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Gaoshan people generally believe in animism and ancestor worship. It is believed that elves are full of everything in the universe and are mysterious forces in the supernatural world. Gavas, the spirit of a-mei, is both a god and an evil spirit. Jumas, the spirit of paiwan, comes from God and is attached to mankind. They are all descendants of the sun god. In the real world, people and gods are confused, and many spirits are full of happiness. Zuling is regarded as the master of protecting future generations and coping with disasters in Naji, and meets with gods in the deep valley of "Maladou" or "soul paradise" (Taiya), ruling the world, guarding foreign lands, promoting good and punishing evil. All ethnic groups regard ancestral spirits as gods. People in the north and south established "ancestry" to worship, while paiwan carved wooden pillars to commemorate it forever. All ethnic groups worship the sun, moon, stars, mountains and rivers, clouds and thunderstorms and other natural gods. Natural gods are generally integrated with managers. Ah Mui, Beinan and others have already appeared the clues of personification and systematization of managers. God has good and evil, the former is the object of worship and the latter is the object of curse. According to statistics, there are more than 70 kinds of sacrifices of Gaoshan people (2) [Chen Guojun: Special Sacrificial Ceremony for Indigenous People in Taiwan Province Province, Lions Club Bookstore in Taiwan Province Province. ], there are farming, fishing and hunting, fighting, childbirth, weddings and funerals, architecture, tourism and other sacrifices. , especially a series of sacrificial activities around agricultural activities such as millet, rice, taro and potato, including fixed ceremonies, such as reclamation, sowing, weeding, interplanting, harvesting, warehousing, hunting and harvest; There are also temporary sacrifices according to local conditions, such as insect repellent, rain and sunshine. In addition to the common ancestor sacrifices, farming sacrifices, hunting sacrifices and river sacrifices, there are some special sacrifices, such as the short spirit sacrifices of people, the millet sacrifices of Cao people, the boat sacrifices of the Ami people, the flying fish sacrifices of the Yami people, the five-year sacrifices of paiwan, the monkey sacrifices of Peinan people and the big hunting sacrifices. Taboos are endless. General taboos include visual taboos, such as avoiding snakes, bobcats, mice, dead people and their burial places, and avoiding animal copulation. Tactile taboos, such as avoiding contact with social trees, houses of the deceased, relics and other sacred objects; Behavior taboos, such as farting, sneezing, adultery and eating animal heads and tails, are forbidden. Special taboos include gender taboos, for example, men are forbidden to touch women's special woven fabrics, hemp fabrics, hoes, pigsty, etc., and women are forbidden to touch men's special weapons, hunting gear, sticks, etc. And taboos such as not eating salt, touching hemp and touching fire that should be observed in special occasions such as sacrifice, hunting, funeral and pregnancy. Divination is very popular. Divination includes dreams, birds, wood, bamboo, grass, water, valley, ladle and rice, and is widely used to consult the divine will, resolve doubts in litigation and pray for disaster relief. Farming, sacrifice, fishing and hunting, construction and other activities are all decided by divination. In addition, witchcraft and aversion to victory are also extremely popular. /kloc-After the middle of the 0/7th century, with the migration of the Han nationality, religious beliefs such as Tiangong, Buddha, Tugong, Great Sage Wang Ye, Mazu were gradually introduced into Gaoshan ethnic areas. Western Christianity and Catholicism began to be introduced during the Dutch and Spanish occupation, and spread rapidly after War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, especially in the 1960s and 1970s. In the religious life of Gaoshan people, primitive religious beliefs, Buddhism and western religions are intertwined. The unique customs and habits of Gaoshan people are not only manifested in the material culture such as food, clothing, housing and transportation. In the past, there were habits such as headhunting and body decoration, which have been abolished in modern times. Headhunting once prevailed in all ethnic groups except Yamei, and "holding a sword and marking the waist, killing people to win the head" (1)[ Huang Fengchang: Ci of Zhi Zhu, Taiwan Province]. Taiwan Province folk songs, p. 124. Current affairs publishing house, 1984 edition. ]。 Motivation is generally to worship ancestors and gods, pray for a bumper harvest, promote martial arts, or marriage litigation. Body decoration includes facial mask, tattoo, tooth cutting, tooth piercing, ear piercing, hair removal, abdominal girdling and so on. Mianmian is very popular among Atayal and Xia Sai people. Tattoos are very popular, especially among northern nationalities. Central and northern ethnic groups are popular in incisors. Usually, men pull out two left and right front teeth, or two front teeth and two canine teeth, and Pingpu people pull out two lateral teeth. Nieya is popular in Amei, Peinan and Pingpu ethnic groups, mainly chewing betel nut or dyeing teeth with "smoke black" ink oil made from boxwood and mulberry trees and juice from plant stems and fruits. Ear piercing and hair removal are very popular. Men of Bunun, Cao, Amei and Pingpu all have the habit of stabbing their bellies with bamboo and rattan, aiming at pursuing bodybuilding and agility. Besides, A-mei also has the habit of scalding her wrists. Body decoration is generally for adulthood, beauty, marriage, discipline and honor. The funeral custom of Gaoshan nationality generally implements burial. Pingpu, Ami and Ami are buried outdoors, while Bunun, Atayal, Cao, Yi and Beinan are buried indoors. Paiwan, Xia Sai, etc. carried out outdoor limb bending burial, that is, the limbs of the deceased were bent to the chest, wrapped with cloth or tied with rope, dug a pit for burial, and covered with slate or soil. Special burial customs such as bird burial, wind burial, cliff burial, cremation and building graves outside houses are also popular in history. Traditional festivals of Gaoshan people. It is usually integrated with sacrifice, which is more complicated. The authorities of Taiwan Province Province advocate changing customs and simplifying ceremonies and celebrations through adjustment and merger. Modern popular festivals mainly include: sowing festival (Atayal nationality, held at the end of spring sowing in late March), Siping 'an Festival in early April (Bunong nationality), ancestor festival of "Ali" on September 16 (Pingpu people), and harvest festival on August 15 (Cao people, Ami people, etc.). During the festival, besides banquets, songs and dances, sports competitions, mountain cultural exhibitions and entertainment activities have also increased. As pioneers in Taiwan Province Province, Gaoshan people have made outstanding contributions in the history books in the process of building a treasure island in Taiwan Province Province, safeguarding the reunification of the motherland and creating Chinese history and culture. The Gaoshan people, together with the Han people, have made every effort to build this misty and rainy land of Taiwan Province Province into a rich pearl on the sea in the world. Island reefs, Hong Kong and Macao flood season, pond mounds, streams, mountains and rivers, villages and towns are all available, with beautiful mountains and rivers. Taiwan Province Province, where there are pioneers of the hardships and pains! According to historical records, by the end of Qing Dynasty. The Gaoshan people have established 277 societies (1) [the second volume of Taiwan Province Provincial Official Records is continued. Fan She. ]。 Following the development of Tainan, in the forty-seventh year of Kangxi (1708), at the invitation of Zhang, a native of Quanzhou, Fujian, Gaoshan people reclaimed the wasteland of Dajiala, which was the beginning of opening Taipei. In the fifty-fifth year of Kangxi (17 16), A Mu, the leader of Anshi Society, with the support of Zhou Zhong (Wang Xuan) in Zhuluo County, opened up a cat (bundle) field, which opened the prelude to the development stage. The ancestors of Gaoshan nationality have made great contributions to the development of Taiwan Province Province, such as the sunset, and set an example for future generations! Gaoshan people have a glorious tradition of resisting aggression. Since16th century, Gaoshan people have successively resisted Japanese invasion and opposed the colonial rule of Holland (624- 1662) and Spain (1626- 1642). Seeing that Toyotomi Hideyoshi lured the surrender of "Zhao Yu" like dirt [1595], "Japanese Prime Minister Guan Bai" Toyotomi Hideyoshi sent the so-called "Zhao Yu" document to Taiwan Province Province, which was categorically rejected by the Gaoshan people. ], expelled the Dutch 38 years ago. 1662, Zheng Chenggong recovered Taiwan Province Province, and the Gaoshan people rose up to respond, stopped the estuary, supported Zheng Jun, and returned Taiwan Province Province to the motherland. 1867, the people of Taizijiao 18 in the south of Taiwan Province Province, under the command of Zhuo Qidu, defeated the American aggression plot in one fell swoop; 1874, the people of Peony Society, under the leadership of Alu, repelled the invasion of the Japanese royal family and defended the territory and sovereignty of the motherland at all costs. During the 50 years of Japanese imperialist occupation of Taiwan Province Province (1895- 1945), the Gaoshan people and the Han people shared the same enemy and waged an indomitable long-term struggle with the Japanese invaders. During the 20 years from 1895 to 19 15, more than 100 armed uprisings were held. Especially in 1930 and 10, the uprising of Wushan Fifth Society (now Renai Township) shocked China and foreign countries. Under the leadership of Monaro Road, the people of Wushan Fifth Society fought bloody battles and fought to the death with the invaders. The uprising lasted for more than a month, with more than 4,000 enemy casualties. The heroic anti-Japanese deeds and spirit of Gaoshan people have won high praise from people at home and abroad. During the 2 12 years when Taiwan Province Province was ruled by the Qing Dynasty, the Gaoshan people and the Han people successively launched thirty or forty armed uprisings, among which Lin's uprising in Changhua swept the whole Taiwan in the fifty-first year of Qianlong (178 1). In addition, there are Puppet Mountain, Shuishalian Mountain, Mountain Pig Hair, Alishan Mountain, Dongshi Mountain, Dakekan Mountain, Fengshan Mountain and Taitung Mountain. In the struggle against foreign colonialism and domestic feudalism, many epic heroes emerged in Gaoshan, among which Mona Rodo, Huagang Ichiro, Zhuo Qidu, Alu and Jin Niang were outstanding representatives. Monaro Road (1882- 1930), the leader of Gaoshan nationality in Wushe, is a famous anti-Japanese hero. 1930 10 10 On October 27th, he led the Wushe Uprising, which shocked China and foreign countries, and persisted in the struggle for more than a month, killing and injuring more than 4,000 Japanese aggressors, making the enemy terrified. The Japanese invaders bombed with planes and artillery, and even released poison gas, and carried out a terrible massacre. Mona Rodolfo is determined to fight and is not afraid of violence. After the failure of the uprising, in order not to be captured alive, he died in a cave in the mountain and wrote a tragic page in the history of China's anti-imperialist struggle with blood and life. Ichiro hanaoka (? A 1930), whose real name is Darth Neville, and Ichiro Huagang, his Japanese name, is a famous anti-Japanese hero. He entered the "Fan Tong Education Center" in his early years and was sent to Taiwan Province Provincial Normal School. After graduation, he returned to his hometown. During the Wushe Uprising, he was promoted to Commander-in-Chief, leading the rebel army against the Japanese invaders. In the face of the enemy's crazy suppression, he said that "he will fight with Japan to the last man!" (1)[ Wang Xiaolian: "The 15 th Society Uprising Written in Blood by Yu Ming". Information on the Five Societies Uprising compiled by Taiwan Province Institute of Xiamen University, p. 13. 1980 65438+ February. ] Don't be afraid in times of crisis, and resist according to risks. Finally, I ran out of ammunition and spent time with my family in Huagangshan. Zhuo Qidu, whose date of birth and death is unknown, was the leader of Taizai Sect 18 Society in Tainan in the late Qing Dynasty and a famous patriot. 1867 On March 9th, the American ship Rover ran aground in the south of Taiwan Province Province, and its captain and sailors were killed by Gaoshan people. In April and June of the same year, the United States brazenly sent troops to retaliate. Zhuo Qidu led the people of 18 to attack head-on and foiled their aggressive plot. In September, Li Xian, Consul General of the United States in Xiamen, made representations in Hengchun. Zhuo Qitu sternly exposed the enemy's crime of aggression and solemnly expressed his solemn position. "If you want to fight, we will play along; If you want to reconcile, we welcome it! " It forced the United States to accept the terms of peace talks, thus defending the sovereignty and national dignity of the motherland. Alu(？ A 1874), leader of Gaoshan Peony Society, is a famous patriot. 187 1 year, people from Peony Society killed Ryukyu fishermen who drifted to Taiwan Province due to hurricane. Japanese invaders invaded Taiwan Province Province with the support of the United States, and attacked Peony Society in April 1874. Under the leadership of Alu, the people of Peony Society fought bravely and wiped out more than 500 people. The enemy fled in a hurry. In the battle to defend Shimenguan, Alu ran out of ammunition and still used stones, sticks and torches as weapons, refusing to give up an inch of land, and finally died for his country. Jin Niang, the heroine of Gaoshan nationality. In the fifty-first year of Qianlong (1786), Taiwan Province Changhualin uprising, and Jinniang resolutely joined the rebel army, belonging to Zhuang Datian Department. "Jin niang fresh water as a woman, learned magic, can cure diseases. Daejeon Shinji, the army called Xiangu, and Wen Shuang was also named Mrs. Zhu Guo. " (1) [general history of Taiwan Province province, p. 574. 1787 February 17 Rebels attacked Fucheng, and Jin Niang led an army to attack Xiaodongmen, taking the lead and heroically killing the enemy. After being betrayed by traitors, he was captured and died in Beijing.

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