Who can give me some information about the earliest witchcraft in China?

First, witchcraft. Wushan is the earliest birthplace of primitive witchcraft in China. Wu Xian and other "Ten Witches of Lingshan" contain "Shan Hai Jing Huang Da Xi Jing", "Since then, all kinds of medicines have been here"; Six witches, such as Wu Peng, are recorded in the Western Classics in Hainan, and they "keep away from each other with fairy medicine". "Lingshan" is Wushan, and "fairy medicine" is cinnabar and Chinese herbal medicine. Today, Baoyuan Mountain in Wuxi is one of the five medicine mountains. Primitive witchcraft gave birth to religion, etiquette, medicine, geomantic omen, literature and art, so Professor Ren Naiqiang, an expert in Bashu culture, said: "Ten witches are not only magical witches, but also the founders of medicine, salt making and alchemy." (Wizards, alchemists and the Classic of Mountains and Seas, No.1 1985) The significance of witchcraft culture initiated by ten witches, the relationship with Lin Jun clan of Baihuba people, and the origin of Taoism and ghost country in the Eastern Han Dynasty are all important contents of Bayu culture.

Second, Taoism. In the sixth year of Yonghe in the Eastern Han Dynasty (A.D. 14 1), Zhang Ling, then the governor of Jiangzhou in Baxian County, established Wudou Mi Dao in Guimingshan, Sichuan Province, which was later revered by Taoism as Shitiandao. Taoism has inherited the tradition of witchcraft and ghost belief and merged with Huang, so the Biography of the Later Han Dynasty and Huayang Hanzhi are both called "ghost Taoism". Another leader of Wudou Mi Dao, a native of Ba County, was named "Wudou Mi Shi" by Zhang Xiuhao. In the first year (A.D. 184), he led the Yellow Scarf Uprising in Ba County (Notes to Records of Emperors in Past Dynasties and Biography of Three Kingdoms Zhang Lu). It shows that the prosperity of Taoism in Baxian County is closely related to witchcraft. At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, Te Li Li Xiong, a Pakistani humanist, revolted and founded the Han Dynasty. Prime Minister Fan Changsheng, a native of Qianjiang, is also the leader of Shi Tiandao. After Cheng Han's death, Li's disciples Li Hong, Li Babai, Li Zhenduo, Li Yichao and Chang Li became important figures in early Bashu immortal Taoism. The influence of Taoism on Bashu politics, culture and customs is also obvious.

Third, the formation of ghost country and secluded capital is directly related to the origin of Ba-Yu witchcraft and Taoism. Primitive witchcraft believed in ghosts, and the Shang Dynasty called Dafang country in the southwest of China "ghost side" and "ghost country". The Book of Manis, Volume 10, quotes the Book of Kuicheng: "Things are barbarians, things are ghosts." Yan Shu's Classics: "The white tiger is the Tao, and the barbarians are ghosts." Taoism inherits witchcraft and believes in ghosts and gods, so it is called "ghost road". Jin Gehong's Biography of Immortals contains: In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Yin Changsheng and Wang studied Taoism in Pingdu Mountain and became immortals in the daytime. There was a Taoist temple in Pingdu Mountain in the Western Jin Dynasty, and it was listed as one of the 72 blessed places of Taoism in the early Tang Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, Fengdu Taoist Temple was called Xiandu Taoist Temple, leaving an inscription 10 written by Prime Minister Li Jifu, Duan Wenchang and Taoist Du Guangting. Tao Hongjing of Nanliang divided the Taoist immortals into seven stages in the Bitmap of True Spirit, each stage had an emperor, and the seventh stage was "Fengdu Emperor". And "The True Fairy Mirror of Past Dynasties" carried Zhang Daoling to defeat the Eight Ghost Kings and ordered the Ghost Kings to return to Beifeng for six days. "North Peak" is also called Luofeng Mountain, namely Fengdu. Zhang Heng (Zhang) and the Five Emperors of the Northern Ming Dynasty ruled Luofeng Mountain. In addition, Buddhism in the Southern Dynasties built a Buddhist temple here, and the theory of reincarnation was integrated into it. Therefore, since the Southern Song Dynasty, there has been a legend of "hell" in Fengdu, and the surnames of Yin and Wang were misrepresented as "Yin Wang". After the rendering of novels in Ming and Qing Dynasties, Fengdu became a "ghost country and secluded capital". The origin of "ghost capital" and its position and influence in China and even the world religions deserve further study.

Fourth, famous Taoist figures in Bayu. Zhang Xiu in the Eastern Han Dynasty, one of the leaders of Mi Pai in the Five Doors, was later attacked and killed by Zhang Lu. Because of his response to the Yellow turban insurrectionary, his reputation was not obvious in later Taoist classics. Fan Changsheng, a native of Qianjiang, later moved to Qingcheng Mountain as the viceroy, helped to break Chengdu's salary, and became the prime minister of the Han Dynasty, a surname, and the Hou of Xishan. Later generations built a temple in Qingcheng Mountain, dedicated to the "immortal emperor", and there is also a Gong Fan temple in Qianjiang. Zhai Fayan, a famous Taoist priest in the Tang Dynasty, was born in Yunyang. He once opened the door of Liu Jia Temple for Tang Daizong and was awarded the title of "psychic master". Chen Tuan, a Taoist priest in the Five Dynasties and the early Song Dynasty, took Bozhou (now Lu Xian County, Henan Province) as his true source in the Song history, but the Annals of Sichuan and Tongliang County said that he was from Chongkan, Zhou Pu (now Tongnan), and he wrote Taiji Map and Congenital Map to explain the origin of the universe, which had a great influence on the Neo-Confucianism in the Northern Song Dynasty. Song Taizong refused to be an official twice and lived in seclusion in Huashan and Emei Mountain.

Fifth, Taoist temple remains. In addition to the ghost town of Fengdu, there are qixia temple in Yunyang, Tushan Temple (Zhenwu Temple) on the south bank, Laojun Cave, Fayu Temple in Fuling, Xuantiangong in Tongliang, Qingyuan Temple in Jiangjin, Donghua Temple in Yuzhong District, Yuantiangong in Anju Town of Tongliang, Longzang Temple in Yubei, Wenchang Palace in Shapingba District, Qingyuan Palace in shima town of Jiangjin, Baiyun Temple in Qijiang, Beishanguan Temple in Wanzhou, etc.

Sixth, Buddhism. Miaosheng Temple in Jiangjin and Xueyuan Temple in Kaixian were both built in Jian 'an period of Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 206 and AD 2 19). Cheng Nan Temple in Xituo Town, Shizhu County is known as the "Ancient Temple of Han and Tang Dynasties". In the first year of Jingping in Liu Song in the Southern Dynasties (AD 423), Dazu West Temple was built, and eight temples including Jinyun, Baiyun, Yin Da, Shihua, Fuxing, Zhuanlong, Shao Long and Wenquan were successively built in Jinyun Mountain. Today, there are two temples, Jinyun and Wenquan. During the Southern Dynasties, there were 27 Buddhist temples in Pingdu Mountain and Tongnanming Temple in Nanliang. In the Tang Dynasty, there were 26 Buddhist temples in Chongqing, including Baolun Temple, Nan 'an Ciyun Temple, Tongliang August Temple, Bolun Temple, Tongnan Dubai Temple, Jiangjin Dasheng Temple, Hechuan Two Buddhas Temple Temple, Fuling Hong En Temple and Pengshui Kaiyuan Temple. In the Song Dynasty, the number of Buddhist temples built in Chongqing increased to 47. Today, there are Guo Jing Temple in Hechuan, Luohan Temple in Yuzhong, Chongfo Temple in Jiangjin, Taping Temple in Beibei, Lin Jue Temple in Nan 'an, Hongji Temple in Tongnan and Shengshou Temple in Dazu. In the Ming Dynasty, it increased to 19 1, and there are Huayan Temple, Shilin Temple, Banan Ziyun Temple, Yunxiang Temple, Jiulong Temple, Jielong Temple, Nanchuan Jinfo Temple, phoenix temple, Jinyun Mountain Shao Long Temple and Rongchang Wanlong Temple. In Qing Dynasty, it was reduced to 146, and now there are Shuangguitang, Wanzhou Ciyun Temple, Rongchang Baocheng Temple, Jiangjin Baiyun Temple, shima town Baodingshan Temple, Tongliang Tiefo Temple, Yongchuan Huilong Temple and Yuzhong Nengren Temple.

Seventh, the famous monks in Bayu. Tang Xingman, a famous monk of Tiantai Sect in Wanzhou, is the founder of Tiantai Sect in Japan, and his disciple is the most clear monk in Japan. Zhao Zhifeng in Song Dynasty, a Dazu man, founded Liu Benzhen School, passed on Mithra to the six generations of ancestors, and founded the Mithra Dojo in Baodingshan, carving 10,000 Buddha statues. Ran Daolong was born in Lanxi, Fuling. Song Chunyou traveled to Japan for six years (1246) and taught 24 disciples for 32 years. He is a pioneer of Zen in Japan. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, he was born in Baxian County, and he was the abbot of Sichuan Eighth Temple, and founded Liangshan Shuanggui Hall, with disciples all over the southwest. Yin Mi, a filial piety, is a native of Baxian County, a disciple of Broken Mountain, and the first generation old monk of Zhongxing in Baoguang Temple in Chengdu. He is good at poetry and calligraphy and enjoys a good reputation at home and abroad. In addition, Denglai from Dianjiang Sanshan Mountain, Small Benxi from Changshou Mountain, Chang Yan and Shoumu from Kuizhou are also quite famous.

Eighth, other religions. Islam was introduced into Chongqing in the Yuan Dynasty, and there was a mosque in Fengjie at the end of the Yuan Dynasty. Muslim buildings in Yuzhong were built in the Ming Dynasty, and there are 8 mosques in the city. Catholicism was introduced into Chongqing in the forty-first year of Kangxi (1702), and a Catholic church was built in Chongqing in the eighth year of Xianfeng (1858). Now there are 57 churches and venues in the city. There are more than 50 Christian social halls, Jiefang West Road Chapel and Jiangbei Gospel Hall in Yuzhong District. The positive and negative effects and influences of foreign religions on social development, ideological beliefs, culture and education, customs and habits in Bayu area need further study.