The meaning of Confucius in classical Chinese

1. Original translation of Confucius' benevolence and righteousness in classical Chinese

Huainan Confucius ① lived in seclusion ②, served as an official all his life, and had noble moral integrity. I tried to steal bamboo from its garden, but I braved the cold to walk through it for a small bridge. Press this and your lover will know. However, when I heard that Zhuangzi's wife died, she still sang. If the wife doesn't stop dying, it's ok to play drums. You beat the drum for her, it's better not to beat it. Jude Pear Garden (5) Plows the fields to get gold, and throws it outside the wall, if Guan Ning doesn't look at it.

To annotate ...

① Confucius (mín): JiNing. According to Wang Anshi's Epitaph of Confucius, Kong Min lived in seclusion in Ruzhou (now Linru, Henan Province) and was generous to others. Even for slaves, he couldn't bear to emphasize his words. When there is surplus food, clothes and fields, he gives them to the villagers, and borrows money from him without asking questions.

(2) Dedication: thick behavior. Benedict: Loyalty, kindness and firmness.

③ mǐn: The same as "pity", pity and pity.

4 drop out of school: stop.

⑤ Tai () was formerly known as Taijun, also known as Taijun, a native of Beihai in the Eastern Han Dynasty, with the same name as Hua Xin and Guan Ning. He called these three people Elon, in order of age, "Xin is the leader, rather the belly of the dragon, originally the tail of the dragon." Shi Shuo Xin Yu contains the deeds of three people, namely, "Ning Guan and Hua Xin are hoeing vegetables in the garden of * * *, and there is a piece of gold in their knowledge". Hoes are no different from tiles, and China people catch them and throw them away, so that Hua Xin's virtue is not as good as Guan Ning's. Accordingly, it should be Hua Xin, not Tang gaozu, who "catches the gold and then throws it out". But in this note, Shen Kuo recorded the event of "fishing for gold and throwing it" in the account of Liyuan. I don't know why, but I may have made a mistake because of something closer!

translate

Huainan Kong Min lived in seclusion in Ruzhou, with a kind heart, unwilling to be an official all his life, and beautiful and noble integrity. Someone once stole bamboo from his family. Because it was too cold, Kong Min pitied the bamboo thief to wade, so he set up a small bridge to let it pass smoothly. From this, we can infer Kong Min's kindness. But when I heard that Zhuangzi's wife died, (Zhuangzi) knocked on the basin and began to sing. It's okay to keep knocking on the basin when the wife is dead, but if it's because the wife is dead, it's better not to knock. It's like seeing a piece of gold when plowing in a pear garden, but it's not as good as Guan Ning's.

2. Confucius translated classical Chinese. Confucius was a native of Lu. Great-grandfather Confucius built it. When I was young, I studied in Chang 'an and made friends with Cui Yong. When Cui Zhuan was an official, both Wang Mang and Ren Jianxin once advised Confucius to be an official. Zijian answered him: "I have the desire to be a civilian, and you have the ambition to be an official." Everyone listens to what everyone likes to hear. Isn't that great? " Since we have taken different roads, please say goodbye from now on. "He went back and died at home.

Cui Jian, the grandson of Cui Zhuan, and Kono are good friends. They traveled in imperial academy together and studied Spring and Autumn Annals. After reading the current affairs of Fu Cha, the king of Wu, Kong Jue sighed and said, "So that's it. This is the so-called painting a tiger without turning it into a dog." Cui Jian said, "Yes. Once upon a time, when Emperor Xiaowu was the son of heaven, he was very young, only 18 years old. He believes in the way of saints, and Wang used to learn from them. In 1956, it was said that he was more diligent than Wendi and Jingdi. Later, I left at will and forgot all the previous benefits. " Confucius said, "There are many books about this!" Neighbor Liang Yu echoed: "So, Emperor Wu is also a dog?" Kono and Cui Zhi kept silent. Liang Yu was angry and hated them. He secretly wrote letters to Cui Zhi and Kong Jue, slandering the former emperor and mocking this world. The court handed the matter over to the prison guard, and Cui Jian went to the prison guard for trial. Seeing that his captor was coming soon, Kono was afraid of being punished, so he wrote to Su Zong to complain: "In my humble opinion, I think the so-called slander is nothing, just a fabrication. As for filial piety to Emperor Wudi, the good and bad politics are clearly written in the history of the Han Dynasty, just like the sun and the moon. This is called telling the truth directly and not making it up. When the emperor is good, all the good in the world belongs to him, and when the emperor is bad, all the evil in the world gathers in him. There's a reason for this. You can't blame others. Moreover, since the emperor ascended the throne, there has been no political problem, but many people have benefited from virtue, and everyone knows it. Why should we scoff at him? If you criticize the facts, you must resolutely repent and correct them; If it is not suitable, it must be tolerant. Why did you punish him? It is certain that you will die if you are slaughtered, but everyone in the world will definitely change their views on the emperor in the past and observe the emperor's intentions from this matter. From now on, if you see what you have to do, you will never say it again. The reason why I don't hesitate to die and dare to say so without worries is because I really cherish the great cause of being emperor of the world. What can I do if the emperor doesn't care? Qi Huangong personally exposed the mistakes of the former king to motivate Guan Zhong, and then all courtiers could devote themselves to the country. Now the emperor wants to hide the truth for Liang Wudi in the 10th century. Isn't it very different from Huan Gong? I'm afraid that officials will suddenly frame me, which will make me feel resentful and wronged, and I can't appeal, so that people who talk about it in later generations can compare with the emperor casually. Can future generations make up for it? I humbly went to the court to wait for heavy punishment. " Originally, the emperor didn't mean to punish Kong Nuo and others, so he sent the book up and immediately wrote a letter without asking for sin, giving Kong Nuo a history of Lantai.

In the spring of Yuanhe two years, the emperor traveled eastward, and when he came back, he passed through Shandong and went to Queli, where he offered cows to Confucius and his seventy-two disciples, played the music of Huangdi, Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang and Saturday, and ordered the Confucian scholars to tell The Analects. Kong Biao thanked the emperor. The emperor said, "Isn't today's meeting your honor?" Kong Jue replied, "I heard that there is no wise master who does not respect teachers and values Taoism." Now the emperor comes to us personally as the son of heaven, which is a tribute to the teacher and makes Shengde more brilliant. As for glory, I dare not accept it. "The emperor smiled and said," If you are not a descendant of a saint, you can't speak so well! "Give Kong Nuo a card shark.

This winter, when Cui Jian was summoned to Jin, he used the "home forest" as a divination, saying that it was unlucky, and stopped Kong Nuo and said, "Why don't you resign?" Confucius said: "learning is not for individuals, and you don't choose to be an official." It's you who's unlucky. Was it decided by divination? " Three years after serving as the magistrate of Linjin County, he died in office and his will was buried on the spot.

3. The significance of classical Chinese points

Noun meaning:

1, pictographic. The seal script with "rice" on it stands for cover; The lower two sides represent holes. Original meaning: earth hole; Cave.

Cave, earth room also. -"Shuo Wen". Press it, like a hollow shape, not a figure of eight.

Focus on it. -"Easy Need". Note: "the way of yin is also."

There is a hole, which is very cold. -Wang Song Anshi's "You Bao Chan"

When ancient people didn't know about palaces, they lived in tombs and caves. -"Mozi resigned"

2. graves; A pit for burying coffins.

Qi Lin pt. -"Poetry of Qin Feng Yellow Birds"

Valley is a different room, and death is the same point. -"Poetry Feng Wang Cart"

3. the animal's nest.

The fox rushed to the cave and the bird flew to the forest. -Wang Han's "Seven Wounded Poems"

4, refers to the hiding place of the enemy or traitor.

Shangguan wants to observe the country, but can't keep an eye and ears. Traitors are often the focus. -Qinggu Yanwu's book On Diseases in Counties and Counties of the World.

5. the tunnel.

Know where the hole is and dig it out to meet it. -Mozi

6. Waterway.

Rivers lead, holes flow. -Selected works

7. Chinese medicine refers to the parts of the human body that can be acupuncture, mostly where nerve fibers with slightly dense or thick nerve endings pass. Such as acupuncture points; Acupoints.

Verb meaning:

1, cave; Cave storage

Husband and mouse, crouching during the day and moving at night, don't sleep in caves in temples, so they are afraid of others. -"Zuo zhuan"

2. Digging; Go through.

The hole was filled with earth. -"Mozi prepared points"

4. The meaning of learning chess in classical Chinese This classical Chinese teaches two people to learn Go through Qiu Yi, which shows that learning must be absorbed and never half-hearted.

The article first says that Qiu Yi is the best chess player in China, and then says that if Qiu Yi teaches two people with different learning attitudes to play Go, the learning effect will be very different. Finally, it is pointed out that the difference in learning results between these two people is not because of the great difference in intelligence. Classical Chinese is an ancient cultural heritage and a medium for the inheritance of ancient civilization.

Starting from primary school, it is very beneficial for students to get in touch with classical Chinese, feel its language characteristics and understand the ancient people's ideological and moral views, so as to strengthen humanities education and improve students' language ability. The purpose of writing the article "Learning Games" is, first, because of its good ideological content, emphasizing the need to concentrate on learning, which is conducive to students inheriting and carrying forward the fine tradition of hard work; Second, because it is short and pithy, and the words are relatively simple ... It lets Qiu Yi teach two people to play, and one of them is absorbed, but Qiu Yi is listening; Although one person thought it was a swan, he tried to shoot it with his bow.

Although I learned chess from the previous one, chess is still not as good as the previous one. Is it because his intelligence is not as good as the former? Qiu Yi is the best chess player in China. He asked Qiu Yi to teach two people to play chess. One of them is listening to Qiu's class attentively. Although there was a man listening there, he was bent on flying a swan and wanted to shoot it down with a bow and arrow. Although they study together, he is not as good as the previous one.

When Confucius traveled eastward, he saw two children arguing and asked them why. A child said, "I think the sun is close to the sky at sunrise and far from the sky at noon." . "

Another child thinks that the sun is far from the sun when it rises, and it is closer to people at noon. A son said, "When the sun rises, it is as big as a hood, and at noon, it is like a dish. Isn't it that the far is small and the near is big? " Another child said, "The sun just came out to cool down, and it was as hot as putting your hand in hot water at noon. Isn't that why you feel hot when you are near and cool when you are far away?" ? "Upon hearing this, Confucius could not judge who was right or wrong.

The two children smiled and said, "Who is Zhihu?" This article is an allegorical story. The article describes that in ancient times, two children relied on their own intuition. One thinks that the sun is close to people in the morning, and the other thinks that the sun is close to people at noon. For this reason, they hold their own opinions and argue endlessly, even a knowledgeable person like Confucius can't make a judgment.

This story shows that in order to understand nature and explore objective truth, we must dare to think independently and question boldly; It also shows that the universe is infinite and knowledge is infinite. Even the most knowledgeable people will know something and learn endlessly. The story can be understood in three parts: First, write the debate between Confucius and Lu Yu, and point out the time, place, characters and reasons of the story.

Two children put forward two completely different views on how far the sun is from the earth at different times. Then write about two children who use the intuition (vision and touch) that people can experience in their daily lives to clarify their views in order to refute each other's views.

Finally, I wrote that the argument between Confucius and the two children was inconclusive, which led them to "laugh". The full text is only a hundred words, but it can give people a lot of inspiration.

It is the characteristic of language expression to express characters and unfold stories through dialogue description, which shows the innocence and loveliness of two children and Confucius' scientific attitude of being modest and seeking truth from facts. The main purpose of writing this article is to let students understand the language characteristics of ancient Chinese, and at the same time realize that knowledge is endless and learning is endless.

The difference in meaning between ancient and modern times is the difficulty in learning this article. For example, the meaning of "going" in "I want to be close to people when the sun rises" is different from that commonly used in modern times.

In addition, there are few words such as "who" and "ru" in modern Chinese, and such words should be understandable by students. The following translation is for reference only: Confucius went to the East to study and saw two children arguing on the way.

Confucius asked them why they argued. A child said, "I think the sun is close to people when it first comes out, and far away from people at noon."

Another child thinks that the sun is far away from people when it first comes out and close to people at noon. The previous child said, "The sun was as big as a hood when it first came out, and it was like a bowl at noon. Isn't it far small and near big? " Another child said, "It's cool as soon as the sun comes out, and it's hot when you put your hand into hot water at noon. Isn't it cool to be near hot and far hot? " Hearing this, Confucius could not judge who was right and wrong.

The two children smiled and said, "Who says you know much?" Second, the learning goal 1. Learn three new words in this lesson and clarify their meanings according to the notes after class. 2. Read the text with emotion.

Recite the text and repeat the story. 3. Understand the content of the text, learn from the ancient people's spirit of understanding nature and seeking truth, which is good at thinking and boldly questioning, as well as Confucius' scientific attitude of modesty and seeking truth from facts, and realize the endless truth of learning.

Iii. Teaching suggestions 1. Before class, the teacher can refer to the scientific common sense involved in the text. Students can also be arranged to ask, "Does the distance between the sun and the earth change during the day?" ? Why does the sun look big in the morning and small at noon? Why does it feel cold in the morning and hot at noon? ".

Although this article is concise, it is still difficult for students to read and understand the different meanings of ancient and modern words. For example, the modal particle "Hu", which rarely appears in modern texts, appears three times in the article. There are three steps to solve this difficulty.

(1) After reading the text, students can understand the meaning of each sentence according to their notes. For students who don't understand, the teacher can give them a little guidance to let them understand the context.

(2) Read repeatedly to understand the story. (3) Tell this story in your own words.

This story contains profound truth. Teachers can organize students to discuss and exchange their ideas after reading this text.

Students should be encouraged to speak freely and feel from multiple angles. For example, two children like to explore, and their spirit is commendable; Two children know things from different angles and have different results; Confucius can treat children's problems correctly and seek truth from facts.

At the end of the article, Confucius was "uncertain", so students should know that many natural phenomena are common-sense scientific knowledge for us, but in ancient times, it was difficult to solve the mystery because of underdeveloped technology, so Confucius' "uncertainty" was understandable. It can be seen that the universe is big and the knowledge is wide, up and down, although the wise can't know everything.

Confucius did not "think he knew what he didn't know", but adopted a realistic attitude of "knowing what he knows is knowing, and not knowing is not knowing". So when teaching, don't take Confucius as the theme to understand.

5. Classical Chinese translation "Three Things of Confucius and the Shepherd" Original: Fang Zhongyong, a native of western Shanxi, was born in Shiligeng.

(The author explains Fang Zhongyong's native place, name, identity and family background. Zhong Yongsheng was five years old (this is a nominal age, but actually four years old). He didn't know how to write, and suddenly he cried.

The father, on the other hand, borrowed from the side and approached it, that is, four sentences of books and poems, which were named after themselves. His poem/adoptive parents, home ("Book of Rites, funeral" Zheng Xuan's note: "The home of home, that is, don't be intimate, let it be Zhao Mu."

"Biography of the Book of Rites" Confucius and Ying Da's justice: "If the clan is separated, the flesh and blood are separated, and the sacrifice in the ancestral temple is not serious; If it is accepted, the relatives will not be separated, Zhao Mu will have a relationship, and the ancestral hall will have dignity. " Therefore, the meaning of "gathering clansmen" is to unite clansmen in the order of up and down, so as to keep them close and not fall apart.

Fang Zhongyong's experimental work "takes adoptive parents and families as its significance". "Adoptive parents" means "support" and "adoption" means "unity".

Five-year-old children have such aspirations, which is very remarkable in feudal times. Therefore, it is no wonder that in addition to praise, people specially gave this poem to the scholars in their hometown for their evaluation. )

Scholars in rural areas (in Tang and Song Dynasties, it was a name for ordinary scholars, which was different from the students who passed the county examination in Ming and Qing Dynasties. "One township", the whole town.

This sentence should be understood as being passed on to readers in the whole town, not just to a scholar. ) have a look.

Of course, it means that things are poems (that is, "poems about things"). In the past, when children were trained to write poetry, they often designated an object as a topic, requiring that the characteristics of this object and some thoughts and feelings could be expressed in poetry. This was the initial training for writing poetry. )

Once established, its art and science are considerable. People in the city are very surprised. They are a little nicer to their father or beg with coins.

My father's interest is natural, and he will always pay tribute to the city people and let him be ignorant. (ellipsis.

Omitted the object of "teacher", it should be "don't make it learn", where "ambition" refers to. ) I've been listening for a long time.

In Ming Dow, it took only two years (1032- 1033) to return to my hometown from my ancestors ("Ming Dow", the year number of Song Renzong). "ancestors"

This is the address of the late father. According to: Wang Anshi's father has a good reputation, but his handwriting is not good. In the eighth year of Tiansheng (1030), he learned about Shaozhou (now Shaoguan City, Guangdong Province) through his temple. Three years later, he left with Ding You and returned to China, accompanied by Wang Anshi (then 13 years old).

Accordingly, this time I returned to Ming Dow for two years (1033). In the second year of Baoyuan (1039), Wang Yi died in Jiangning (now Jiangsu).

Wang Anshi wrote this article in three years (1043), so he was called "Zu". ), I saw it at my uncle's house, twelve or three.

Write a poem, (ellipsis. The object of "ling" is omitted, which should be "ling's poem" and "qi" refers to. )

You can't call it the smell of the past. After another seven years, I returned to Yangzhou and asked my uncle how he was.

He said, "Everyone has left." The Prince (referring to Wang Anshi) said: Zhong Yong's general knowledge is also influenced by heaven.

It is also blessed, far more virtuous than talents. If a chess piece is owned by everyone, it will not be influenced by others.

Becoming an ordinary person in the end is the reason why his acquired education is not in place. He is the recipient, so he is a saint, not the recipient, but for all; Today's husband is not subject to heaven, and he is not subject to heaven, only for everyone. A person's talent is important, but it is more important to go through continuous learning the day after tomorrow. )

Fang Zhongyong is a civilian in Jinxi County, who has been farming for generations. When Zhong Yong was five years old, he had never seen any reading and writing tools, and suddenly he cried for them.

My father was surprised by this and borrowed it from his neighbor. He immediately wrote four poems and wrote his own name. This poem is about caring for parents and uniting people of the same clan, and it is spread to the scholars in the whole town for viewing.

From then on, he was assigned to write a poem and finish it immediately. The literary talent and truth of the poem have something to watch. People in the same county were surprised by Zhong Yong, and gradually treated his father with the courtesy of guests. Some people ask for Zhong Yong's poems with money and gifts.

His father coveted this and forced Zhong Yong to visit people in the same county every day instead of studying. I've heard a long time ago.

In the era of Ming Dow, I followed my late father back to my hometown and met him at my uncle's house. He is twelve or thirteen years old. Let's write poetry, which is not as good as the previous rumors.

Seven years later, I came back from Yangzhou and went to my uncle's house to ask about Zhong Yong. I replied: "Zhong Yong's special functions have completely disappeared and become an ordinary person." Mr. Wang said: our knowledge and understanding ability are innate.

His talent is far higher than that of ordinary talented people. Because he didn't get the education the day after tomorrow, he finally became an ordinary person.

A naturally intelligent person like him will become an ordinary person if he has no acquired education. Therefore, those ordinary people who are not born smart now may not be ordinary if they don't receive the acquired education. First, the word 1. Li: It belongs to 2. Ten miles of farming: generations engaged in agricultural production; 3. Never: Never; 4. q: q: 5. Different: I want to know ... 6. Borrow nearby: borrow from neighbors; 7. and: give; 8. book: write; 9.For: inscription; 10. take … as the meaning: take … as the content of the poem; 1 1. Viewpoint: appreciation; 12. Nature: From now on; 13. Yes: this, this; 14. Just: finished; 15.

Place; 16. Omitted: gradually; 17. Or: someone; 18. guests: treat each other with courtesy; 19. Yi people: fellow villagers; 20. Begging: Begging, here refers to spending money to ask Zhong Yong to mention poetry; 2 1. Li Qiran: covet this (profitable); 22. Pull: Pull 23 hard. Ring: visit everywhere; 24.make:let； 25. follow: follow; 26. said: compared; Smell: fame 28. Disappear: disappear. The uniqueness of Fang Zhongyong has completely disappeared.

29. Non-conformity: Non-conformity (requirement). 30. Prince: Wang Anshi's self-report.

3 1. Fu: The first word of this sentence is not translated. 32. solid: originally.

33. Literary talent and rationality. 34. Profit: Utilization ....

35. It's worth it. Scholar: This refers to a learned scholar.

37. Joe: Visit 38. Writing tools: Writing tools refer to pens, ink, paper and inkstones. 2. Sentence interpretation 1. Parents are different and close to each other. Father was very surprised and borrowed it from his neighbor to Zhong Yong.

2. In this name, he wrote poems for adoptive parents and families. And write your name on the poem, the theme is to support your parents and have a good relationship with the same family.

3. It means that things are poems, both in arts and sciences.

6. How to translate the classical Chinese "Two Children Arguing about Japan" into the modern Chinese "Confucius' Journey to the East"? When he saw two children arguing, he asked them why they were arguing.

A child said, "I think the sun is close to people at sunrise and far away from people at noon."

Another child thinks that the sun is far away from people when it just rises, and it is closer to people at noon.

A child said, "The sun was as big as the hood of a car when it first came out, and it was as small as a plate at noon. Isn't this the truth of being far small and near big? "

Another child said, "It was cold when the sun first came out, and it was as hot as putting your hand into hot water at noon. Isn't that why you feel hot near and cold far away? "

Hearing this, Confucius could not judge who was right or wrong.

The two children smiled and said to Confucius, "Who says you have much wisdom?"