of Housing is responsible for financial supervision and civil affairs throughout the country. He was a second-class official in the Ming Dynasty and a first-class official in the Qing Dynasty.

Assistant minister of the Ministry, second minister of the Ministry, second in the Ming Dynasty and second in the Qing Dynasty.

Wen is a nine-level civil servant, and Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties are seven.

Servant filming "servant filming" means director or foreman. "Servant Shooting" in Tang and Song Dynasties was actually a prime minister.

Wuhua

About participating in politics, about participating in politics in the early Ming Dynasty. Envoys are in charge of a province's government affairs, participating in the discussion of state affairs, grain storage, reclamation, military affairs, post delivery, water conservancy, appeasing the people, etc., which are generally four products.

General longhu's main book means in charge of documents. The main book of the Central Qing Palace was the official, and in the Tang Dynasty it was classified as subordinate to seven, other official positions were eighty-nine, and counties were nine. In the Qing dynasty, the master book was regarded as a miscellaneous work, which was reduced.

Shangshu, the minister in charge of etiquette, sacrifice, banquet and tribute in the imperial court, was a subordinate of the Qing Dynasty.

Assistant minister of rites, deputy chief of rites, second-class in Ming Dynasty, second-class in Qing Dynasty.

During the Tang and Song Dynasties, there were two to five local governors in charge of military and political affairs. This name was abolished after the Yuan Dynasty.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Chief Secretary was the highest civil administration institution in a province. The envoy is the chief officer of the chief secretary, second only to the governor. In order to prevent autocratic power, there were two envoys in the Ming Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty, and they were no longer divided after Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty.

Zheng Feng was a doctor and a second-class civil servant in Yuan and Ming Dynasties.

According to textual research, doctors in the Tang Dynasty were four civil servants, and Yuan and Ming were three.

Liu Hua

Shangshu, the minister in charge of national justice and criminal prisons, was the first in the Ming Dynasty and the second in the Qing Dynasty.

Assistant minister of punishments, deputy director of punishments, second-class in Ming Dynasty and second-class in Qing Dynasty.

Dr. Guanglu was an official in charge of court guards and attendants in Han Dynasty. After Wei and Jin Dynasties, he was famous and had no post. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, it became the title of official rank, from second-class official. Yuan and Ming dynasties were subordinate to one product, and Qing dynasty was the right product, which became the highest rank of civil servants.

A deputy magistrate is called Tongzhi, for example, the head of a government is called Zhifu, and the assistant officials of the government are called Tongzhi. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, all the governments knew that it was the positive five products.

Tongping Zhangshi "Tongping Zhangshi" is the abbreviation of "China wrote Tongping Zhangshi". "Ping Zhang" means to discuss and handle state affairs. When the position is high, "Tong Ping Zhang Shi" is equivalent to the title of Prime Minister; When the position is low, the rank is above five. After the mid-Song Dynasty, the name of Zhang Shizhi in Tongping was abolished, and it was no longer used in the Yuan Dynasty, with a low official position.

The official minister is in charge of the examination and selection of the appointment and removal of national officials, and is the highest official of the official department. Tang and Song Dynasties were the first three products, Ming Dynasty was the second product, and Qing Dynasty was the second product. Usually called Tianguan, Zhuze and Taizai.

Assistant minister of the official department, deputy chief of the official department, second-class in the Ming Dynasty and second-class in the Qing Dynasty.

Five military attaché s stationed in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

An official sent by the imperial court to manage the military and civilians in important frontier areas. In the Yuan Dynasty, the messenger of peace was the highest official. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, there were such officials in minority areas. The general rank is third class. If the original rank is above the second class, it is called appeasement ambassador when it is dispatched.

Zhou Mu

During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the local governor of Gyeonggi was called Zhou Mu, who was a six-grade official. In the Qing dynasty, it was known that he was promoted to be a local governor slightly equal to the county, but he was still regarded as a state animal husbandry in words and called a pastoral order with the magistrate.

According to the Ming dynasty, the governor sent an imperial censor to inspect all provinces and regions and assess the management of officials, which is called inspection. There are usually only six officials. Although the rank is not high, but it can compete with the provincial government, the magistrate should follow his instructions and return to Beijing after the job is done.

The official name of the inspection department began in the Song Dynasty, and it was the commander-in-chief of Wuzhi, a county on the Chang 'an border. During the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, patrol inspection was only a nine-product official.

Governor In the Ming Dynasty, all civilian officials were ordered to leave North Korea, collectively known as the "governor", and this office was temporary. In the Qing dynasty, the governor and the governor were both frontier defense ministers, and the governor was the chief executive of a province. The duties of the governor always apply to everyone. In the Qing dynasty, the governor was a follower.

The observation made the Tang Dynasty imperial court send officials to Zhouxian to inspect the merits and demerits of the officials and the sufferings of the people, and the official rank was determined by the original official position.

Military attache Zheng Qipin, general of Qing Dynasty.

The minister of war is in charge of the military and political affairs of the whole country. The Ming Dynasty is the second product and the Qing Dynasty is the first product.

Assistant minister of the Ministry of War, deputy director of the Ministry of War, second-class in Ming Dynasty and second-class in Qing Dynasty.

General Huai Yun was called a general in the Yuan Dynasty and a military attache in the Ming Dynasty.

Mr. Yuan Wailang "Mr. Yuan Wai" is a person who adds to the quota. The Tang dynasty was six products, and the Ming and Qing dynasties were five products.

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The secretariat and the governor are in charge of the civil affairs and the military and political affairs of the state capital respectively. The yuan dynasty abolished the name of the secretariat. The secretariat of the Qing dynasty is often used as a written title of knowing the state.

Dr. Feng Zhi was a civil servant in Yuan and Ming Dynasties.

Official doctors were civil servants with five qualities in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.

The trained doctors were civil servants in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties.

General Dingguo was a second-class military attache of the Ming Dynasty.

Dingyuan in the Ming Dynasty took the military adviser from Sanpinwu.

General Wei Ming was a military attache of the Ming Dynasty.

The military commander was the military attache of the Qing Dynasty.

General Wu lue was a five-product military attache in Yuan and Ming Dynasties.

Wu Luqi was a military attache of the Qing Dynasty.

General Wuyi was a five-grade military attache in Yuan and Ming Dynasties.

Wu Yi, a captain, a military attache of the Qing Dynasty.

General Wu Jie was a military attache in Yuan and Ming Dynasties.

Wu De, a general, was a military attache granted by Yuan and Ming Dynasties.

Wu Deqi Wei was the military attache of Zheng Wupin in Qing Dynasty.

Wuyi, a captain, was a military attache of the third grade in Qing Dynasty.

General Wu Xian was a military attache of the Qing Dynasty.

There are usually six or five well-known governors.

In Song Dynasty, the position of magistrate was slightly higher than that of county magistrate. In the Qing dynasty, the prefect was obedient to the four products.

Magistrate of a county in song dynasty. The Yuan Dynasty was called Yin County. The magistrate of a county in Ming and Qing dynasties is the seventh grade.

Dr. Jin Jinguang Lu was a civil servant in Tang and Song Dynasties and a subordinate in Yuan Dynasty. There was no such title in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

During the Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the duke level below "Wang" was named after an ancient country, such as "Lu Gong".

The children of ancient officials and doctors in imperial academy were called "Guo Zi", and the "imperial academy drinking ceremony" was mainly in imperial academy, Guo Zi, which was divided into four categories.

Imperial academy Cheng and imperial academy Cheng were both civil servants in imperial academy after the Tang Dynasty. The function of supervising incorruptibility in Ming and Qing dynasties is the nature of academic supervision, and it is a seven-quality official. Dr. imperial academy After the Tang Dynasty, the officials in charge of teaching in imperial academy were called Dr. imperial academy and teaching assistants.

Ma Xu's "Si" means "Deputy". One surnamed Xu and the other surnamed Feng were all close ministers who accompanied the emperor on the bus. After Wei and Jin Dynasties, the emperor's son-in-law often conferred Xu as a captain. Therefore, Xu became a special title of the emperor's son-in-law, not an official position. This name was used in the Ming Dynasty, but not in the Qing Dynasty.

Shangshu refers to the competent document. In fact, ministers in Tang and Song Dynasties are all prime ministers.

The Tang Dynasty set up "strategic envoys" in the border areas. "Observers" also act as special envoys. In the Song Dynasty, the border generals were all "managing the economy". Since then, most of them have been in charge of the army and the people with a little peace. In the Ming dynasty, it was only called "Jing lue" but not "Jing lue ambassador", and the official rank was slightly higher than that of the governor. In the Qing dynasty, the minister of economy and strategy ranked first among the frontier generals, and his rank was generally positive or subordinate.

Tang Shi "Tommy" means central secret. Since the Tang Dynasty, eunuchs have been in charge of the Tang Dynasty, and eunuchs often intervened in state affairs in the name of envoys of the Tang Dynasty. After Tang Zhaozong, he was changed to a scholar as the special envoy of Tang Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty took the position of a Tang Dynasty envoy, and together with Tong Pingzhang of Zhongshu Province, he was in charge of important military affairs, and gradually Tong Pingzhang became the envoy of the Tang Dynasty. In the Qing dynasty, military ministers were often called secretaries, usually first-class officials.

The county magistrate was a county-level officer in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and his rank ranged from six to seven. In Song Dynasty, the titles of county magistrate and magistrate existed at the same time. At that time, the county magistrate was slightly stronger than the magistrate.

These generals were stationed in different places under the general commander of the Ming Dynasty. In the Qing dynasty, the general was a military attache, second only to the lieutenant.

Shen Qing is a third-level official, and the deputy is a fourth-level official.

Participation in politics is referred to as participation in politics, and Song and Yuan Dynasties are deputy prime ministers.

Jiuhua

Imperial envoys were personally sent by the Ming emperor, and officials who went out to deal with major issues were called imperial envoys. In the Qing dynasty, the person who was ordered by the emperor to release the defense was called an imperial envoy.

The Ming Dynasty did not customize the rank of general. Zhenger Military Attaché in Qing Dynasty.

The governor was a court official who had the right to control local civil and military officials in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the Ming dynasty, there were governors who were in charge of specialized affairs, such as the governor of grain transportation, and their ranks ranged from second to first. In the Qing dynasty, the governor was the highest local governor, who was in charge of one province or several provinces.

General Wuxian was a military attache of Yuan and Ming Dynasties, divided into four levels.

Dr Rong Lu was a civil servant in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Yuan Yuan was an official in charge of Jianghuai, money and material transportation in Tang Dynasty. In Song Dynasty, Cao Si was called, and in Ming and Qing Dynasties, it was called viceroy. Usually second-class officials.

General Orfila was the four military attaché s of Yuan and Ming Dynasties.

XuanFengLang was a seven-rank civil servant in Song Dynasty.

Xuandelang was a seven-product civilian in Tang and Song Dynasties, and a six-product civilian in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Fu Xuan was a military and political chief in the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, and his rank was determined by his original rank, generally second or third.

Xuanzang Lang was a civil servant in the Tang and Song Dynasties and in the Ming Dynasty.

During the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, Xuanwei was the highest official position in the hereditary "Tusi" in the southwest minority areas, which was subordinate to the three fairs.

General Xuanwu served as a military attache in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties.

Xuanwu was a military attache of the fourth grade in Qing Dynasty.

General Xuanwei was a military attache in Yuan and Ming Dynasties.

General Jianwei was a military attache in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

During the Song and Qing Dynasties, the provincial judges in charge of a province were the main officials who used punishment illegally, and they used punishment according to their names.

Give the court a chapter in the matter, and check up six and hundreds of officials, which is five products.

Zhao Xin, a captain, Yuan and Ming military attache.

General Zhao Wu was called a general in Yuan Dynasty and a military attache in Ming Dynasty.

Captain Wu Zhao was a military attache of the Qing Dynasty.

General Zhao Yong was called a general in the Yuan Dynasty and a military attache in the Ming Dynasty.

General Zhao Yi was called a general in Yuan Dynasty and a military attache in Ming Dynasty.

Washing a horse is a former horse and also a pioneer. It's a servant of the prince, usually with three products.

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General Wei Zhen was a military attache of the Qing Dynasty.

Langzhong was a civil servant in charge of six books (Jing, Shi, Zi and Ji) in Tang Dynasty.

Among the six departments, the doctor is second only to the assistant minister and is the head of each department in the Ministry.

After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the county king was the first-class title after the prince. In the Qing dynasty, the county king did not take the county name as the crown, but took the good name as the crown, such as Shuncheng County King.

The censor is responsible for supervising officials, patrolling counties, correcting prisons and cleaning up courtiers. There were only eight officials in Tang and Song Dynasties, seven in Ming Dynasty and five in Qing Dynasty.

The prime minister and the prime minister "slaughter" means presiding, and "phase" means assisting. China has the names of "Taizai" and "Prime Minister" in history, but there is no official name of "Prime Minister". However, people are used to calling the person responsible for the overall political gravity of the monarch "prime minister". The Qin Dynasty and the Western Han Dynasty took Tong or the Prime Minister as the Prime Minister. Situ was equal to the prime minister in the Eastern Han Dynasty, but it was the ministers who really exercised the power of the prime minister. From Wei, Jin to Sui and Tang Dynasties, the prime ministers were basically governors, such as Zhongshu Supervisor, Zhongshu Order, Shi Zhong, Shangshu Order, Servant Shooter, and important generals. Tong Pingzhang was the prime minister from the Kaiyuan period of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty. In Song Shenzong's time, ministers and servants were prime ministers. During the southern song dynasty, it was changed to the prime minister. From the Yuan Dynasty to the early Ming Dynasty, Prime Minister and Pingzhang were prime ministers. After the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, the prime minister was a cabinet scholar. After Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty, the minister of military aircraft was the de facto prime minister, and the cabinet university was the nominal prime minister.

In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, a judge was appointed, whose authority was similar to that of a magistrate, and he was called an assistant official. In fact, he is in charge with the magistrate, even a monitor of the magistrate and the magistrate. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the well-known position was lighter, and the position of general was even lighter. In the Ming dynasty, there was a general judge under the magistrate, who was actually a six-level official. In fact, it was no different from Tongzhi.

Tongfeng Medicine Disperses People from Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Generally speaking, doctors in the Tang and Song Dynasties were four types of civil servants, while doctors in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties were three types of civil servants.

Ministers at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty were all civil servants.

A good doctor is a second-class civil servant in Yuan and Ming Dynasties.

Doctor Zide was a civil servant in Yuan and Ming Dynasties.

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In the Tang Dynasty, remonstrating officials were divided into left and right remonstrating officials, and this official name was abolished after the Song Dynasty.

In "Imperial History", under the imperial historian of Han Dynasty, there was an imperial official position, in charge of the central archives and libraries, directly handling all memorials to the emperor, and supervising the external exercise of inspection rights by the secretariat of various ministries. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was no censor, and the censor was Zhong Cheng. The observation of pillows by two generations in the Tang Dynasty made most of them have the status of Cheng in the imperial history, and they are generally four-grade official positions. After the Ming Dynasty, the name Cheng no longer existed in the history of emperors. In the Qing Dynasty, the governor was called Zhong Cheng, because he was also the right deputy capital of the empire.

The deputy generals in Ming and Qing Dynasties were renamed as deputy generals, ranking second only to the general commander, and were subordinate military attache.

The secretary of the provincial party Committee of crack hon temple "crack hon Ji" means biography, and "crack hon Ji" means loud praise. In the Tang dynasty, the secretary of crack hon temple was responsible for the hospitality and emcee of the court. The Ming and Qing Dynasties' Chaohui Festival, which is specialized in the court, is the fourth product.

"Yushi" is a clerical officer around the monarch. In the Tang Dynasty, "censor" was the chief of censor and an official with four qualities. In the Song Dynasty, there were many deficiencies, but not enough. In the Yuan Dynasty, its name was abolished, and in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it was abolished.

Du Tong set up health centers in all parts of the Ming Dynasty, and Du Tong was its permanent commander in chief. The viceroy is the head of the viceroy, and co-manages the landlord's military and political affairs, civil affairs and criminal prisons with the deployment envoy and the provincial judges, and is a second-class military attache.

Commanding everything and commanding subordinate military attache is doctrine.

In the Tang and Song Dynasties, the general of the auxiliary country was a second-class military attache, and in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the general of the auxiliary country was under the general of the town country.

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Guerrilla is the military affairs of the Prime Minister of the General Company, and it is called guerrilla warfare of China Army in the town. There are guerrilla generals under the generals of the Ming dynasty; In the Qing dynasty, he was a junior military attache, second only to the general.

Daotai Daotai is another name for Taoist priests. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, senior chief executives below the provincial level, above the prefecture level and above the prefecture level were generally four grades.

The superior military attache of the prefect general department in Ming Dynasty. After Qing Qianlong, the prefect was fixed as a subordinate.

In the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, doctors were four-class civil servants.

Dr Chao Feng was a civil servant in the Song Dynasty.

In the Tang and Song Dynasties, scattered doctors were civil servants, and in the Yuan Dynasty, they were civil servants.

In the Tang and Song Dynasties, the court asked doctors to be civil servants, and there were also doctors in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

In the Tang and Song Dynasties, the court discussed five qualities of doctors as civil servants, and in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, four qualities were followed.

The bachelor of Jixian Hall collects and arranges books for the palace, and is the knowledge advisor of the emperor. Below level 6 is called a straight bachelor, above level 5 is called a bachelor, and the leader is generally a prime minister, so it is called a college student.

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In the Tang Dynasty, the ranking of officials who supervised the illegal events in Beijing was five, which was lower than the imperial history and higher than the imperial history.

The crown prince of Zhan's court is the third product; It is right to do less.

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Jia Yi, doctor, Yuan and Ming officials.

A title of generals in ancient times, a military attache from the Tang and Song Dynasties.

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Rulin Langtang and Song Dynasty were ninth-class civil servants, while Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties were sixth-class civil servants.

The official position of "professor" in Confucianism began in the Song Dynasty, with professors in the state and fatwas in the county. In the Qing Dynasty, Confucianism was established in prefectures, prefectures and counties, with professors as civil servants.

Bachelor of Hanlin in Tang and Song Dynasties was an official who drafted characters for the palace. During the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the bachelor in charge of the Imperial Academy was the chief officer of the Academy.

The name "Hanlin" compiled by the Hanlin Academy began in the Tang Dynasty, while the "Hanlin Academy" began in the Ming Dynasty and was in charge of imperial edicts, history and literary affairs. There are reading, speaking, editing and rating titles. Below the bachelor's degree of Hanlin, all are ministers of literary attendants, commonly known as Hanlin officials, which are six products. Hanlin officials in the Qing Dynasty were idle, with only seven ranks, but in some respects they enjoyed the treatment of more than five ranks.

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General Zhen Guo was a second-class military attache in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

General Zhen Guo was a second-class military attache in Tang and Song Dynasties.