Information about calligraphy

Chinese characters and calligraphy

Calligraphy is a traditional art in China, and it is a line plastic art with Chinese characters as the object of expression. Its emergence and development are closely related to Chinese characters themselves. In a sense, China's calligraphy is accompanied by the emergence and development of Chinese characters. Therefore, a history of China calligraphy is a history of the development of Chinese characters. So, what is calligraphy? Calligraphy is based on Chinese characters and is usually written with a brush. Abstract symbolic art with four-dimensional characteristics. It embodies the basic law of the "unity of opposites" of all things, and also embodies the spirit, temperament, knowledge and cultivation of the subject. In short, calligraphy is a writing method, or writing rules, that promotes Chinese characters to the artistic realm.

Calligraphy is different from writing. You should write. The purpose of writing is practical, as long as the strokes are clear and the fonts are correct. Calligraphy is not only practical, but also has aesthetic value of appreciation. Because calligraphy and writing are closely related, we will explore the development of China's calligraphy along with the development of Chinese characters.

The Creation of Chinese Characters and the Generation of China's Calligraphy

Chinese characters are an important symbol of a nation moving from barbarism to civilization. The Chinese nation has a history of 5,000 years of civilization. Chinese characters are one of the oldest writing symbols in the world, and their maturity has a history of about 4,000 to 5,000 years.

China's calligraphy is an art based on Chinese characters. It takes Chinese characters as the carrier and depends on the creation of characters. Therefore, it should be conclusive that the creation of characters precedes the creation of calligraphy. There have been various opinions about the origin of Chinese characters in ancient times, such as Xu Shen's Preface to Explaining Chinese Characters.

In ancient times, the king of Xi family lived in the world. When he looked up, he looked at the sky. When he looked down, he looked at the law on the ground. He regards the writings of birds and beasts as appropriate to the place and close to everything, so he opens up the gossip of Yi, and governs it by hanging the constitution and attaching importance to the Shen farmhouse, unifying its affairs, making it complicated and decorating it with emptiness. Cang Xie, the history of the Yellow Emperor, saw the hoof traces of birds and animals and knew why.

The Chinese characters mentioned here began with the Eight Diagrams Theory of Yi, the notes of knot-making by Shennong and the word-making theory of Cangjie by Huangdi. Whose word-making theory has the greatest influence.

How did Cang Xie create Chinese characters? As mentioned earlier, he "saw the footprints of birds and animals' hooves, and he knew the difference between them, so he made a book contract from the beginning." "Cang Xie wrote a book at the beginning and covered it with pictographs, so it was called' Wen'; After that, the form and sound are mutually beneficial, which is called' word'. " Based on this, it can be inferred that "Wen" is a text created according to the principle of pictographs, such as the image of the sun, the moon, mountains, Sichuan and so on; Zi is a word created according to the principle of pictophonetic characters, such as river, river, lake and sea. Then refer to things, understand, annotate and borrow to form "Six Books".

As the symbol of notes, characters are produced to meet the needs of people's production and life. It should be accumulated by the broad masses of working people in long-term production practice and life. It will not be invented by one person at a time. It must have gone through a long process from simple to complex, constantly eliminating the essence and constantly running in. Perhaps one of them has made extraordinary contributions beyond ordinary people, and it is also very possible. And our ancestors, there is a phenomenon, that is, some cultural phenomena accumulated by the collective for a long time are attributed to one person and mythologized. As Lu Xun said in Talking about Foreign Languages, "In the society, there is more than one Cang Xie, some carve a small picture on the hilt, and some draw some pictures on the portal, which is fascinating and word of mouth will increase. As soon as the official receives it, he can perfunctory notes. " This explanation is more in line with the text.

From the unearthed cultural relics, we can clearly see the initial pictographic development of Chinese characters from the Neolithic half-slope "painted pottery basin with fish face pattern" unearthed in Xi 'an, "pottery carving symbol in Dawenkou, Shandong" and Oracle Bone Inscriptions in the Yin and Shang Dynasties. It was not until a large number of Oracle Bone Inscriptions appeared in the Yin and Shang Dynasties that our Chinese characters were formally formed and confirmed.

When did calligraphy begin as an art? There is no conclusion in academic circles. Guo Moruo believes that China's characters only had "artistic flavor" in the Yin Dynasty, but consciously using characters as works of art or making them artistic and decorative "began in the late Spring and Autumn Period". Because Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty was considered as the first recognizable Chinese character system in China, China calligraphy based on Chinese characters could not appear after two thousand years, which was determined by the practical characteristics of China calligraphy.

The Evolution of Chinese Characters and the Development of China's Calligraphy

Since the emergence of Chinese characters in Xia and Shang Dynasties, their development has gone through two stages: ancient Chinese characters and modern Chinese characters. The so-called "ancient Chinese characters" refer to all kinds of Chinese characters before the emergence of official script, including Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Jinwen, Shi Guwen, Six Kingdoms, Xiao Zhuan and so on. In other words, "ancient Chinese characters" refers to seal script in a broad sense, including big seal script and small seal script.

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big seal character

Dazhuan is the oldest font of Chinese characters, which was popular before the Warring States Period (220 BC). Today, Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Jin Wen, Shi Guwen and others. Belongs to the big seal script.

1. Oracle Bone Inscriptions

Oracle Bone Inscriptions is the earliest writing system in ancient China, which was popular in Shang Dynasty about 4000 years ago. Oracle Bone Inscriptions is written on tortoise shells and animal bones, also known as "Wen Qi", "lettering" and "Oracle Bone Inscriptions".

It is called "Wen Qi" or "lettering" because its words are engraved on Oracle Bone Inscriptions or animal bones; It is called "Oracle Bone Inscriptions" because it is engraved with divination content. Oracle Bone Inscriptions was first discovered in the Yin Ruins in Xiaotun Village, Anyang, Henan Province in modern times. At present, there are about 4,500 words, but only 1,000 words can be accurately identified (different statistics). Oracle Bone Inscriptions should not be the whole writing system used at that time.

As a calligraphy work, Oracle Bone Inscriptions has outstanding style characteristics. Because the figures carved by Oracle Bone Inscriptions are mostly straight lines and corners, they rarely become lines, and because of the sharp and blunt carving tools, superb carving skills and changes in material differences, Gu Zhuo's carved lines are thick, skilled, dignified, oblique and changeable, light and charming, and complex in structure and size. However, the variation is usually symmetrical.

Oracle Bone Inscriptions was discovered in the 25th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1899). At that time, archaeologist Wang suffered from malaria and took medicine. In the prescription prescribed by the doctor, there is a kind of Chinese medicine called "keel". When he bought it back from Darentang at the mouth of Xuanwu Gate, he was greatly surprised to find that the "keel" was carved with a knife. He bought all the "keels" with clear handwriting and asked about their sources.

More than 500 pieces of Oracle bone inscriptions1before and after Wang, which were not studied in depth, were all handed over to Liu E in the following year (1900) and kept by Liu Youhe himself. With the help of Luo Zhenyu, 1058 pieces of Oracle bone inscriptions were published in 1903, which was called "Tieyun Cang" in history. 1908, he visited Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Xiaotun Village, Anyang, and followed famous Oracle Bone Inscriptions researchers such as Wang Guowei, Dong Zuobin and Guo Moruo.

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2. Jinwen

Times are developing and people are changing. When the Yin Dynasty turned from prosperity to decline, and then from the Zhou Dynasty, Chinese characters also entered a new era. This is the heyday of bronze inscriptions. Bronze inscriptions refer to ancient Chinese characters carved on Yi vessels such as Zhong Ding, which were cast in bronze before Shang and Zhou Dynasties, Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period. Because it was carved on bronze wares, the ancients called it bronze and gold, so it was called "bronze inscription". Because most of these bronzes are Zhong Ding, they are called "bronze inscriptions".

During the Yin and Shang Dynasties, with the progress of smelting technology, there were more bronzes. Due to the limitation of engraving and casting technology, there are few calligraphy and long inscriptions on bronzes. For example, the largest Simuwu Dafang Ding now weighs 875 kilograms and has only the word "Simuwu" in its abdomen. There were only 27 words in the late Yin and Shang Dynasties, and it gradually increased in the Zhou Dynasty.

The calligraphy of bronze inscriptions generally has such characteristics: the lines are highly fluid, the straightness changes obviously, the font and composition change naturally, and there is no fixed pattern. Freer brushwork and more fat pens. Here are several styles of bronze inscriptions:

2. 1 The inscription on the vessel based on the cauldron was in the transformation stage from Oracle Bone Inscriptions to Zhong Dingwen in the Yin and Zhou Dynasties, and its style did not lose the simplicity of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, giving people a feeling of childlike innocence. Dadingding was unearthed in Licun, Meixian County, Shaanxi Province during the Daoguang period of the Qing Dynasty, and is now in the Museum of Chinese History, with the inscription 19, counting * * * 29 1.

2.2 gross, gross, gross, gross, gross, gross, gross, gross. It is an inscription with rigorous pen, smooth lines, slim structure and beautiful words. Mao Dinggong was unearthed in Qishan, Shaanxi Province in the late Daoguang period of Qing Dynasty, and is now in Taipei Museum. His achievements in calligraphy are regarded as treasures in inscriptions on bronze.

2.3 The inscriptions on plates and clocks are elegant in style and extensive in structure. Some experts believe that this was a writing style popular in Jingchu and other places at that time, so it was quite different from Mao's elegant style. The dish unearthed in the early years of Qianlong in Qing Dynasty was once hidden in the inner government of Qianlong, and now it is in the Taipei Museum. The inscription is 19 lines, totaling 357 words.

2.4-meter-long white plate, unearthed in Baoji, Shaanxi during Daoguang period of Qing Dynasty, is now in the Chinese History Museum. The inscription has eight lines, totaling 1 1 1. The calligraphy of the inscription is neat and elegant, and it should be well organized. Therefore, the writing of inscriptions became regular, which also reflected the diversity of artistic styles at that time, and was also the foreshadowing for Qin Shihuang's unified writing.

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3. Shi Guwen

Great seal scripts include Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Jinwen and Shi Guwen. Since Shi Guwen, the style of the three generations has been the most important one, while the variant characters of the six countries have become a sideline. It can also be said that Shi Guwen is a symbol of completing the historical destiny of Da Zhuan.

Shi Guwen is called "Shi Guwen" because it is carved on a stone drum. It is the earliest recognizable writing in China and the ancestor of stone carving.

Shi Guwen was discovered in the early years of the Tang Dynasty. At that time, someone accidentally found nine ancient drum-shaped carved stones in the grass vines in the wilderness of Tianxing (now Baoji, Shaanxi), which caused a sensation for a while. Du Fu, Wei, Han Yu and others scrambled to compose poems. Later, there was a year in Song Renzong (A.D. 1049- 1054).

There are ten stone drums, each engraved with a four-character poem, which records Qin Jun's hunting trip. Some people have verified that it was carved by Qin Xiangong in the eleventh year; Some people think that this stone is not a drum, but a stone tablet (also called a tablet in ancient times, and a round tablet is a tablet), so the inscription on the tablet has become a "hunting tablet". Among the ten drums, the inscription on one drum has been completely erased. Most of the inscriptions on the other nine drums have been stripped. The rubbings of the Tang Dynasty are today.

From an artistic point of view, Shi Guwen was highly valued by calligraphers after the Tang Dynasty, and was greatly appreciated by later generations such as Su Shi and Kang Youwei. Tang Zhang Huai said in the "Description" that it is "outstanding in body image, extraordinary today and extraordinary in ancient times; Falling pearls and jade, fluttering tassels; Cang Xie's successor, the ancestor of Xiao Zhuan, is famous for his Who's Who and Stone Drum Remains. In his Song of the Stone Drum, Han Yu praised him as "like a phoenix dance, like an angel descending from the earth, like a jade coral tree, with staggered branches, like a golden chain, like a fragrant tripod throwing into the sea, like a dragon sky". It can be said that Shi Guwen is full of vigor and vitality, and his structure is elegant and agile. Li Si's Xiao Zhuan paved the way for Qin Shihuang to unify China characters.

In the pre-Qin ancient Chinese characters, there have been many names of ancient Chinese characters, such as ancient Chinese characters, variant characters, seal script, official script, Miao seal, insect seal and six-body seal. There are also seal scripts: Dragon Tiger Seal, Phoenix Fish Seal, Kirin Seal, Immortal Seal, Tadpole Insect Seal, Cloud Seal, Insect Seal, Fish Seal, Bird Seal, Dragon Seal and so on.

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Xiao Zhuan and Li Si

In 22 1 year BC, Qin Shihuang established a unified China. In order to facilitate the rule and consolidate the political power, he divided the world into 36 counties, destroyed all the weapons in the world, and made twelve "bells" and gold (metal) people. He established a unified political and economic system, including the unification of weights and measures, the unification of traffic regulations and the unification of words. He ended the previous "different fields and acres, different cars and different places".

On the unified character, "Prime Minister Reese played the same thing, saying that it was not in harmony with Qin. The secretary wrote, the secretariat ordered Zhao Gao to write a calendar, and the surname ordered Hu Wujing to write a study book, all of which were based on the historical book Da Zhuan, or were well preserved, so the so-called Xiao Zhuan maker also ". Qin lived in the hometown of the Western Zhou Dynasty, so it was popular in Qin.

In fact, in the Qin Dynasty, Xiao Zhuan was not widely popularized among the people. The main reason here is that the official script at that time has been made. 1979 The wooden slips unearthed in Qingchuan County, Sichuan Province were written in the second year of Qin Wuwang (AD 309), 88 years before Qin Shihuang unified China. Many characters are already the brushwork of official script. Official script is much more convenient and authentic than seal script. It can only be said that Xiao Zhuan is the official script of the Qin Dynasty. Almost all Qin bamboo slips unearthed in recent years are official scripts. Today's seal script is mostly seven stone tablets carved in various places during Qin Shihuang's five tours.

2 19 BC: Stone carving in Yishan, Taishan and Langya (in Shandong).

2 18 BC: stone carving in Zhifu, stone carving in Dongguan, Zhifu (in Shandong).

2 15 BC: Jieshi Stone Carvings (Hebei)

2 10 BC: Huiji stone carving (Zhejiang)

Li Si's calligraphy skills are highly praised by later generations, such as the book review of Yuan Ang's "The world is the crown, it is hard to be flat (comment)" in the Southern Dynasties. "The Biography of Xiao Si is excellent in ancient and modern times. The mountain is in the king of Qin, the decree makes the narrow man a strong crossbow, and the stone is Hong Zhong. " In the Tang Dynasty, Li Sizhen's book was the back of the book. "Books are like stones and words fly."

Interestingly, it is said that Li Si once said when he was alive, "In 942 years after my death, someone will trace it for me." Later, in the Tang Dynasty, Li Yangbing inherited the style of Li Si's "jade rib seal" and wrote an excellent seal script, which is considered to have fulfilled Li Si's prediction.

Siqi Li

Li Si, a native of Shangcai, Chu (now southwest of Shangcai, Henan), studied politics and culture since childhood and became a guest minister in Qin when he grew up. Finally, he took the place of Lv Buwei and ascended the high position of Prime Minister. In 2 18 (2 19 BC), the first emperor began a large-scale trip to the world, visiting all the eastern counties. During this period, he went to Zou Yishan (in Shandong Province) to carve stones to praise the virtues of Qin Shihuang and discuss the great event of "closing Zen" to worship heaven and earth. Then Qin Shihuang and his party climbed Mount Tai, built an altar to worship heaven and carved stones for the journey. Then in this large-scale eastward tour, I visited Zhifu, Jieshi, Langya, Huiji and carved stones to record the merits of Qin Shihuang, leaving traces of Li Sishu. He later wrote for Li Si.

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official script

Official script is a common script in Han dynasty, which has been nearly two years since. The word "official" in official script is easily associated with "slave". Therefore, there is a saying that farmers at the bottom of ancient society rarely read and write, and slaves in the slave age were not as good as cattle and horses. What conditions do you have to study, let alone have your own personality? This is just a matter of course.

According to records, in the Qin Dynasty, because the country had just been unified and there were many officials and prisons, it was not easy to write standard seal script. The use of official script as a document was the need of the development of social life, which made official script popular. In the past, it was generally believed that official script originated from the Qin Dynasty, and it was said that Cheng Miao made official script.

Cheng Miao, a small county magistrate, was removed from his post and imprisoned for some things. In prison, he devoted himself to studying Xiao Zhuan for ten years and turned it into a 3000-word official script. Later, when he played in the imperial court, Qin Shihuang felt very good and appointed him as the suggestion. At the same time, "there are many things to play with, but it is difficult to seal characters, so Li characters are used as official scripts."

Li Ren, like Cheng Miao, has a completely different meaning from today's "slave". Needless to say, slaves, at that time, petty officials and collectors belonged to the upper class. Mastering cultural knowledge is also a matter for the upper class, not for ordinary people. Therefore, later generations said that this font evolved from Li Shu, a seal script, which turned the round strokes of seal script into square folds, and then waves appeared in the strokes.

About Cheng Miao's official script creation, most of his calligraphy and philology works say so. I think it should be similar to Cang Xie's characterization. He summed up the pioneering achievements of predecessors, arranged and perfected them, standardized and unified them, and perfected them into a 3000-word official script. Judging from the unearthed cultural relics today, official script appeared as early as the Warring States period.

The emergence of official script and its replacement of seal script is a major event in the history of Chinese characters. From the point of view of fonts, there are seal script, official script, capitalization and cursive script. Among them, cursive script is based on the quick writing of seal script, official script and official script, so the quick writing of seal script, official script and official script has evolved into running script and cursive script. Strictly speaking, cursive script is not an independent character, so it is said that seal script is in front, capitalized in the back and capitalized in the middle. There are two notable features: 1. The structure of square characters has begun to take shape. As Shu Duan said, "Simplify the complexity and turn the circle into a square". 2. The pictographic basis of seal script has been basically deleted, which has created a precedent for regular script strokes in the future and laid the foundation for the finalization of Chinese characters.

Today, no one knows what the official script written by Cheng Miao looks like. It is generally believed that the official script matured in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The monuments of Yi Ying, Chen Shi, Zhang Qian, Li Qi and Cao Quan we mentioned all came from the Eastern Han Dynasty. In other words, it took 200 years from the appearance of official script to the development of Qin dynasty into its own universal normative form.

The standard official script has three characteristics in font: 1. The font is flat. 2. Fold the circle into a square. 3. There are changes in the pen, mainly "wave" and "".

In terms of official script, Cheng Miao, the most famous calligrapher, is of course the first person. Of course, the most famous scholar after that was Cai Yong (A.D. 132- 192), a famous scholar at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. He was born in Bo Shu and Chen (south of Qi County, Henan Province). He is versatile and kind.

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regular script

Regular script, also known as "original" and "official script", is the stereotyped writing of Chinese characters. Almost at the same time, and popular among the people. At first, or for a long time, the appellations were mixed, and it was difficult to distinguish them. Zhang Huai said: "Official script is also today's official script." Zhang Huai also said in "On Six Laws": "Official script is a seedling. Without waves, it would be a regular script as we know it. By the end of Han Dynasty and the turn of Wei and Jin Dynasties, regular script was completely out of the influence of official script and became the final form of Chinese characters. Once it is mature, it will shine in the hands of Zhong You and his son.

Zhong You (A.D. 15 1-230) was born in Sichuan in the Three Kingdoms period. At the end of the Han Dynasty, Ju Xiaolian became an official, served as a servant, and sealed Dongwu Tinghou. Later, he assisted Cao Cao in becoming an official and sealed Dingling Hou. He is called "Zhong Taifu". In the Romance of the Three Kingdoms. He didn't appear many times in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms. As a counselor, he strategized, formulated state affairs and did many great things for Cao Cao. He was a seal official and was good at seal script. Zhang Huai listed his calligraphy as a "miracle" and called him "the only person since Qin and Han Dynasties" in "Shu Duan". Liang Wudi Xiao Yan, Ancient and Modern.

His son Zhong Hui (225-264), whose name is Shi Li, is well known to the world. He and Wargo led the troops into Shu, defeated Jiang Wei and pacified Shu. This official is General Zhenxi. Pacify Shu meritorious, into Stuart county. Later, he was killed by the rebels for rebellion. The end of the book is listed as his official script.

During the Three Kingdoms period, there were two Zhong's father and son, Dan Wei, Qian Wei, Zhang Yi and Yi Song. They were very handsome at that time. There are also many calligraphers in Wu State and Shu State, and the emperor statue of Wu State is one of them. At that time, the "Eight Wonders" were popular in the society, and one of them was the Emperor Cao Zhang, who had an "urgent chapter".

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God's transmission and teaching

Lishu prevailed in the Han Dynasty, and its representative works were concentrated in commemorative works. At the end of Han Dynasty, Lishu calligraphy was mature, and a large number of calligraphers appeared, among which Cai Yong was the best. Many famous monuments in the Eastern Han Dynasty also constitute what later generations call "the glory of the Han monument". Today, "Xi Jing Can Shi" comes from Cai Yong's hand. Because of his great fame, many Han tablets left no names, even descendants.

Cai Yong, whose real name is Bo Shu (A.D. 132- 192), and Chen Liuwei (a native of Qixian County, Henan Province) are proficient in Confucian classics, temperament and astronomy, and are good at Ci Fu, calligraphy and painting. His books are most famous for official books. The officer of the corps commander is called Cai Zhonglang.

It is mentioned in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty that he wrote Xiping Shijing. Xiping for four years, was named Xiping by Tang Xixi, General of Five Senses, Dr. Guanglu, Zhang Xun, the doctor of exhortation negotiator, and Shan Xiang, who was called a surname by Korea. , "play the six classics. The spirit emperor promised it, starting from the book engraving Dan, and making the workers engrave it. "

More than 1000 cars, traffic jam. This shows the grand occasion at that time. Perhaps such a grand occasion, Cai Yong's brushwork can only be taught by the man of God, and he can teach the world by his hand.

The names of the people who taught brushwork in Zhang Yanyuan's Calligraphy in the Tang Dynasty;

"Cai Yong was influenced by the man of God, Cui Yuanhe Yueshi, Yueshi Zhong You, Zhong You Wei Fu, Wei Fu's Wang Xizhi, Wang Xizhi's, Yang Xin's Yang Xin, Wang Monk, Wang Xiao Ziyun, bravely Xiao Ziyun, bravely Yu Shinan, Yu Shinan's Ou Yangxun, Ou Yangxun's Lu Cambodia.

Judging from this, almost all people in the Han and Tang dynasties entered the net. At this point, many people in later generations learned from the "two kings", while those who learned from Europe, Yan and Zhang belonged to Cai Men. In fact, Cai Yong's influence is not that great.

Shen said in "Exegesis on the Learning Experience of Famous Scholars in Past Dynasties": "The notes in this article can be used for reference and are not complete, that is, the relationship between Zhu Suiliang and Ou Yu is not mentioned, which is proof. As for Cai Yong's claim that he is a man of God, it is nonsense. " But we can refer to it, which is both credible and unreliable. First, Cai Zhonglang not only writes well, but also has a brushwork handed down from generation to generation. It is not credible to say that you have been endowed with a long reputation. If you give the legend to Mr. Baiyun, it is all a lie. In fact, scholars are obsessed with playing with historical sites, and they think about it carefully. If there is a teacher to help them, the world will say it is a legend if they don't check it. Third, "the legend of literature has finally come" is not a legend, such as the lost and broken martial arts secrets. It's a record, not a legend.

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Cursive script, chapter grass, present grass, big grass

"Six kings finish their work, and the four seas are one". Qin Shihuang unified China, Li Si created seal script and abandoned the six-nation script, which is the need and necessity of the development of the times. The creation and application of official script is "out of official prison, easy to exist, and also applied to disciples", which meets the needs of social life development.

The rise and popularity of a language has its roots. With the progress of the times, more and more words are used, and people need a convenient and quick way to express themselves. As a result, cursive script came into being. The history of cursive script can be traced back to Oracle Bone Inscriptions, the earliest character recognition system. Cursive script can be divided into broad sense and narrow sense. In a broad sense, cursive script refers to all irregular and scrawled fonts. In this sense, cursive script includes cursive script. Cursive script came into being in the emergency at that time, but it didn't work properly because of the tight time. In a narrow sense, cursive script refers to the fact that after the emergence of official script, the strokes of official script are written together, but the style of official script is still preserved, which is slightly flat and wavy. This is Cao Zhang. At the same time, it also includes modern grass evolved from Cao Zhang. It standardized the previous "scribbling" books, made it a normal state, and raised this normal state to the normal state.

As a mature calligraphy style, Cao Zhang has been simplified since the Qin Dynasty, and kept the style of official script, which is slightly flat and wavy. The characters are dotted and lively, but the characters are often independent, and the strokes and styles are smooth and easy to write, which is a common calligraphy style at that time.

You Shi, a native of Huangmenling in the Western Han Dynasty, is the first cursive writer known today. His "urgent chapter" is the beginning of cursive script and Cao Zhang. By the time of Emperor Zhang in the Eastern Han Dynasty (76-88 AD), Cao Zhang was well written and appreciated by Emperor Liu. From then on, Cao Zhang was born. There is also a saying that it was created by Emperor Gaozu Zhang, so it is called. The money in the Spring Pavilion was made by Emperor Zhang, but it is generally believed that it was made by later generations. However, during the reign of Emperor Zhang of the Han Dynasty, it was generally recognized that the writing method of ""had been determined. If Zhuge Liang's example is circulated before and after, it is likely that Cao Zhang was used.

At that time, Cao Zhang's name had not been established, and official script was called cursive script. Later, the appearance of Zhang Zhi pushed this change to the extreme. Later generations called the cursive script of the Eastern Han Dynasty Cao Zhang, and the cursive script after Zhang Zhi was called Modern Grass, or cursive script. Judging from this change, it should be "seal script-official script-Cao Zhang-Jincao". This is a clue to the development of calligraphy. Cui Yuan (AD 78- 143), a native of Anping, Hebei Province, was known as "Cui Zhang" and was a famous cursive master in the early days. The second volume of his "Spring Flower Pavilion Post", "Fairy as Post", is a modern grass with a style close to that of "Two Kings".

Zhang Zhi (-about AD 192), whose real name is Boying, was born in Jiuquan, Gansu, and later moved to Huayin, Shanxi. He is good at cursive writing, especially learning Cui and Du's methods. The diligence in the pool makes the pool full of ink. The cursive script was first used for convenience, and it is often said that ".

Big grass, a wonderful flower in the cursive garden, is the "cursive script" of modern grass. At the beginning of its establishment, modern grass has two development directions: one is practicality; Second, art, big grass is the inevitable choice for the development of modern grass.

"The style of the word' big grass' is formed in one stroke, occasionally disconnected, but the blood vessels are continuous, and the climate is staggered." "The people who are called books in the world started from Zhang Boying, and so it is.". Zhang Zhi is a master of modern grass science and a pioneer of a book, which opened up the main road for the creation of grass in later generations.

It is difficult to cut today's grass into big grass with one knife, which is today's grass and which is big grass. It's not obvious at a glance. However, big grass is more important than lyric freehand brushwork, and the expression of feelings gradually loses its practicality and focuses on artistry. Passionate and crazy, exaggerated and exaggerated. From the structural point of view, today's Grass has been symbolized, enlarged and "deformed" to meet the needs of writing style. Or broken. And the density is strong and the sense of rhythm is strong. You can race horses when it's sparse, and it's airtight when it's dense. Sometimes it's like dancing, sometimes it's like a silver bottle bursting, and the knife and gun are striking. The contrast between density and density is strong, which produces a "crazy" but not surprising effect.

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Langya Wang Yishu Han

The general trend of the world will be combined for a long time. The three countries were divided into gold. Ushered in the second unification in the history of China. The rulers did not establish a solid unified empire. Within Sima's political group, there was a rebellion of eight kings, and you killed me and cut me, and there was constant infighting. The northern minorities established their own political power, and sixteen countries were disturbed one after another. Western Jin Dynasty (AD 256-365438+)

The Eastern Jin Dynasty, which made no achievements in politics and military affairs, reached the first peak in the history of China calligraphy in the soft and very rich south of the Yangtze River. Known as the "sage of calligraphy", Wang Xizhi, with a large number of calligraphers represented by the "two kings", won the glory of the stars for a while and became the "romantic style of the Eastern Jin Dynasty" admired by later generations. At the same time, in this starry sky,

Calligraphy has been passed down for about 300 years from the king of the seven sages in the bamboo forest to the Chen Wangs in the Southern Dynasties.

Wang, a native of Linyi, the Three Kingdoms.

Above the calligraphy world, there are many family-based calligraphers such as father and son calligraphers. According to the family theory, the Wangs can be said to be Mount Everest among the towering mountains in the history of China calligraphy. Judging from its political status, the Wang family was also very prominent at that time.

After the fall of Chang 'an, Emperor Li Jue committed suicide. Si Marui proclaimed himself emperor in Jianye and was established in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. There is a great contradiction between north and south. Si Marui relied heavily on Wang Dao, the prime minister, and made the Eastern Jin regime recognized by the north and the south. It is said that on the first day of Si Marui's accession to the throne, Wang Dao was allowed to sit together. At that time, there was a saying that "the king and the horse (Sima) were under the sky", but in the Eastern Jin Dynasty,

Mentally, Wang Dao was also the leader of the scholar-officials, which can be seen in the idiom "Cry in a new pavilion".

Culturally, the world was in chaos, and the royal family crossed the south. At such a critical moment, Wang Dao also hid Zhong You's "Application Sticker" in his belt and crossed the river, which became a much-told story. This shows that he attaches importance to and loves calligraphy. And he also practiced, in addition to politics, but also managed to write calligraphy, setting an example for his family. As a prime minister, it also promoted the learning style of the whole society. Xie An, Xie Shang, Chi Jian, Yi Xi, Yu Liang, Yu Bing, Yu Yi, etc. Appeared. In addition to the Wangs, a group of outstanding calligraphers in the Eastern Jin Dynasty showed the weather of a thousand stones contending for beauty, a hundred stones contending for streams and stars contending for glory.

In the literati class at that time, life was comfortable and tired of war. It is impossible to send troops to the north to recover their homes. They advocate the philosophy of Laozi and Zhuangzi, speak freely, and always sparkle with the wisdom of the elite literati. The Wangs, who have a tradition of calligraphy, naturally focus on calligraphy and indulge in it. It is not a problem to practice hard every day. The experience and skills of calligraphy naturally gather here, plus the social environment. The emergence of Wang Xizhi, a book sage, is also the result of the times and personal efforts. As for the brushwork of the legendary Mr. Baiyun, the brushwork of Hui Jishan's "Different People Crossing the Cloud" and "Gift to Xi" is actually the postscript of later generations, which is nonsense and extremely unreliable.