Common sense of ancient culture

Ancient methods of age, month, date and time

Dating method

1 year chronology: The earliest chronology in China was expressed by the year when the princes ascended the throne. Take "Yuan, two, three ..." as the ordinal number until death. Such as: the year of Lunuo, the decade of Lu Zhuanggong. Since the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty by Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, the year number and year number have been used in the order of "Yuan, Er, San ……", and the change of year number has started again. Such as: the first year of Yuanjia, the middle period of Jian 'an at the end of Han Dynasty, and the decade of Yuanhe. When the new king ascended the throne, he had to change his title and remember it again, which was called "changing Yuan", such as "King Xia, changing Jingyan". Chronology of trunk and branch: trunk and branch, collectively referred to as heavenly stems and earthly branches. A, B, C, D, E, G and Xin Renkui are called ten stems, which are used to indicate the order. Zi Chou Chen has called the 12 th branch to record the time at noon. Ten stems and twelve circulating flowers are matched into Jiazi, Yechou, Bingyin ... Kuihai, and then Jiazi is re-matched, which is exactly 60, usually called 60-flower Jiazi, which is reused repeatedly. Since the Eastern Han Dynasty, the chronology of stems and branches has been adopted. For example, "To remember the arrest of Duke Zhou, I look forward to Ding Mao's March." 3 years, the combination of dry and dry years. For example, "Gan Long Ding Haidong in April of the second year of Shunzhi".

Lunar calendar method

1 is expressed by ordinal number: January, February, March ... December. January, the beginning of a year, is also called the first month. The ancients also had a method of "making the moon", that is, using December with twelve branches to represent the month. Usually, the gamete in November of the summer calendar where the winter solstice is located is called Jianzi Month, which leads to the conclusion that December is the ugly month, the first month is the cloudy month, and November is the sea month. 2 According to the four seasons: three months in each season, arranged in the order of Meng Zhongji, such as Meng Chun and Midsummer.

Jirifa

1 Mark the dates with dry branches, such as Ding Chou in June (the ninth day of June) and Xia Xinji (the thirteenth day). Because the number of days (fifty-nine days) in two months is different from that in the summer calendar, the names and dates of the monthly branches do not completely correspond. 2. According to the ordinal number of the first day, the second day to the thirtieth day. These three days at the end of the 15th of each month have specific names, which are called "New Moon", "Hope" and "Darkness". (4) Punctuality The ancients used punctuality to represent twelve hours, and each hour is equivalent to two hours now. From 23: 00 (i.e. 1 1 p.m.) to 1 p.m., gametes advance in sequence, with the first hour as the beginning and the last hour as the positive, which is equivalent to dividing twelve hours of a day and night into twenty-four hours. See the table of twelve points and twelve earthly branches for collocation. At dusk 12, people will crow at midnight and the sun will rise at sunrise. At noon, the sun will set.

Chen hasn't signed up for the twelve places to defend Haizi's ugliness this afternoon.

24: 00 19-

2 1 2 1-

23 23-

1 1-3 3-5 5-7 7-9 9-

1 1 1 1-

13 13-

15 15-

17 17-

19

Even 20-

22 22-

24 24-2 2-4 4-6

Five more one more two more three more four more five more.

2. Common sense of various cultures in ancient China.

The ancient Kanto refers to the area east of Hanguguan or Tongguan, and the modern refers to the northeast area east of Shanhaiguan.

Cao Cao's "Hao Li Xing": "There are righteous men in Kanto, fighting for the heroes." Refers to the area east of Tongguan.

Kansai refers to the area west of Hanguguan or Tongguan. Battle of Red Cliffs: "Ma Chao and Han Sui are still in Kansai, which is the future trouble of Cao Cao."

Guanzhong refers to different areas, and the ancients used to call the area west of Hangu Pass Guanzhong. "The Hongmen Banquet": "Pei Gong wants to be the king of Guanzhong and make Zi Ying the phase."

"On Qin": "The heart of the first emperor thought it was fixed in Guanzhong." In ancient times, the western regions were called Xinjiang and its western regions.

Yandang Mountain: "According to western books, Arhat Norodom lived on the back of Furong Peak in Yandang Mountain in the southeast of Sinian." Lingqiao Wuling is another name for Yuecheng, Dubang, Zhu Meng, Qitian and Dayu.

"Herb Picking": "Lingqiao grass, smart and not carved." (This refers to Guangdong and Guangxi in particular).

Shuomo refers to the desert in the north, or "Shuowang" for short, refers to the north. Herb picking: "Mastering ink is peach, plum and Xia Rong."

"Mulan Poetry": "The new moon spreads gold, and the cold light shines iron clothes." The new moon refers to the wind in the north.

Lin's Fengxueshan Temple "returning to the north wind" refers to the north wind. Baiyue is also known as Baiyue and Zhu Yue.

In ancient times, Yue people lived in all parts of Guangdong, collectively known as Baiyue. In ancient Chinese, it often refers to the southern region.

On Qin dynasty, "take the land of Baiyue in the south", "collect herbs" and "all say peach, plum and winter fruit". The floorboard of the five famous mountains in Wuyue, namely Mount Taishan in Dongyue, Huashan in Xiyue, Songshan in Zhongyue, Hengshan in Beiyue and Hengshan in Nanyue.

Climbing Mount Tianmu in my dream: "Climbing to the top of the Five Mountains, the shadow runs through China." The capital of gyeonggi province and its surrounding areas.

Zuo anecdote: "Zuo Xiangzu, a public school in Gyeonggi." In the Western Han Dynasty, Sanfu initially referred to three officials in charge of the Gyeonggi area, and later referred to the areas under the jurisdiction of these three officials.

"Zhang Hengchuan": "Hengshan Mountain belongs to the literature and swims in the third auxiliary." "Remember Zhong Wang's Su Gong Ao:" A man and a woman married the wife of an official in Kyrgyzstan. "

After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it was referred to as "auxiliary" for short. Sanqin refers to the Guanzhong area west of Tongguan.

After the demise of the Qin Dynasty, Xiang Yu gave this place to three generals in Qin Jun, hence the name. Farewell to the governor and enter Shu: "The wall of Sanqin is separated from the water of five rivers."

The administrative region of a county in ancient times. Qin unified the world with 36 counties. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, counties were called each other, and the Ming and Qing Dynasties were called the government.

On Qin, the key counties in the north, Pipa travel, Yuanhe moved to Sima, Jiujiang county for ten years, Battle of Red Cliffs, there are six counties with many soldiers and refined grain. See the article "County" as a country.

"Longzhong Dui": "Since Dong Zhuo came, there have been heroes, and countless people have crossed the state and even joined the county." "Battle of Red Cliffs": "The people of Jingzhou attached symbols, forcing soldiers to take advantage of the situation."

Daoism and Daoism established in minority areas in Han Dynasty are a special administrative region, equivalent to a county. In the Tang Dynasty, Taoism was first a prison area, then an administrative area, and it was an administrative unit at or above the national level.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the provincial roads were set up, the patrol road was a small administrative area, and the patrol road was only a monitoring area. "Tan Sitong" spiraled up Ningxia Road, where "Dao" refers to the Taoist priest.

The administrative region of Lu, Song and Yuan Dynasties is equivalent to the present province. Preface to {Guide to the Southern Tour >: "Except for the right prime minister and the envoys of the Tang Dynasty, all the other military forces are in my charge."

"Forever Yule Jingkou Gubeiting Nostalgia": "Looking at the middle of the road, you can still remember that the fire will be on Yangzhou Road." In ancient landscape, the yin and yang were the south of the mountain and the north of the mountain was the yang, and the south of the mountain was the yin.

"Gong Yu Yishan": "It refers to the south of Henan and reaches Hanyin." "Hanyin" refers to the south of Hanshui River.

"Climbing Mount Tai": "On the day of Mount Tai, wenshui flows westward; It is cloudy and the water flows eastward. " "You Bao Chan": "The so-called Huayang Cave, also known as the sun of Huashan."

Nanjing and other ancient names are also called Jiankang, Jinling, Jiangning and Baixia. Liu Jingting biography: "Taste was ordered by Jinling."

"Sick Plum Restaurant": "Longpan in Jiangning ... all produce plums." Plum Blossom Ridge: "Wu Zhongsun, Zhao Gong and Wei Xiao set out to fight and hold on to the white ground."

Another example is that Yangzhou is called Guangling and Weiyang, and Li Bai's "Farewell to Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou": "Fireworks go to Yangzhou in March." Jiang Kui's "Yangzhou Slow": "Chun Xi's soldiers were given to Japan and given to Weiyang."

For example, Hangzhou is called Lin 'an and Wulin, Suzhou is called Gusu, Fuzhou is called Sanshan, and Chengdu is called Jinguancheng. Liu Jingting biography: "After reading the old story of Tokyo Dream China and Wulin."

"Night parking near Fengqiao": "Hanshan Temple outside Gusu City, midnight bells ring to passenger ships." "Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night": "Look at the red and wet place, the flowers in Jinguancheng are heavy."

Preface: "From Haidao to Yongjialai Sanshan, it is a volume." .

3. Common sense of ancient culture

3. Humility and honor theft: privately, privately.

Boldly: Offensively and boldly. Meng: Thank you.

Please allow me, please let me. Driving for nothing: Thanks for your help.

Grant: It means that the other party has given benefits. Gong Kao (the examinee is named "Jinshi", the first is named "Scholar", the second is named "Xie Yuan", and the third is named "Flower Detective".

Worship: to grant an official position. Except: old posts are deleted from new posts.

Out: as. Promotion: promotion of official position.

Transfer: transfer official position for promotion. G: abolish official positions.

Strike: recall and suspension. Exemption: Exemption from official position.

Destroy: depose, demote. Chen: Demoted and transferred far away.

Decision: removal from office. Remove or depose.

Retirement: (1) Revocation or demotion of official position; (2) Resign yourself. Reject: screen out.

Go: leave your post and be transferred. Move to the left: reduce official transfer.

"Promotion and selection. Grant: seal of official position.

What do you mean? Jiuqing, Sang Qing and Gonggong are official names. According to historical records, in the Western Zhou Dynasty, both the Zhou Dynasty and the governors had ministers, which were divided into upper, middle and lower levels.

During the Warring States period, many countries used it. Shang Qing was the highest official position at that time.

The theory of "Jiuqing" began in Qin and Han Dynasties, and refers to nine official positions: Taichang, Guangluxun, Wei, Tingwei, Taifu, Dahonglu, Zong Zheng, Dasinong and Shaofu. Specifically, Tai Chang is responsible for the sacrificial ceremony and etiquette of the ancestral temple; Guang Luxun is in charge of the guards and guards of the imperial court; Wei Wei is responsible for guarding the palace gate; The courtiers were in charge of the emperor's chariots and horses; Ting Wei is the highest judicial official, in charge of prisons and trial of cases. Dahonglu, also known as Dianke or Dahongling, is responsible for foreign affairs and ethnic affairs; Zong Zheng is responsible for the management of royal and clan affairs; Dasinong, also known as the internal history of millet management or agricultural order, is in charge of grain, goods, taxes, taxes, finance and so on. Shaofu is in charge of the tax revenue of Shanhai pond and supports the emperor.

In the Northern Wei Dynasty, there was a young lady under the Qing Dynasty, which was abolished in the late Qing Dynasty. The theory of "three publics" also began very early. Sima, Situ and Xi 'an were the three publics in the Zhou Dynasty, and the Prime Minister (Da Situ), Qiu (Da Sima) and Tai Yi (Da) were the three publics in the Western Han Dynasty.

By the Eastern Han Dynasty, the names had changed, referring to Qiu, Situ and Sima respectively. The three fairs, also known as the "three divisions", are responsible for both military and political affairs.

4. Introduce some common sense of ancient culture

Ancient common sense Which of the following terms means "a congenial friend with a deep friendship"? In ancient times, the word "no doubt in years" meant (forty years old). Note 5 In ancient times, the word "Chun Qing" only referred to a woman (thirteen years old). In ancient times, "Ding" was originally a kind of (cooker) in ancient times. Historical books belonging to the twenty-four histories. The theory of five mountains has existed since ancient times, among which Mount Hengshan is called Nanyue. Note 7 "Yang" in ancient geography refers to (the mountains in the south and the water in the north), the ancient "posthumous title" refers to (the title dedicated to the emperor), and the four ancient art refers to (playing chess and drawing books) in China. What people call "three volts" appears in the lunar calendar (in June, six animals (pigs, horses, cows, sheep, dogs and chickens) move to the left, which means that what the ancients called "dwelling in a humble abode" means (one's own home), and the four books in "Four Books and Five Classics" are (On Mencius Zhong Yong University). In the saying of building the Great Wall, "Guan" means (Shanhaiguan), and the ancient "Shangyuan Festival" means (Lantern Festival). " "Soft" refers to (money) from 1 o'clock to 3: 00 a.m., which was called (C night) in ancient times, which is equivalent to (1-3 o'clock) in ancient China. Which of the following time periods refers to the current 19:00-2 1:00 (dusk)? In the China lunar calendar, the first day of each month is called (Dark Day). Which of the following is one of the basic colors of the famous "Three Colors of the Tang Dynasty" (white), which was called "Millennium Ice" (crystal) in ancient China and "Ji Jin" in ancient China? The ancients put saltpeter in a bamboo tube and lit it, which produced gunpowder and firecrackers. At first, it was used to ward off plagues and evil spirits. Sun Simiao, a famous doctor in Tang Dynasty, made outstanding contributions to one of the four major releases (gunpowder). The function of "water drain" invented in the Eastern Han Dynasty is to improve the quality of iron smelting. The earliest handicrafts were porcelain. The famous Zhao Zhouqiao is located in Hebei Province.

5. How much do you know about ancient culture?

, human appellation II, ancient official positions III, astronomical calendar IV, ancient geography V, imperial examination system VI, customs and etiquette VII, dining utensils VIII, music and entertainment IX, literature and history classics X, catalogue dictionary XI, ancient military system 1, ancient human appellation, common appellation, special appellation II, ancient official list and ancient official position explanation. Detailed explanation, appointment, removal and elevation of official positions, appellation of ancient canonized official positions, appellation of ancient contemporary official positions, astronomical calendar, astronomical calendar, names of stars, calendar of 28 stars, ancient geography, appellation, ancient geography, appellation, detailed explanation of ancient imperial examination system, overview of imperial examination system, development of ancient Chinese imperial examination system, customs and etiquette, traditional festivals, appellation, etc. 7. Dining car used in ancient times Dining car used in ancient times 8. The pentatonic scale of music and entertainment is also called pentatonic scale, that is, the five tones of Gong, Shang, Jiao, Zhi and Yu in ancient China.

Five tones, like the simple theoretical forms of yin and yang, five elements, five flavors, five colors, five facial features and five grains in ancient times, are the whole aesthetic concept of China in his early days, and are regarded as the basic form of the whole oriental music by westerners.

Ancient music and entertainment. Four books, five classics, six classics, thirteen classics, a thousand words, a thousand poems and 300 Tang poems. , human appellation II, ancient official positions III, astronomical calendar IV, ancient geography V, imperial examination system VI, customs and etiquette VII, dining utensils VIII, music and entertainment IX, literature and history classics X, catalogue dictionary XI, ancient military system 1, ancient human appellation, common appellation, special appellation II, ancient official list and ancient official position explanation. Detailed explanation, appointment, removal and elevation of official positions, appellation of ancient canonized official positions, appellation of ancient contemporary official positions, astronomical calendar, astronomical calendar, names of stars, calendar of 28 stars, ancient geography, appellation, ancient geography, appellation, detailed explanation of ancient imperial examination system, overview of imperial examination system, development of ancient Chinese imperial examination system, customs and etiquette, traditional festivals, appellation, etc. 7. Dining car used in ancient times Dining car used in ancient times 8. The pentatonic scale of music and entertainment is also called pentatonic scale, that is, the five tones of Gong, Shang, Jiao, Zhi and Yu in ancient China.

Five tones, like the simple theoretical forms of yin and yang, five elements, five flavors, five colors, five facial features and five grains in ancient times, are the whole aesthetic concept of China in his early days, and are regarded as the basic form of the whole oriental music by westerners.

Ancient music and entertainment. Four Books, Five Classics, Six Classics, Thirteen Classics, Three-character Classics, Thousands of Poems, 300 Selected Poems of Tang Poetry, Compilation of Ancient Documents and Words, Twenty-four History, Tongzhijian, Poems of Taiping Guangji, Naming of Historical Books, and Writing of Literary and Historical Classics.

6. What is the knowledge about age in the common sense of ancient culture?

The figurative title of age in ancient times: standing at thirty; Forty without confusion; Fifty knows the destiny; Sixty flowers; Seventy years old; Children under one year old-infants; 2-3 years old-childhood; Childhood-total angle, crying; 8 years old (male)-one year; 10 years old-Huangkou; 10 years old (female)-calendar year; 12 years old (female)-year of Chai Jin; 13- 14 years old (female)-cardamom; 13- 15 years old-the year of dancing spoon; 15 years old (female)-and year of death; 15 years old (male)-year of study, hair tied; 16 years old (female)-Jasper years; 15-20 years old-the year of dancing elephants; 20 years old (male)-weak crown; 20 years old (female)-Tao Li Nianhua; 24 years old (female)-North China (letter) is in its prime; Marriage-standard plum year; 30 years old (female)-Xu Niang; 30 years old (male)-30 years old; 40 years old (male)-the year of no doubt; 50 years old-the year of know life, over half a hundred years old; 60 years old, the year of flat head, the year of hearing, the year of Zhang Xiang; 70 years old-the year of ancient times, the year of the country; 77 years old-happy birthday; 80 years old-the year of the staff; 88 years old-Mi Shou; 80-90 years old-octogenarians; 90 years old-the year of horseshoe crab back (Taiwan Province); 99 years old-Whitehead; 100 years old-period.

Ren Rui; 108 years old-tea life. -Common sense title.

7. Common sense of ancient culture

1, panting, we brush Orion, and it's difficult to pass through Jingxing.

It is almost as difficult for friends to meet each other as the stars in the morning and evening. Give Chu Shi eight guards.

Things are different, and the dragon light shoots the bull's eye.

Far away, Altair, Jiao Jiao Hehan girl.

Day and night are as cool as water, lying and watching cowherd and weaver girl.

Huang Tingjian's "Song of 28 Nights without Complaints": The tiger stripped the article to solve the problem, and the food could not be swallowed. The roots of medicinal materials were dug up, and honey insects took the house and were hungry. If you have the will, you will die smart, but what you say is not as good as the tortoise dragging its tail. Wei Ping is outspoken, and bucket handle will be the ambassador. The fox's armpit is the same as the cow's clothes, and no woman is alone in the high hill. It's a real disaster to praise people in vain, and it's dangerous for me to be tired of chess. The room is filled with condensed dust, and the four walls can see the world. Wei Xiao's hoof is fattening, and Lou Pig loves it. Fill your intestines into your stomach, and you will know each other, and in the end you will not doubt it. Since ancient times, Huang Jintai has had a life, and Pei Jun has been waiting for a word. The moon does not participate in cross pity, and the autumn wind falls into the golden well. Half of my old friends are in ghost records, and willow branches give you a horse policy. At the age of 30, Yan Xing looked back at Sheng De, and Zhang Gong shot at Wu Luo with great strength. There is no enami on Bai Ou's wings. It's no use killing you through the back door.

On duty 28 nights, rain or shine:

Spring:

The wall of the virtual danger room is rainy. If Kuixing is sunny, windy and freezing, the well is warm and sunny, the well is dark, easy to clear, rainy in two stars, or windy and sandy, stormy at the tail of the house, and rainy in the skip.

Summer:

The wall of the virtual danger room is half cloudy and half sunny. It rained in Kuilou's stomach for two nights. It rained for two nights and was cloudy for two nights. Is it sunny or rainy for Liu Xingqing, the ghost of the well? Zhang Xingyi is inscrutable again, and it is sunny for the two-star sun around the corner. It rained in the room for two nights, and it was still raining at the end of my heart. Bullfighting girl meets fine weather.

Autumn:

The wall of the virtual danger room is thundering, and the belly of Kuilou is full of rain and dew. It's okay to go to the well for rain and shine, and it's okay for ghost Liu Yun to open a guest. There is no rain in the sky, and there is wind and rain in the corner of the room. There must be rain at the end of the room, which is rainy for the matador.

Winter:

The wall of the virtual danger room is rainy. If you meet Kuixing, it will be sunny, it will freeze if it rains, and it will be sunny when it is over. It's sunny after sitting for two nights, and yellow after sitting for two nights. The sharpening willow nebula will erupt, with cold wind, cold rain and severe frost. The wind and rain in Zhangyi will be sunny again, and it will be sunny when it rains at night. There will be wind and sand.

Guyi

(Tang) Meng Jiao

Weaver girl by the river, cowherd by the river

Don't cross shallow water, look at each other from a distance.

The magpie fairy of Qin Guan

Thin clouds are clever, flying stars spread grievances, and yinhan sneaked into Chen Cang. On the seventh day of autumn dew and autumn, it is time to meet, mostly those who are together in the world, but the appearance of husband and wife.

Common complaint against acacia, tender feelings like water, meet each other as if it were a dream, when it is hard to see the bridge. If the relationship between two people is long-lasting, it is still a matter of time.

2. The third song of Tang Li Bai's "Traveling to Mount Tai": "Go to Japan and raise your hand to open the clouds."

Biography of Sima Yi in Historical Records: "I made an appointment with Zhuang Jia to meet a Japanese army."

"Peacock flies southeast" has "After dusk, lonely people will settle down."

Liu Changqing's Lord of Furong Mountain in the Snow: "The setting sun is far away, cold and white."

Lu You's November 4th Storm: "Sleeping in a lonely village is not self-mourning, but thinking about protecting your family. Lying at night listening to the wind and rain, the iron horse glacier dream. "

"The Analects of Confucius": "People in late spring, spring clothing achievements, five or six top scholars, six or seven boys. Bathing is almost a deduction, and the wind is dancing and singing. "

Li Bai's poem "I don't feel the account stove": "Leave hate to return to the third spring, and the ceremony is in October."

Liu Yong's View of the Sea emphasizes the beauty of lakes and mountains. There are Sanqiu cassia seed and Shili Lotus.

8. Common sense of ancient culture

The genre of the paper and the genre of the article; Wu Yuzhen's genre is the expression of literary works, which can be classified according to different standards.

This paper focuses on literary genre and article genre. Literary genres include poetry, prose, novel and drama.

The characteristics of poetry are: concise reflection of life, strong sense of color, imaginative, unique, rhythmic and musical language. Classification of poetry: according to the forms of expression, it can be divided into lyric poetry, narrative poetry and reasoning poetry; According to the rhythm, it can be divided into metrical poems and free poems; According to language, it can be divided into old-style poems and new-style poems.

China's ancient poems include old-style poems, ci poems and songs. Old-style poems include ancient poems and modern poems.

Classical poetry, also known as classical poetry, is not restricted by strict metrical rules, and the sentence patterns are four-character, five-character and seven-character (words are words); Modern poetry, also known as modern poetry, includes metrical poems and quatrains, with strict metrical patterns and five-character and seven-character sentence patterns. Judging from the length of words, less than 58 words are minor, 59-90 words are alto, and more than 90 words are long.

Qu, generally referring to Sanqu, prevailed in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, and was a lyrical subtext. The mainstream of China's modern poetry is new poetry.

"New Poetry" is a new style poem created and developed by 19 19 during the May 4th New Literature Movement, written in vernacular Chinese. The meter of new poetry is not as strict as that of old-style poetry, but the lines have a certain beat, and the last word of even lines generally rhymes.

Free verse in new poetry is more free, and some of them don't even rhyme or punctuate. In ancient literature, in order to distinguish ancient prose from verse and parallel prose, all articles with irregular rhymes and sentences are called prose.

Modern prose refers to a literary genre juxtaposed with poetry, novel and drama. Prose is characterized by "scattered form but not spirit".

That is, the selection of materials is extensive and free, the expression method is flexible and changeable, and various techniques such as narration, description, lyricism and discussion can be used; But the center must be clear and focused. Prose can be divided into narrative prose (focusing on remembering people's stories) and lyric prose (focusing on lyricism).

Novel is a literary genre that reflects social life through the description of characters, plots and environment. The three elements of a novel are: characters, stories and environment.

An important feature of the novel is to create typical characters, who are portrayed through portraits, psychological activities, actions and language. The story of the novel includes: beginning, development, * * * and ending.

Some novels have orderly words and epilogues. The environmental description of the novel includes social environment and natural environment.

Novels can be divided into novels, novellas, short stories and short stories by length. China's novels originated from ancient myths and legends, and experienced the development process of Six Dynasties, Tang legends, Song and Yuan scripts, Ming Hui novels and modern novels since the May 4th Movement.

Drama is a comprehensive stage art, with the help of literature, music, dance, art, lighting, clothing and other artistic means to shape the image of stage art, reveal social contradictions and reflect social life. A script is a dramatic work and a "script" of a dramatic performance, which consists of dialogues between characters or lyrics and stage descriptions.

The dramatic value of the script lies in that it can be performed and read out of the stage, which has literary value. The characteristics of the script are: sharp contradictions and conflicts, personalized dialogue, suitable for stage performances.

Classification of drama: historical drama, drama, pantomime, etc. According to the types of works, there are tragedies, comedies and dramas (mainly serious contradictions and conflicts); According to the structure, there are one-act dramas and whole dramas; According to artistic forms, there are drama, opera, ballet, pantomime, drama sketches and so on. The genre of the article includes narrative, expository, argumentative and practical writing, which are collectively called practical writing.

1. Narrative narrative can be divided into two categories: writing notes and writing landscapes. The narrative elements are: time, place, people and events.

The narrative order of narrative text includes: sequence, flashback, insertion, supplementary narrative, etc. Narrative manifestations include: narration, description, explanation, discussion, lyricism and so on.

The types of narrative are: news, communication, biography, memoir, reportage, novel, prose and so on. 2. Explanatory text is an article that grasps the characteristics of things and explains the shape, nature, characteristics, causes, relations and functions of things.

Common discourses include general discourses and literary discourses (scientific papers). 3. Argumentative essay is an article that shows the author's views and opinions in a discussion way.

The elements of argumentative writing are: argument, argument and argumentation. The basic structure of argumentative writing is: introduction, theory and conclusion.

The basic argumentation methods of argumentative writing are: putting facts and reasoning. Proposing and proving one's argument in an argumentative paper is called an argument; To prove others' arguments wrong is called refutation.

4. Practical writing is a common style in daily life or work, including letters, plans, reports, contracts, summaries, instructions, applications, certificates, notes, bills (IOUs, receipts), notices and announcements.