Summary of a compulsory knowledge point in high school history (concrete).

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Unit 1 Centralization in Ancient China

Unit summary:

1, centralization of feudal absolutism is the concentrated expression of China's feudal social and political system. It has experienced the development process of emergence, formation, establishment, perfection, growth and decline. It can be divided into two stages:

(1) Qin and Han Dynasties to Sui and Tang Dynasties were the first stage, with historical progress as the mainstream; ② The Northern Song Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties was the second stage, and its negative influence became increasingly prominent.

2. The concrete measures taken by centralization living in an autocratic dynasty have obvious inheritance, uniqueness and particularity. Authoritarian centralization is a prominent feature of the superstructure of feudal society in China, and it is also the core content of ancient political system in China.

(1) The main content of China's political system in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties was the patriarchal clan system, and the development of the political system in this period showed the following characteristics: the succession of the throne and titles was hereditary; Implementing the enfeoffment system in local management; The patriarchal clan system characterized by the eldest son inheritance system is implemented within the royal family.

(2) The Qin State established the Qin Dynasty after unifying the six countries. Centralization and feudal autocracy were established in the Qin Dynasty. At the beginning, it was mainly manifested as follows: taking the emperor as the center, it formed a ruling institution from central to local; The official position is not hereditary, and the salary system is implemented, which is appointed and removed by the emperor; The division of official positions is clear, which not only cooperates with each other, but also contains each other.

(3) "Han inherited the Qin system", which gradually developed from the Han Dynasty to the yuan autocratic centralization, mainly manifested in the following characteristics: the imperial power was constantly strengthened, and the relative power was constantly restricted and weakened; The central power has been continuously strengthened and the local power has been continuously weakened.

(4) During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the change of centralization reached its peak, which was mainly manifested in the following characteristics: abolishing the prime minister, setting up six cabinets and adding the Ministry of War; The establishment and authority of the central organization is completely subordinate to the needs of absolute monarchy; Abandon the province, set up three departments, directly under the central government, and the central government further strengthens local control; Daxing literary inquisition, stereotyped writing of literati, and ideological and cultural autocracy have been continuously strengthened.

Review outline:

Xia-Shang system and feudal system in the Western Zhou Dynasty

1. Xia Dynasty's political system (about 2070- 1600): the first state power (based on the emergence of public power)

Founded in 2070 BC, it is the first slave country in China;

(2) The emergence of public power over the whole society, that is, the organizational form of state power;

(3) The hereditary system of the throne was produced;

Second, the political system of Shang dynasty (former 1600- former 1046);

1, for internal and external use: ① for internal use, Wang Ji is the area directly ruled by the king;

(2) foreign services are under the jurisdiction of the country;

(3) The real power and control of Shang King are limited;

2. Theocratic color: strengthening kingship by monopolizing theocracy;

Iii. Political system of the Western Zhou Dynasty (former 1046- former 77 1);

1, enfeoffment system: ensure that the royal family is strong and distribute clan in-laws and heroes everywhere;

(1) Content:: Supreme Ruler/Wang Jing/Capital Ji Wang/Directly under the Resident.

Same surname: subject of enfeoffment system/rich land/strategic location/land population

(2) Purpose: to consolidate the rule of the Western Zhou Dynasty and strengthen local management;

(3) Positive effect (influence): The enfeoffment system consolidated the rule of the Zhou Dynasty, expanded the territory and effectively controlled the vassal states;

(1) Zhou people's sphere of influence is expanding (the territory is expanding);

(2) The King of Zhou established the position of * * * Lord in the world, and the ruling effect was strengthened (consolidating the rule of Zhou Dynasty);

(3) forming a hierarchical sequence of "Zhou Wang-vassal-Qing, doctor-scholar" (effectively controlling vassal states);

(4) Limitations: With the growth of the vassal power, the vassal began to fight for hegemony, and the enfeoffment system was difficult to maintain;

2. Patriarchal system:

(1) Purpose: To consolidate the ruling order and solve the contradiction of power, property and land inheritance among nobles;

(2) Features: the system of combining blood relationship with political relationship;

(3) Core: the first eldest son inheritance system-the relationship between big and small families is relative;

(4) Influence: Patriarchal clan system is conducive to uniting clans, preventing internal disputes, strengthening kingship, closely combining "state" and "family", and strengthening the privileged position of aristocrats represented by bulk;

① It is not only a family hierarchy, but also a political affiliation;

(2) Establish the system of distribution and inheritance to ensure the privilege of Shi Qing Shi Lu;

(3) it is conducive to the cohesion of clan forces and the combination of "country" and "home";

3. Rites and music system: the principle of political life, the essence of which is a tool to maintain the feudal patriarchal clan system;

The second lesson: Great Unity and the Establishment of Centralization in Qin Dynasty

I. Unification of the Qin Dynasty (22 1 year ago):

Conditions: ① Since the Spring and Autumn Period, the patriarchal clan system has been destroyed, small clans have frequently replaced big clans, and the king of Zhou has lost his dominant position. The war of annexation led to the gradual annexation of small countries by big countries.

(2) During the Warring States Period, emerging landlords seized power, waiting for competition and national reform.

Second, the establishment of authoritarian centralization:

1, features: highly centralized power;

(Performance) Content: (1) Imperial power is supreme;

(2) the hereditary system of the throne in the world;

(3) The central government has three officials and nine ministers;

(4) the local county system;

5. Formulated the system of selecting and evaluating officials;

(6) Implementing a series of measures to consolidate reunification;

(7) Formulate strict Qin laws.

2. Central Committee: three public offices and nine clear pines: three public offices refer to the prime minister (assisting the emperor in handling government affairs), imperial envoys (supervising officials) and Qiu (managing military affairs);

The three are not subordinate to each other, cooperate with each other and contain each other.

3. Place: county system. The emperor appointed county officials. (county, county, township and village)

4. Formulated the system of selecting and evaluating officials;

5, Qin law: fine and strict, misdemeanor heavy punishment.

Third, the impact:

Form a centralized political system, completely break the traditional aristocratic enfeoffment system and lay the foundation for a unified dynasty. The basic principles of its central and local official system were inherited by successive dynasties, which improved administrative efficiency and strengthened local control, and had an important impact on China's politics and society for more than two thousand years.

Lesson 3 Maturity of Ancient Political System

First, Sui and Tang Dynasties: three provinces and six departments;

1. Operating mechanism: three provinces (Zhongshu Province-Menxia Province-Shangshu Province); Six Departments (Official Department-Household Department-Ritual Department-Ministry of War-Ministry of Punishment-Ministry of Industry)

(1) Zhongshu Province (drafting imperial edicts), Menxia Province (sealing for deliberation) and Shangshu Province (responsible for implementation) are all prime ministers.

(2) Shangshu Province consists of six departments, which are responsible for implementing various decrees and handling daily affairs.

2. Impact: ① Mutual restraint, mutual supplement, clear division of labor, and improvement of efficiency; (2) the division of power, to avoid the monopolization of power by powerful ministers, is conducive to strengthening imperial power.

3, the evolution of the ancient central power:

Three fairs and nine ministers (Qin dynasty) → three provinces and six departments (Sui and Tang dynasties) → three departments of the two houses (Song dynasty) → provincial system of Chinese books (Yuan dynasty) → abolition of the prime minister's cabinet (Ming dynasty) → addition of the Ministry of War (Qing dynasty);

Second, the official selection system: Shi Qingshilu → recommendation system → imperial examination system.

1. Evolution: During the Warring States period, the system of conferring titles immediately after military achievements began to replace the system of "great scholars and great officials" in the Western Zhou Dynasty, which was basically used in the Qin and early Han Dynasties. By the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the recommendation system and collection system were implemented, and the imperial examination system was established in the Sui Dynasty, which was gradually improved in the Tang Dynasty.

2. The role of the imperial examination system: expanding the social foundation of the rule, promoting the further maturity of the bureaucratic system and providing a steady stream of high-quality talents for the bureaucratic team;

Third, supervise and persuade:

1. The reason for the emergence of the supervision system: to ensure the integrity and efficiency of this team;

2. Reasons for the remonstrance system: supervising the emperor's words and deeds and making decisions;

3. Evaluation: The supreme power of the emperor cannot be fundamentally restrained, and the corruption and inefficiency of the bureaucratic team cannot be eliminated. However, as a permanent political system, it still played an important role in rectifying bureaucracy, cracking down on local separatist forces, maintaining centralization, discouraging emperor's mistakes and preventing decision-making mistakes.

The fourth lesson is the continuous strengthening of autocratic centralization

First, the Western Han Dynasty:

1, the problem of the kingdom appeared: in the early Western Han Dynasty, counties and countries were parallel;

2. Solution: ① Emperor Gaozu: County system and enfeoffment system coexist; (Consolidation of political power: parallel counties and countries)

(2) Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty: cutting vassals, suppressing rebellion and abolishing power; (Conquering the rebellion: Jia Yi, an important minister, and Chao Cuo, a vassal reduction policy)

(3) Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty: set up a Chinese dynasty, set up a secretariat, and set up a favor; (Strengthening centralization: weakening relative power, strengthening local supervision and solving kingdom problems)

3. Impact: Consolidate reunification and promote economic development. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, consorts and eunuchs became autocratic.

Second, the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms: the separatist regime of the buffer region: the rights are constantly expanding.

① An Shi Rebellion; (2) our army is self-respecting and independent, forming a situation of many buffer zones;

Zhou Shizong's reform laid the foundation for ending the division of the Five Dynasties and Ten Countries in the Northern Song Dynasty.

Third, the Song Dynasty: (Northern Song Dynasty: the contradiction between centralization and decentralization was basically solved)

1. Background: An Shi Rebellion → the separatist regime of the buffer region → the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms → the reform in the later Zhou Dynasty → the mutiny in Chen Qiao → the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty.

2. Measures: Song Taizu adopts the suggestion of Prime Minister Zhao Pu and strengthens centralization from the perspective of "power, finance and soldiers".

(1) (militarily) Recruiting elite soldiers: The imperial army is under the strict command of the Imperial Palace Division, the Guards' Ma Jun Division and the Guards' Bu Jun Division, and the right to discharge troops belongs to the Privy Council.

(2) (Politically) Deprive the real power: weaken the prime minister, our time, counties and officials, and set up a chief judge to report directly to the court.

(3) (Economically) Money-making Valley: Except for a small part, the fiscal revenue of counties and counties is controlled by the central government, eliminating the material basis of local separatist forces.

3. Influence: ① It changed the separatist regime in the late Tang and Five Dynasties;

(2) the national financial crisis that caused the officials, soldiers and expenses to be redundant;

(3) The dispute of decentralization between the central and local governments is absolutely superior;

④ The contradiction between imperial power and relative power is prominent.

Fourth, the Ming Dynasty:

1, abolish the prime minister system:

① Reason: In the early Ming Dynasty, Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang followed the Yuan system, learned lessons from the Yuan Dynasty, controlled relative power and strengthened imperial power.

② Overview: Kill the Prime Minister Hu, abolish the province of Chinese books, abolish the prime minister system, and personally take charge of six departments.

③ Influence: The system of prime minister was abolished in 1600, and the autocratic imperial power developed to a new height.

2. The evolution of cabinets:

① Temple University: After Ming Taizu abolished the Prime Minister, many affairs were set up. The product ranks low, only as a consultant, assisting in stamping, and not participating in decision-making.

2 Cabinet establishment: Ming Chengzu was formally established. "Draft Ticket" and "Red Batch"

(Ming Chengzu set up a cabinet, with more and more power, and mastered the "draft", but whether the draft counts or not depends on the emperor's "Zhu Pi". )

5. Qing dynasty: the establishment of the military department;

1. Background: The Qing Dynasty was established, inherited the system of the Ming Dynasty, and established a cabinet. Military affairs were handled by the king's Council composed of Manchu nobles.

2. Overview: During the Yongzheng period, the military department was set up to handle the northwest military affairs. The authority is constantly expanding, and its own level is not high. Take turns on duty day and night, and you can only record on your knees.

3. Impact: ① Simplify administrative procedures and improve administrative efficiency.

(2) completely obey the emperor and be in power as a freshman.

(3) The imperial power was highly developed and became an important symbol.

Curriculum standards:

1. Understand the basic contents of patriarchal clan system and enfeoffment system, and understand the characteristics of China's early political system.

2. Know the origin of the "first emperor" and the historical facts of the establishment of the county system, and understand the formation and influence of centralization in ancient China.

3. Enumerate the historical facts of the evolution of the political system from Han Dynasty to Yuan Dynasty, and explain the characteristics of the ancient political system in China.

4. Understand the historical facts such as the establishment of the Ministry of War in the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty, and understand the influence of the strengthening of absolute monarchy on the social development of China.

Learning instruction: 1. We should pay attention to understand the basic concepts of the important political system in ancient China, and analyze and evaluate it in combination with the specific historical background and historical stage characteristics.

2, we should pay attention to grasp the relationship between the relevant political systems in the same historical period.

3. Attention should be paid to grasping the overall clue of the development and evolution of China's ancient political system.

4, pay attention to the use of politics, geography, literature and other related knowledge to analyze the problem, combined with the actual thinking.

Overview of test sites:

Xia-Shang system and feudal system in the Western Zhou Dynasty

First, the political system in Xia and Shang Dynasties:

(1) Xia Dynasty

1. Establishment: Around 2070 BC, the first state power-Xia Dynasty appeared in ancient China.

2. Political characteristics: A large number of documents and archaeological data prove that Xia Dynasty had public power over the whole society.

(2) Shang Dynasty

1. Establishment of Shang Dynasty: In about BC 1600, Shang Dynasty was established by Shang clan leaders.

2. Political system of Shang Dynasty: The main political system of Shang Dynasty was oral administration and external use.

For internal use, it is Wang Ji, that is, the area directly ruled by the king, and for external use, it is the area under the jurisdiction of the vassal States. Shang Wang has different degrees of actual control over both internal and external use.

The king's control over the affiliated countries participating in the alliance is limited. Each subordinate country basically maintains its original social structure, and besides its obligations to commerce, it also has great autonomy. Some affiliated countries often have wars with enterprises.

3. Full of theocracy: Shang Dynasty is a dynasty full of theocracy. Shang Zhouwang divines every day, even if he has something to do, and sacrifices people to ghosts and gods. Shang kings consolidated their kingship by monopolizing theocracy.

Second, the country was established:

(1) The rise of Zhou people: Zhou people are an ancient tribe famous for their farming. It first lived in Guanzhong area and rose in the late Shang Dynasty.

(B) the establishment and stability of the Western Zhou Dynasty:

1. BC 1046, the crusade, the destruction of Shang and the founding of the country, the capital of Haojiang, was called the Western Zhou Dynasty in history.

2. After the establishment of the Western Zhou Dynasty, it experienced a short period of social unrest. The ruling Duke of Zhou revised the internal and external servant system in Shang Dynasty and implemented the enfeoffment system on a large scale, which stabilized the political situation in the Western Zhou Dynasty.

(3) The enfeoffment system of the Western Zhou Dynasty:

1. Concept: The enfeoffment system, also known as the feudal state and the founding system, is a ruling system in which clans and in-laws are sent to various places to establish sub-countries to consolidate their rule while ensuring the strength of the royal family.

2. Contents:

(1) Zhou Wang is the supreme ruler of the country. The nearby area with the capital as the center is called Wang Ji, which is directly ruled by Zhou Wang.

(2) Outside Ji Wang, Zhou Wang enfeoffed the royal family, heroes, in-laws and former nobles to establish vassal states for governance.

(1) Blood relatives with the same surname are the main body of the bag. Their fiefs are either rich or geographically superior. In addition to land, these relatives also got a lot of materials, armed forces and population when they were enfeoffed.

(2) Heroes and in-laws are treated like relatives.

(3) Some old tribes of Yin Shang were forcibly moved to the feudal area named Ji and supervised. It also enfeoffed some Yin Shang clans.

(4) also restored some ancient countries destroyed by businessmen, and used them to deal with businessmen.

3. The relationship between the king of Zhou and the princes:

(1) Zhou Wang sealed the land people to vassals and established vassal states.

(2) The vassal states must obey the orders of King Zhou, and the appointment and removal of important official positions should be reported to King Zhou for approval.

(3) Some monarchs also served as ministers of the King of Zhou to show their obedience.

(4) The vassal states must undertake various military obligations to the Zhou royal family, such as sending troops to defend Ji Wang or going out with the king.

⑤ Pay all kinds of tributes regularly, including local specialties and population, and send laborers to serve the royal family.

4. Impact:

(1) In the process of enfeoffment, Zhou's in-laws and in-laws "granted land" and "granted people" in the name of Zhou Wang, and established a number of emerging countries on the newly occupied land. Through the system of enfeoffment, the sphere of influence of the Zhou people continued to expand.

② The relationship between the vassal states of the Western Zhou Dynasty and the royal family was closer than that of the Shang Dynasty, and the relationship between ministers and vassals was more clear. Every client country must recognize the authority of Zhou Wang and assume various obligations. The king of Zhou established the position of * * * Lord in the world, and the ruling effect was strengthened.

(3) governors also packet subordinates. The enfeoffment system made the aristocratic group in the Western Zhou Dynasty form a hierarchical sequence of "king of Zhou-vassal-Qing, doctor-scholar".

Third, the patriarchal clan system with the eldest son inheritance system as the core:

(a) the patriarchal clan system:

1. Objective: To consolidate the ruling order formed by the enfeoffment system and solve the contradiction of power, property and land inheritance among nobles.

2. Features: The combination of enfeoffment system and patriarchal clan system is a measure to combine blood relationship with political relationship.

3. Content: Establish a strict large group system. Whether it is, governors, Qing Dynasty, doctors and scholars, the eldest son inheritance system is implemented. The eldest son is the heir of land, property and power, and has the privilege of ancestor worship, so it is also called the eldest son. This system passed from the eldest son to the next generation is called bulk. The eldest son's mother-in-law and ordinary mother-in-law are small clans. Large and small cases are relative.

4. Role and influence:

① The relationship between big and small clans is not only a family hierarchy, but also a political affiliation.

(2) Patriarchal clan system established a whole set of distribution and inheritance system of land, property and political status through blood relationship, which ensured that nobles at all levels could enjoy the privilege of "being secular leaders".

(3) Patriarchal relationship is conducive to uniting clans, preventing internal disputes, consolidating kingship, and closely combining "country" with "home".

(2) Rites and music system: The Zhou Dynasty formulated various rites and music systems as the living standards of nobles at all levels. Rites and music system is an indispensable tool to maintain the patriarchal system of enfeoffment.

Key breakthrough:

1. What is the difference between the newly established feudal state in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the subordinate state in the Shang Dynasty?

(1) Shang Dynasty vassal states lived in groups and were linked by blood; The new feudal state of the Western Zhou Dynasty has begun to break the blood boundary of the Shang Dynasty vassal states, and its population structure is complex, consisting of Zhou people, indigenous people, Yin people who emigrated abroad and tribes of other vassal states.

(2) The vassal states of Shang Dynasty lived in the border areas; The strategic position of the main emerging feudal countries in the Western Zhou Dynasty is obvious compared with the consanguineous countries that maintain the original state.

(3) The ruler of the Shang vassal state is a tribal leader other than the Shang clan; The rulers of the new feudal countries in the Western Zhou Dynasty are mainly royalty, heroes and in-laws, which are closely related to royalty.

2. Briefly describe the concept, purpose, content and function of the Western Zhou Dynasty enfeoffment system?

Concept: The founding of the People's Republic, also known as the founding of the People's Republic of China, is to distribute clan in-laws and heroes to various places and establish a vassal state extensively under the condition of ensuring the strength of the Zhou royal family.

Objective: to consolidate Zhou's rule and expand Zhou's rule scope;

Contents: ① The surrounding area of the capital is called Wang Ji (jρ), which is the immediate residence of Zhou Wang;

(2) kinship with the same surname (subject): enfeoffment to rich land and strategic place; Materials, population, etc.

3 vassal States with different surnames: heroes, in-laws and relatives are similar; At the same time, some descendants of Yin Shang and some ancient countries destroyed by Shang Dynasty were restored.

Functions: ① "giving land" and "giving people" established a number of emerging countries, and the sphere of influence of Zhou people continued to expand;

(2) The relationship between ministers and subordinates is more clear, which establishes the position of * * * in the world and strengthens the ruling effect;

(3) The vassals grouped their subordinates to form a hierarchical sequence of "King of Zhou-vassal-Qing, doctor-scholar".

3. Briefly describe the core and characteristics of patriarchal clan system? What role did the patriarchal clan system play?

Core: eldest son inheritance system; Features: Combine blood relationship with political relationship.

Function: ① The relationship between big and small clans is not only a family hierarchy, but also a political affiliation;

(2) Patriarchal clan system establishes the distribution and inheritance system of land, property and political status through blood relationship, ensuring that nobles at all levels can enjoy the privilege of "learning from the past";

(3) Patriarchal relationship is conducive to uniting clans, preventing internal disputes, consolidating kingship, and closely combining "country" with "home".

4. What is the relationship between the feudal system, patriarchal clan system and ritual and music system in the Western Zhou Dynasty?

The enfeoffment system was an important political measure to consolidate the political power in the Western Zhou Dynasty, which strengthened the political ties between the royal family and the vassal states.

(2) The patriarchal clan system is a political system closely integrated with the feudal system, which is linked by blood and in-laws. The eldest son inheritance system is the core of the patriarchal clan system, which is integrated with the political power;

(3) Rites and music system is a complete and strict hierarchical etiquette system to maintain the patriarchal clan system of enfeoffment, which is a life standard that nobles at all levels must follow;

(4) The system of enfeoffment, patriarchal clan system and the system of rites and music are interrelated, reflecting the maturity of the political system in the Zhou Dynasty.

5. Briefly describe the characteristics of China's early political system?

(1) Strong blood relationship; (2) Strong autocratic color; ③ The early political system was inherited and developed, which had a far-reaching impact on the later political system.

The second lesson: Great Unity and the Establishment of Centralization in Qin Dynasty

First, from regime to unification:

1. Destruction of the old ruling order:

After the demise of the Western Zhou Dynasty, in 770 BC, Zhou Ping and Dong Wang moved to Luoyi, and the Spring and Autumn Period began. The Zhou royal family gradually lost its position as the master of the world, and the vassal state gradually became stronger. The principle of patriarchal clan enfeoffment system was destroyed, the enfeoffment right originally monopolized by Zhou Wang moved down, governors were enfeoffed without authorization, and the phenomenon that small clans replaced big clans also occurred frequently.

2. The great powers fought for hegemony in the Spring and Autumn Period: some powerful governors fought for hegemony under the banner of "respecting the king", and the merger war was gradually annexed by the great powers to many scattered small countries.

3. Social upheaval in the Warring States Period: Around 475 BC, China entered the Warring States Period. During this period, a series of major changes have taken place in society.

The monarchs of major powers were no longer satisfied with their original titles, but were renamed "Wang" after the mid-Warring States period.

(2) Many big countries have also seen coups in which Dr. Qing came to power.

Due to the fierce competition among vassal States, countries have to make changes in politics, economy and military affairs.

4. The strength and unity of Qin State;

Strength of Qin State: After Shang Yang's political reform, Qin State abolished the old system, the feudal economy developed rapidly, and Qin State gradually became stronger.

Unification of Qin Dynasty: After 100 years of struggle, Korea, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan, Qi and other countries were destroyed successively.

In 22 1 BC, Ying Zheng, king of Qin, ended hundreds of years of separatist melee and established an unprecedented unified empire.

Second, the "first emperor" and three officials and nine ministers:

1. The characteristics of the Qin regime: a strong centralization was established throughout the country. The high concentration of power became the basic feature of the political system in Qin Dynasty.

2. Ownership of supreme power:

(1) The symbol of high concentration of power is the supremacy of imperial power. Ying Zheng, the king of Qin, was called the "emperor", which combined all the powers of the state, namely, judicial power, legislative power, administrative power and military power.

(2) The system of succession to the throne of "one family in the world" is another embodiment of the concentration of sovereign power.

3. The composition and characteristics of the central government:

(1) three officials and nine ministers and their functions and powers:

① Three Publics: refers to the Prime Minister, Yushi and Qiu. The three parties are not subordinate to each other and contain each other.

The left and right prime minister is the "head of a hundred officials" and assists the emperor in handling state affairs; The censor is the deputy prime minister, in charge of laws and regulations, books, and responsible for supervising officials; Qiu assisted the emperor in managing military affairs.

② Jiuqing: Under the Three Fairs, there were many important official positions in the Central Committee of the Qin Dynasty, collectively called Jiuqing. They are in charge of various affairs of the state and the royal family.

(2) The characteristics of the central government: officials at all levels of the central government, mainly three officials and nine officials, are in a state of mutual cooperation and restriction in status, responsibility and power. No one can monopolize state affairs, and military power is ultimately in the hands of the emperor.

Third, the waste package, county:

1. The local management system of Qin Dynasty-county system;

(1) At the beginning of the implementation of the county system, it was suggested that Ying Zheng enfeoffment children and build princes. Ying Zheng resolutely denied the enfeoffment system and adhered to the national county system.

(2) The content of county system: The local administrative organs in Qin Dynasty were divided into two levels: county and county. In line with this, a set of local bureaucratic systems at all levels has been established.

(1) The county is the first-level ruling institution below the central government, and the county has a chief, a chief and a chief;

(2) There are several counties in each county, and there are county orders (county orders are set in counties with less population), county orders and county commandants;

(3) Below the county level, there are grass-roots organizations such as townships and villages, and there are township officials.

The emperor's orders can reach the people directly through Sangong, county, township and village.

2. The examination system of selecting officials in Qin Dynasty;

In order to maintain the normal operation of bureaucracies at all levels and give full play to their due efficiency, the Qin Empire also formulated the system of selecting and inspecting officials.

3. Fine and strict laws of the Qin Dynasty:

The laws formulated by the Qin Dynasty were very detailed and strict. Qin Law is a tool for Ying Zheng to strengthen the imperial power and consolidate the centralized political system.

4. The role of centralized regime in Qin Dynasty:

The centralized political system formed in the Qin Dynasty completely broke the traditional aristocratic enfeoffment system, laid the foundation of the ancient unified dynasty system, and had an important impact on China's politics and society for more than two thousand years.

Key breakthrough:

1. The establishment of authoritarian centralization?

Reasons (inevitability): ① economic roots: the feudal economy was decentralized and needed a strong state power to ensure national unity;

(2) Political root: the landlord class needs strong political power to safeguard its own economic interests and suppress people's resistance;

③ Ideological root: Legalist thought;

Establishment: The Qin Dynasty was the central-local governing body, with a clear division of labor, mutual cooperation and mutual restraint. The supreme sovereignty of the ruling organization is in the hands of the emperor, which finally ensures the autocratic rule of the landlord class over the working people. The establishment of this ruling institution from central to local marked the establishment of centralized feudal absolutism.

2. What are the basic features and contents of the political system in the Qin Dynasty? What impact did Qin Shihuang's measures to strengthen centralization have?

Basic characteristics: high concentration of power;

Content: ① The emperor is supreme. The emperor holds the judicial, legislative, administrative, military and other powers of the country in one hand, and implements the system of "one family under the world" to inherit the throne.

(2) The central government established a system of three public officials and nine ministers. The three fairs include the Prime Minister, an imperial envoy and Qiu; There are nine Qing under the three fairs, which are in charge of all kinds of affairs of the country and the emperor.

(3) At the local level, establish a county system. There are county magistrates, county officials and county commandants in the county, and there are county magistrates, county officials and county commandants in the county.

(4) In order to maintain the normal operation of bureaucracies at all levels and give full play to their due effectiveness, the Qin Dynasty also formulated the system of selecting and inspecting officials.

(5) In order to consolidate centralization, the Qin Dynasty also formulated the Qin Law.

Direct impact: it is conducive to consolidating rule, national unity and social and economic development;

Far-reaching influence: It completely broke the traditional aristocratic enfeoffment system, laid the foundation of the ancient unified dynasty system in China, and had an important impact on the politics and society of China for more than two thousand years.

3. Comparison between county system and enfeoffment system?

(1) The enfeoffment system is related to the patriarchal clan system, based on blood relationship; The county system is divided by regions.

(2) The vassal throne of enfeoffment system is hereditary and has fiefs; County officials are appointed or removed by the emperor or the court. Officials only have salaries and no fiefs, and their positions are not hereditary.

(3) The vassal states have strong political, economic and military independence and are easy to develop into separatist forces; County is a local administrative organization; It is conducive to strengthening centralization and national unity.