What does it mean to wash Weng Zhong's eyes with drizzle?

Three treasures of China to ward off evil spirits

Wearing it as an ornament can ward off evil spirits.

First, Mao Gang.

Mao Gang began to appear in the late Western Han Dynasty. It was once abolished in the era of Wang Mang, and then it was restored in the Eastern Han Dynasty. It was abolished after the Han Dynasty, and it was called "double hair" together with another seal "Mao Yan". In the Han Dynasty, it was worn by emperors, princes and scholars. According to the classification, it is made of jade, rhinoceros, ivory, gold or mahogany. It has a rectangular body with a through hole in the middle for threading. There are words engraved on all sides, mostly for exorcism and epidemic prevention. Generally, it is about 2 cm long and 1 cm wide. Later generations have imitations, and the styles of the Han Dynasty are quite different. Generally, there are 8 words on each side, ***32 words, the first side also has 10 words, and the remaining side has ***8 words.

Mao Gang was degenerated from the square pillar jade tube of Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and the square pillar jade tube of Shang and Zhou Dynasties was directly evolved from the valve tube of Liangzhu culture in Neolithic Age, so Mao Gang inherited the characteristics of "the outer circle is inside" and has the shape of a rectangular cylinder. The so-called octahedron and cylindrical harmony are fakes. In the Han Dynasty, both the rigid base and the strict base used small square columns, with holes punched up and down and inscriptions on all sides. Generally, there were 8 characters on each side, * * 32 characters, 10 characters on the first side and the remaining 8 characters. Han's feeling is one stroke at a time.

On the first day of the first month, Yan Shigu quoted Qian as saying in Mangzhuan: "On the first day of the first month, it is three inches long and one inch wide, and it is square, or it is made of jade, gold and peach, and it is made of leather." Jin Zhuo said, "Mao Gang is one inch long and five minutes wide, and it is square. When the center is pierced into a hole, the bottom is repaired with silk, such as crown and tassel head. Carved on it, he wrote two lines of calligraphy, saying,' In the middle of the first month, the spirit is everywhere, and the four colors are red, blue, white and yellow. The emperor ordered Zhu Rong to teach Solanum nigrum a lesson, and the plague just explained it, so I dared to do so. ""Mao Yan carved two lines on all sides: "He was seriously ill, and the emperor ordered him to change, so I would like to seal it, and his spirit is in danger. Straight, the red epidemic has just been explained. I dare to be it. " Rigid and strict bases are worn in pairs. Fiona Fang replied to the poem "Rain and Cold Phlegm on the Third Day of May": "Fu Pei has jade, and there is no Jin Cuodao for a long time."

Second, Si Nanpei

Sina Yu Pei is one of the jade to ward off evil spirits in Han Dynasty, which is small in quantity, but very important. SiNa Pei shape if I-shaped, flat cuboid, divided into two layers, for two rectangular columns connected, horizontal waist ring a groove. Cut a teaspoon on the top and a small dish on the bottom. The whole device has no lines. In the concave part in the middle or the handle of the spoon, there is a vertical crossing or penetrating hole that can be hung through.

Sina is a guiding instrument invented by China in ancient times, which is made of magnetic field. It is used to set the north and south to the positive direction. In ancient times, Sina was shaped like a spoon, like a ladle or the Big Dipper, with a spoon on the structure and a site under it. No matter how the site takes precautions and how the spoon rotates, the direction of the spoon always points to the south. When the wind of divination prevailed in the Han Dynasty, divination became a tool to measure bad luck. Carve divination patterns such as heavenly stems, earthly branches and eight diagrams on the placed chassis, and the fortune teller will make a judgment according to the direction of the spoon. The wind of divination by Sina is the most prosperous, especially in the new headstrong period. Being an official depends on the rule of wood, followed by the selection of wood, and Sina decided to be Kun. Jade has the function of exorcising evil spirits, so people imitate the shape of Sina, turn practicality into decorations, and cut it into a small Yu Pei with the shape of Sina at the top to exorcise evil spirits and conquer victory, so it is Sinanpei. Judging from the unique concave outline of Sinapei's subject and the role of the wearer, this may be an evolutionary figure obtained by flattening and shrinking Jade Cong on purpose in order to obtain some religious significance from Jade Cong in Liangzhu.

In addition to the significance of exorcism and victory, Sinan Pei also has the significance of guidance, which is extended to extensive knowledge. Yang's preface to the sound and meaning of the Book of Jin records: "Studying the biographies of philosophers, reading the group words and studying the similarities and differences are enough to enrich the emperor's interest and think of the south for scholars."

Judging from the current archaeological data, there are two kinds of Sinapei, simple and complex, and there is also a series, which may have a chronological relationship. A white jade Sinan Pei (Figure 1) unearthed from the Han Tomb in Ganquan, Hanjiang County, Jiangsu Province, is a typical perfect Sinan Pei, with a length of 2 cm, white jade color, bright luster, I-shape and square column shape. The body is divided into two parts, with a wide groove in the middle, a small column ornament under it and a small spoon Sinan on it. Since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "ousted a hundred schools of thought and respected Confucianism alone", Confucianism has flourished unprecedentedly, and Confucianism praised He Yuti and expounded their theory on jade virtue. The white jade worn by the upper class in the Han Dynasty is recorded in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty: "Emperor Xiaoming is a big jade, and two Wang Yu emperors are both white jade." "Pei double seal, long inch two points, square two points, take jade, c, gong, with white jade." Sinan match belongs to Sinan match series. This Sinanpei unearthed from Ganquan Mountain in Hanshui River is made of high-quality white jade from Hotan, which conforms to the rules of etiquette at that time.

There are also two pieces of Sinanpei, also made of white jade, unearthed in 1969 Eastern Han Tomb, No.43, Dingxian County, Hebei Province. The size is slightly different, one is 3 cm high and 2.3 cm wide; The other is 2.5 cm high and 2 cm wide, made of white jade. Delicate and moist, completely pregnant. They are all cuboid-shaped, with I-shaped waist and a hole across the waist. The top of the handkerchief is spoon-shaped and the bottom is a small round dish, which looks like the shape of Hansina. In addition, 1972 1, an Eastern Han tomb unearthed in Bo County, Anhui Province, is also complete, with a height of 2.5 cm and a width of 1.9 cm. It is made of Hetian jade and looks like a flat cuboid with a concave waist cut in the middle. Cut a small spoon on it, drill a small hole in the middle of the spoon handle to tie it, and take out a small disc at the bottom.

In addition to the perfect Sinanpei with a Sina-shaped spoon at the top, there was a simplified Sinanpei in the Han Dynasty. One (Figure 2) unearthed from Tushan Han Tomb in Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province is of this type. This Sina Pei is 1.9 cm long, I-shaped, with four outer arcs, and the transition between faces is obvious, with cylindrical ornaments on the upper and lower sections. It is not difficult to find that the difference between simplified and perfect shape is mainly at the top of the spoon. The top of simplified Chinese characters is no longer decorated with a small spoon and a small disk, but with a small cylindrical decoration like the bottom. Together with the complete white jade Si Nanpei unearthed from the Han Tomb in Ganquan, Hanjiang, Jiangsu Province, there is also a simplified amber Si Nanpei, which is 2.5 cm long and has a red amber texture. Due to the rough surface, it is slightly larger than the average white jade.

Coincidentally, in the same tomb, two tombs made of jade and amber were also unearthed, and the tombs of Nanjing Xianheguan Gaosong and his wife in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. 1998 A number of jade articles and gold and silver utensils with great research value were unearthed from the tomb of Gao Song, a famous minister in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Two of them, Sinanpei, were unearthed in Tomb No.2, which is the tomb where Gao Song and his wife were buried together. One piece is made of jade (Figure 3), with a gray appearance, 2.2cm long,1.7cm wide and 2.8cm high. The other is blood-red amber (Figure 4), which is translucent. Like the Han tomb unearthed in Ganquan, Hanjiang, it is a simplified Sinanpei, 3 cm long and 2.6 cm wide. There are no obvious spoons and disc-shaped sockets at both ends, only a circular protrusion, two connected long ellipsoids in the middle, and a perforation at the middle waist for wearing. These two pieces of Sinapei may be relics handed down from the Eastern Han Dynasty, or they may be the works of people in the Eastern Jin Dynasty at that time, and they are the embodiment of the legacy that people in the Eastern Han Dynasty wore Sinapei to ward off evil spirits and overcome victory.

Sinanpei was the most popular in the Eastern Han Dynasty, then gradually declined, and there was imitation after the Song Dynasty. In Song Dynasty, Sinanpei's paintings were mostly osmanthus flowers and cow hair patterns. The patina is good, and the description of each part of the appliance is transitional and natural. In the Ming Dynasty, Si Nanpei painted tough lines, sharp edges and corners, careless details, I-shaped or cylindrical, good polishing technology and strong glass light sensitivity. There is also Sinanpei in the Qing Dynasty, whose main features are large size, diverse and innovative modeling, fine polishing and exquisite polishing. Instead of the traditional top spoon shape, some are bird-shaped and some are square. The groove at the waist is deep, and the edges and corners of the body are smooth and shiny. Those with holes can be used as decorations, and those without holes can be used as decorations. The ancients thought it was "good luck" to go out and hang up Si Nanpei.

Third, Weng Zhong.

This is also a kind of Yu Pei to ward off evil spirits. Annan replied: My real name is Ruan. According to legend, when Qin Shihuang came to China, the first emperor saw that he was tall and strong in martial arts, and sent him to guard Lintao, which was a great shock to the Huns. After Weng Zhong's death, he was cast into a bronze statue and placed outside Sima Gate of Xianyang Palace. Because of its great power, later generations carved Weng Zhongxiang into a stone statue to protect the mausoleum. The so-called "the stone man in the crops is called Weng Zhong". Today, we saw a stone man and a stone horse in front of the mausoleum. The stone man's name is Weng Zhong. Weng Zhong not only has the divine power to guard the tomb of the palace gate, but also can carry it with him to ward off evil spirits, so there is a jade Weng Zhong decorated with ornaments.

Jade Weng Zhong was very popular in Han Dynasty. It was used as an ornament to ward off evil spirits. It is often carved into an old man holding a vertical shape. The old man has a robe and a flat crown with holes. Weng Zhong was generally carved in the Han Dynasty. Han Weng Zhong adopted the carving method of "Han Ba Dao" in the style of Han Dynasty. Its color is ancient, and the face is only engraved with three to five short yinxian lines, showing an inverted "pin" shape. Have a plenty of plain face, even the eyes and mouth are not engraved. Eyelids are rectangular, mostly after imitation. Especially during the Republic of China, there were many imitations of Weng Zhong, with thick negative lines and broken edges. The carving method of "Han Ba Dao": one horizontal head, showing hat, three facial knives, showing eyes and nose. Two knives on the chest and shoulders, revealing the shoulders of triangular beards, two knives on the abdomen, revealing the big sleeves of ancient undressing, one * * * eight knives; Jade Weng Zhong in the Han Dynasty used the method of removing the knife from the neck and waist, which made the neck and waist flat triangle, made the head more obvious, made the waist have a sense of outline, and the hem of the skirt was like a chicken cage, which was the style feature of Weng Zhong in the Han Dynasty. Later imitations straightened the whole body. Most of the jade Weng Zhong in the Han Dynasty had no beard. At present, Weng Zhong, who has a beard, is a post-imitation, and the beard is indicated by a negative line. The yin line is thick, and the workmanship has no taste of the Han Dynasty. Han Yu Weng Zhong adopted the carving method of "Han Ba Dao" in the style of Han Dynasty. A horizontal head, revealing the hat, three knives on the face, revealing eyes and nose. Two knives on the chest and shoulders, revealing the shoulders of triangular beards, two knives on the abdomen, revealing the big sleeves of ancient undressing, one * * * eight knives;

In the Han Dynasty, Weng Zhong's perforation was herringbone, from the top of the head to the abdomen, and then came out from both sides of the waist in two ways. The herringbone rope is also tied to both sides of the waist from head to bottom, so that Weng Ren can stand when he hangs himself. There are some vertical holes in the back imitation perforation, which are through holes; Some are inverted "D" holes, from the top of the head to the sides of the waist, not "human" holes.

(The real ancient jade Weng Zhong was carved in the Han Dynasty about 2,000 years ago, and it is composed of simple geometric figures and lines. The face and beard are an isosceles triangle, a long cylinder and a semi-abstract curved arm, which reveals the "introverted sense of humor" of China artists since ancient times, and the style is simpler than that of Gu Zhuo. The real ancient jade Weng Zhong in Han Dynasty not only has a frightening appearance and charm; And simple and imaginative, the five senses only carved three short lines. Imitate the carving method of the famous "Han Ba Dao". The knife method is concise, rough and powerful, vigorous and straight, concise and neat. My favorite jade Weng Zhong of the Han Dynasty was unearthed from the tomb of Liu Jing, the king of Guangling in the Eastern Han Dynasty. It belongs to a young man with a slightly raised bun on his head. Its patina is moist, and the jade light is intrinsic; Punching holes horizontally in the waist is a "horseshoe eye" with a big outside and a small inside. )