Essentials of Basic Common Sense of Literature History in Pre-Qin and Han Dynasties

1. The pre-Qin period was the germination and foundation period of China culture, and the cultural spirit constructed in this period had a far-reaching impact on later generations. As an important part of pre-Qin culture, pre-Qin literature has also become a model of respecting the law in previous dynasties.

2. The various cultural forms in the pre-Qin era are still harmonious, so the forms of pre-Qin literature also show the characteristics of no distinction between literature, history and philosophy, and the combination of poetry, music and dance.

3. Pre-Qin literature can be roughly divided into three periods: Xia and Shang Dynasties, Western Zhou Dynasty, Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period.

3- 1 Xia and Shang dynasties, primitive religious culture dominated, and witchcraft played a decisive role. Their rhymes (such as Oracle Bone Inscriptions) and incantation songs for divination and sacrifice are the oldest existing literary styles.

Historians are the main undertakers of another cultural heritage. Their functions used to be religious affairs, but later witchcraft and history were separated, and historians' duties were biased towards personnel. The Shang Dynasty works preserved in Shangshu are the earliest historical prose creation.

After 3-2 weeks of revolution, witchcraft culture was replaced by ritual and music culture, which was called "replacing heaven with virtue". The concern for politics, society and life transcends the concern of religion, and the historian culture rises, resulting in the representative works of historical prose such as Zuo Zhuan. Some great cultural giants put forward different social ideals, resulting in the Analects of Confucius, Laozi and other works with far-reaching influence in the cultural history of China.

3-3 During the Western Zhou Dynasty, students studied in Wang Guan, and only nobles had the right to receive education. After the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the Zhou family declined, the aristocratic status declined, and the scholar class rose. The spread of knowledge broke through the aristocratic monopoly, and the wind of folk lectures prevailed, which is the so-called "downward trend of rites and music". Hundred schools of thought has mushroomed, and various schools of thought have been talking about it, forming a cultural pattern in which a hundred schools of thought contend. Their views are different, and their literary concepts and styles are also colorful, resulting in different essays and poems from the previous generation.

Chapter I Ancient Myths

First of all, what is myth?

In short, myth is the story of God. The psychological basis of its birth is the concept of "animism", which is usually used to explain natural or social phenomena or express the desire to conquer and transform. Heroes in mythology are usually natural gods or deified heroes. They have extraordinary power and supernatural power and are revered by people.

Second, the origin of myth

Regarding the origin of myth, the popular explanations are the theory of labor origin and the theory of religious origin. The former thinks that myth originated from the working life of primitive people, while the latter thinks that myth was born from the religious activities of primitive people.

Third, the types of ancient myths in China.

1, China's ancient myths are very rich, but they are not completely preserved. Among the existing documents, Shan Hai Jing has the greatest mythological value. The rest of the fragments are scattered in various records.

2. Ancient myths can be simply divided into natural myths and ancient historical myths. The former was born very early, and often personified nature, including the earliest mythologies of things and spirits, such as mountain gods and tree monsters, as well as systematic myths of creation, ancestors and floods. The latter is a historical myth or a historical myth, which is close to legend, including war myth, hero myth, invention myth and so on.

Fourth, the characteristics of mythical thinking.

1, the mental level of early people is still at a low level, and it is still impossible to clearly distinguish the subject and object of thinking. There is a "mutual infiltration" relationship between man and nature.

2. When our ancestors perceived nature, they often personified nature and formed the thinking characteristics of seeing things from me.

3. Mythical thinking is a concrete and vivid way of thinking. According to the specific emotional experience, abstract concepts such as time and orientation are expressed as various gods and their activities. Some mythical images are separated from concrete images and are composed of different objects and images.

4. Mythical thinking is always accompanied by strong emotional experience.

Mythical thinking is actually a symbolic or metaphorical thinking. Myth is the product of collective consciousness.

Fifth, the influence of myth on later literature.

Marx once said that Greek mythology is the soil and arsenal of Greek art, and so is China mythology.

1. Myth provides inexhaustible creative materials for future generations.

2. The primitive thinking mode of myth provides a rich means of expression for the creation of later writers, and the prototype image created by the mythical world has become a powerful spiritual force in the blood of literature.

Chapter II The Book of Songs

Section 1 The Layout and System of The Book of Songs

I. Arrangement of The Book of Songs

1, The Book of Songs is the first collection of poems in China, formerly known as Poems, also known as Poems 300. * * * * 305 poems, six poems. This book mainly collects works from the early Zhou Dynasty to the mid-Spring and Autumn Period for more than 500 years. These projects generally cover the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and the upper reaches of Hanshui River. The authors of The Book of Songs include all social classes from aristocrats to civilians.

2. The book of songs was compiled in the 6th century BC. As for compilation, later generations have the theories of "offering poems", "collecting poems" and "deleting poems". At present, it is generally believed that these works are the original singing poems compiled and edited by court music officials.

Second, the system and function of The Book of Songs

1, Today's Book of Songs is divided into three categories according to music types: wind, elegance and ode. Wind means music. The fifteen-country style in The Book of Songs refers to different music in different places. Elegant, with the meaning of positive tone, "elegant" means positive tone, which is the music of Gyeonggi area in the dynasty; The difference between elegance and vulgarity is also based on the type of music. Ode, which originally refers to the dance method in the sacrificial ceremony, is extended to the dance music used in the ancestral temple sacrifice.

2. The Book of Songs is an important carrier of ritual and music culture and an important tool for education. In the Zhou dynasty, it was mainly used for ceremonies, satire and entertainment, and was widely used in sacrificial ceremonies, courtship, diplomacy, banquets and other occasions. At the same time, it is also a popular textbook for aristocratic education. The tradition of teaching poetry and the system of telling poetry formed after the study of poetics in Han Dynasty had a far-reaching influence on the formation of China's literary tradition.

The Analects of Confucius Yang Huo: Confucius said: What is the poem written by the young Mo Xuefu? Poetry can be appreciated, watched, grouped and resented. Your father is a thing, and your father is a distant thing; Know the names of birds, animals and plants.

"Preface to Poetry": Love comes from sound, written as sound, governing the voice of the world, peace and joy, and its politics; The voice of troubled times is angry, and its politics is good; The voice of national subjugation grieves, and its people are trapped. Therefore, gain and loss, movement and the world, feeling and ghosts and gods are close to poetry. The former king learned from the husband and wife, became filial, virtuous, beautiful and civilized, and changed customs.

3. There are three poems in The Book of Songs in Han Dynasty, namely Qi, Lu and Han, whose authors are Shen Pei of Lu, Yuan Gu of Qi and Han Ying of Yan. In addition, there are ancient prose "Mao Shi" handed down from generation to generation, such as Mao Heng and Zhao Maoji. Later, three poems were lost, and Mao's poems were passed on alone. The Book of Songs we saw today is a poem by Mao.

Section two: The content of The Book of Songs.

First, sacrificial poems and epics.

There are many poems in Ode to Ya, which offer sacrifices to ancestors, trace the origin and prosperity of tribes and praise the great achievements of ancestors. Although these poems mainly praise virtues, they also have important historical and cultural values. The five epics of Zhou people in Daya, Sheng Min, Gong Liu, Mian, Huang Yi and Daming, systematically describe the historical process of Zhou people from the birth of their ancestor Hou Ji to the conquest of King Wu.

"Born to be a man": Jue was born to be a man, not Jiang Yuan. What about strangers? Sacrifice is a blessing, and there are no children. Emperor Xin, you stop, carry the shock of rewelding. Have children and live in Hou Ji. Today is my birthday, my husband. No disassembly, no vice, no harm. Yi and Jueling are restless, unable to worship, and have children. Birthday alley is written by cattle and sheep. A flat forest, born to be cut down. The ice and snow at Christmas are covered with birds. The bird left, but Hou Ji spoke loudly. ……

Second, farming poetry

The Zhou Dynasty has entered a relatively developed farming society. The works in The Book of Songs not only bear the imprint of agricultural civilization in concept and interest, but also contain many poems that directly describe agricultural activities. Among them, the best one is July in Qi Feng.

Third, Yan Yan's poems

In The Book of Songs, there is a kind of works that describe the banquet scenes of nobles, that is, poems written for Yan. This kind of poetry is the product of a stable patriarchal society. The banquet of nobles is often for the need of maintaining etiquette and justice, and the banquet ceremony is the embodiment of etiquette, so this kind of poetry always praises the harmonious atmosphere and orderly order; The act of indulging in misconduct is satirized. Famous works include The First Banquet by Xiaoya Luming Literature and Xiaoya Bing.

Luming Literature: Yo yo Luming Literature, wild apple. I have a group of good guests, playing the piano and playing the piano. A blowing sheng reed, a basket of gifts. People are very kind to me, just like showing me the way. A herd of deer, suffering in Ye Yuan. I have a group of good guests and noble character. Xiunan's example is not frivolous, and gentlemen and sages follow suit. I have good wine and spirits, entertaining guests and having fun. A herd of deer, yo, were eaten by the Qin army. I have a group of good guests, playing the harp and playing music. Playing the harp and piano, playing music, enjoying joy and laughter. I have good wine and good wine, and I have dinner guests in my heart.

Guests at the beginning of the banquet: ... The guests started the banquet warmly and respectfully. When they are not drunk, they are dignified. When they were all drunk, they didn't see the majesty. Get out of your seat and shake from side to side. When they are not drunk, they are dignified. When you are drunk, you will be bound by dignity. Because I'm drunk now, I don't know that all the rules and regulations are out of order. The guests were drunk and shouting. Mess up my peas and dance repeatedly. It's ridiculous to get drunk because I'm drunk. The fur hat is tilted on the top of the head, swinging left and right and dancing wildly. If you are drunk, leave your seat, and there is no damage to the subject and object. If you don't quit when you are drunk, it's called moral degeneration and leaving a bad sample. Drinking is good, but good posture. ……

Fourth, the poem of resentment.

1, at the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the king declined and the society was in turmoil, so there appeared a poem of resentment that criticized the current abuses and harmed the heavens and the earth. In the traditional Confucian poetry teaching, these are "changing styles" and "changing elegance", so-called "people who are angry in troubled times".

Preface to Poetry: As for the decline of kings, the abolition of etiquette and righteousness, the loss of politics and religion, the policy of national diplomacy, the strange customs of families and the change of elegance. The history of the country clearly shows the traces of gains and losses, hurts people, laments the harshness of criminal politics, recites family ties, rides the wind, achieves things and cherishes old customs.

2. Er Ya's poems of resentment are mostly written by officials and literati, and their contents focus on the political level, showing the anxiety of upper-class literati about the fate of the country, which is often combined with personal feelings. Love stories are sincere and solemn, such as Arden, Swing, People's Labor, Sang Rou, Zhan Ang, South Mountain in Xiaoya, Rain without Truth, Verb in Spirit and Xiang Bo.

"Dang": ... King Wen said "consult" and "consult the female Yin merchants". Every now and then, you don't have to be old. Although there are no bosses, there are still punishments. I didn't listen before. I was desperate. King Wen said that he consulted the female Yin merchants. People also have a saying: branches and leaves are harmless, dial them first. Yin Jian is not far away, in Xia Hou's world.

Exhibition Ang: Heaven is useless and superior. People echo each other's words, and there is sorrow in their hearts. Falling from the sky is a waste of time. People follow suit and die, and their hearts are full of sorrow.

Xiang Bo: Impressive and good, laborious and sloppy. Evil people are evil, and more pity is slander! Who is the rumor that conspired against him? Catch pests and throw them to wild tigers. The jackal is afraid of color, so he won't eat it and throw it into the barren soil in the north. If the North doesn't accept it, it will leave it to God.

"Festival Nanshan": ... Heaven is unfair, and my king is uneasy. If you don't punish his heart, you will blame his righteousness. My father recited it to investigate the king. Wrong type. All livestock belong to the state.

3. Most of the poems complaining about the national style come from the lower classes and the people, aiming at specific social phenomena or events. Satire is sharper and more pungent, and emotions are more exposed. It is full of the characteristics of civilian literature. For example, Taifeng Xintai, Zhifeng Elephant Mouse, Shuo Mouse and Lin are all famous articles. There are also more subtle and sad works, such as Feng Wang Mi Li.

New Taiwan Province: There are dams in new Taiwan Province, and the river is quiet. I wanted to marry a Mr. Right, but he was an ugly toad. The new tower is tall and magnificent, and the river flows eastward. I wanted to marry ruyi, but it was ugly. Set up a net to catch fish, and don't want toads to net into the middle stream. I wanted to marry a Mr. Right, but he was so ugly.

Shuo Shuo: Shuo Shuo Shuo, I'm hungry! I have served you hard for years, but you don't care about me. Vowed to get rid of you and go to a happy land. That promised land, that promised land, is my good place! Vole, vole, don't eat my wheat! I have served you hard for many years, but you are not kind to me. Swear to get rid of you and enjoy the state. That country, that country of music, is my good place! Rat, vole, don't eat my seedlings! After years of hard work, you don't want me! I vowed to get rid of you and go to the suburbs to laugh. That happy suburb, that happy suburb, who is still lamenting the long cry!

Smelly mouse: Smelly mouse has skin, but people have no tools! If a person doesn't look his face squarely, he might as well die. You see ground squirrels and teeth, but people ignore virtue. A man without virtue should not wait for death. You see ground squirrels and limbs, but people don't know manners. People are not so good as good, but rather die quickly.

"Separation of Millet": He is separated from Millet, he is the seedling of Millet. The line is decadent and the center is shaken. People who know me worry me; Those who don't know me,

I can call it whatever I want. Tiandaochang, who is this? Millet is separated, and the ears of millet are separated. Walking is decadent and the center is drunk. People who know me worry me; What do I want if you don't know me? Tiandaochang, who is this? The separation of millet is the reality of millet. Walking decadent, center suffocation. People who know me worry me; What do I want if you don't know me? Tiandaochang, who is this?

Verb (abbreviation of verb) conscription poem

Conscription poems refer to those works with the theme of war and corvee. These poems express the hardship of conscription and the unfairness of rest work, such as Beishan in Xiaoya and Xiaoxing in Zhao Nan. Talk about the pain of separation of flesh and blood, the disobedience of husband and wife, the lovesickness of husband and wife, and the yearning for a happy life, such as Xiaoya Cai Wei, Guifeng Dongshan, Feng Weiboxi and Feng Wang active gentleman. Of course, there are also works that go to the enemy generously, such as Qin Feng Without Clothes, which shows the spirit of Qin people to unite as enemies and resist foreign aggression.

"Beishan": ... either Yan Yan lives in the interests, or does his best and dies; Or in bed, or in line. Or I don't know the call sign, or I'm miserable; Or live late to suppress poplar, or Zhang. Or drink, or fear; Either in the wind or out of the wind, or do nothing.

"Little Star": I am a little star, and I am in the East. Before dawn, going out is public from morning till night. Life is different! Xiao Xiaoxing was faint, so it was ginseng and willow. Before dawn, leave the incense and warm knife. Real life is not enough!

Picking the eu: picking the eu, picking the eu will stop. I said I would go home, but it didn't come true by the end of the year. This is why the house was destroyed. If you are not rich, you are strict. The pea seedlings have been picked again, and the wild peas are very tender. Said he went home, and he was depressed. Anxiety is burning, and hunger is unbearable. The location of the garrison cannot be fixed, and it is impossible to take the letter home. Bean sprouts are picked again, and the stems and leaves of wild peas are getting old. He said that he went home and went home again in October. But the king's errand is not finished yet, and I have no leisure to enjoy this quiet and good time. My heart hurts and I can't go home now. What flowers are in full bloom? It's Tang Dihua. What kind of car is it? General among generals, of course. The troop ship started, and four horses were tall and big. How dare you live safely? Because of a month of fighting! Riding four horses, four horses are tall and strong. The generals sat in the car and the soldiers were under its protection. Four horses were trained, with bows and shark sacs decorated with Gu Xiang. How can you not be vigilant every day? It's hard! Recalling the original exploration, the wind in Yang Liuyi was blowing in the wind; Now back on the road, snowflakes are flying everywhere. The road is muddy and difficult to walk, and people are thirsty and hungry. The road is muddy, hungry and thirsty. Full of sadness, full of sadness, who experienced my sadness!

Dongshan: I miss Dongshan, but I can't come back I'm from the east. It rains when it rains. I went home east, and Lucy was sad. Make a dress, not a medal. People who can fly fly in mulberry fields. Dumby was alone and got off the bus. I'm in Dongshan and I'm not coming back. I'm from the east. It rains when it rains. The fruit of fruit is also suitable for Yu Yu. Evie is in the room, but she is at home. Machi deer farm is bright and bright. Don't be afraid, Ike. I'm in Dongshan and I'm not coming back. I'm from the east. It rains when it rains. Storks sing on the shore and women sigh in the room. Sweep the dome and suffocate it. I'll get it. There is bitterness in the melon, but there is salary in the chestnut. I haven't seen myself for three years. I'm in Dongshan and I'm not coming back. I'm from the east. It rains when it rains. Cang Geng flies, shining with feathers. When his son came back, the emperor refuted his horse. If you tie the knot yourself, your manners will be 90. Its new Confucius family, its old?

Bo Xi: the embarrassment of Bo Xi, the embarrassment of the country. Bo was also the first king. From the east of Bo, my head is like a flying canopy. No ointment? Who is suitable for it! It's raining, it's raining and the sun is shining. I am willing to talk, I am willing to take the first disease. How can I get grass? The back of the tree. I am willing to think about it, which makes me feel very uncomfortable.

Gentleman in service: Gentleman in service, I don't know its date. What is this? Chickens live in the noise. In the evening, the cattle and sheep came down. My husband is serving in the distance. How can I think of him? A gentleman is in service, in a few days or months. What are the advantages? Chickens live in the street. At the end of the night, all the cattle and sheep gathered around. If a gentleman is in service, will he be hungry?

"Naked": Do you mean naked? Robe with my son. Wang Yuxing, fix my spear. Hatred with my son! Have I nothing to wear? Take your son. Wang Yu started the division and repaired my spear and halberd Work with your son! Have I nothing to wear? Take your son. Wang Yu started his division and trained our soldiers. Go with your son!

Sixth, love poems

Love poems occupy a considerable proportion in the Book of Songs, which are not only numerous and rich in content, but also the most wonderful chapter in the Book of Songs. It can be divided into the following types:

1, free to sing. Some of these works are bold and straightforward, such as Zheng Yan, which depicts a happy scene of a pair of young men and women walking around the water in the bright spring sun and meeting for fun; Zhao Nan Zhuomeiyou is the singing voice of a woman to be married, which shows her anxiety about getting married without reservation. It is very bold and dissolute to write about the tryst and play between men and women in Zhao Nan Ye Ye Die. Another kind of works is more gentle and elegant, such as Nan Zhou Guanluo, which is about tossing and turning love; The peak girl expresses pure love with gifts and tokens, which is quiet and beautiful; "Chen Chu" describes the graceful charm of the beauty under the moon, which is bright and moving.

Qin Yan: Qin Yan, Fang Fang. Female scholar, Fang Bingxi. What do women think? Scholars say both. Watch it? Besides, you can enjoy yourself. Wizards and women, Ikey teased each other and fed them a spoonful of medicine. Both Qin and Yan know it. Scholars and women are rich. What do women think? Scholars say both. Watch it? Besides, you can enjoy yourself. Wizards and women, benefiting qi and teasing, feed them a spoonful of medicine.

"There are plums": There are plums, actually seven. Please don't delay my young people's good day. Plums fell to the ground with only three branches. I have a heart to ask my young man not to wait any longer today. Plums fall to the ground, dustpan will dustpan. My child, please don't hesitate to ask me.

"Quiet girl": a quiet girl, as long as I am in the corner of the city. Deliberately hiding for me to find, scratching my head. The quiet girl looks good. Give me a tong tube. Red has a bright red color. Love it is really a bright color. This country exploits me, Meili Yi and is rare. It is not as beautiful as weeds, and beauty gives people deep affection.

2. Poems expressing lovesickness and blocked love. For example, the girl in "Zheng Feng urchin" has insomnia because of lovesickness; Qin Feng depicts a sad, cold, hazy and confused realm, portrays the image of the poet wandering and thinking, and shows the poet's unattainable melancholy and loss to the Iraqis.

Naughty boy: He is naughty and won't talk to me. I can't eat my bread for your sake. That sly guy, why don't you eat with me? It's all for you, which makes me feel uneasy.

Jianji: Jianji Grey, Bailu Cream. The so-called Iraqi people, the water side, follow it back, the road is long. Swim back from it, in the middle of the water It's been a long time, and it hasn't changed for thousands of years. The so-called Iraqis are in the water. Tracing back and forth from it, the road is blocked and broken. Swim back from the inside and swim in the water. Jia Cai, peace and prosperity have not passed. The so-called Iraqis are in the water. Go back and follow, the road is blocked and turn right. Swim back from the inside and swim in the water.

Some poems in The Book of Songs not only praise love, but also reflect some related social problems. For example, Zhong Ziqi, the general of Zheng Feng, wrote that a woman and her sweetheart are in love, but she is afraid of the opposition of her father and brother and the gossip of others. There is no lack of resentment in her graceful singing. Zhou had the same experience. Her love was opposed by her mother, and she had to fight for it. The social problems reflected by this kind of poems are contradictions between love, ethics and public opinion. The obstacle to their love is not the emotional entanglement between lovers, but the social pressure from outside.

Baizhou: Pampa Baizhou, in Paihe River. I am arrogant and I am a real judge. Death cannot defeat it. Mother only has one day, and she doesn't forgive people! Pan-white week, on the other side of the river. You are really arrogant. The arrow of death is fading. Mother only has one day, and she doesn't forgive people!

"General Zhong Zi": General Zhong Zi Xi is no better than my heart or my tree. Dare to love? Afraid of my parents. Zhong can get pregnant, parents' words are awesome. General zhongzi xi, no more than my wall, no more than my tree mulberry. Dare to love? Afraid of my brothers. Zhong can get pregnant, and the words of your brothers are also awesome. General zhongzi xi, no more than my garden, no more than my sandalwood. Dare to love? Afraid of talking too much. Zhong kehuai, many words are awesome.

3. Poems describing happy married life. For example, Nan Zhou Yao Tao begins with a gorgeous peach blossom, wishing the bride a harmonious family and a happy life. "Zheng Feng, the Mother Crow" is a clip of getting up in the morning in the form of a couple's dialogue, which is very interesting and shows the touching affection of the couple.

Yao Tao: The peach flew away, burning with its brilliance. The girl is going to get married and be happy at her husband's house. Peach blossoms are in full bloom and there are countless fruits. The girl is going to get married, and the heir who gave birth early is going to make a fortune. Peach blossoms are in full bloom, and green leaves are lush and never fall. The girl is getting married, and Comix is in harmony.

"Chicken crow": Chicken crow, full court. The sounds of bandits, crows and flies. The east is clear and the dynasty is prosperous. Bandits shine in the east, and the moon shines. Worms can fly and are willing to dream with their sons. Will return, not ordinary to hate.

"Female crow": female crow, scholar crow. Children like watching the night, but the stars are rotten. Can fly, can fly, can swim, can geese. Yi Yan adds up, this is the right son. It is advisable to talk about drinking and grow old with your son. The harp is in the imperial court. Keep quiet. Knowing that my son was coming, I gave it to him. Knowing his son's obedience, he asked with mixed feelings. Knowing a child's kindness is in exchange for miscellaneous praise.

4. Poems of abandoned wives. There are also several works in The Book of Songs sung by women abandoned by their husbands. Among them, Li, Feng and Meng are the most famous. Both of these poems describe the tragic experience of the heroine who is faithful to her husband and tries hard to keep the house but is mercilessly abandoned, but their styles are quite different. "Gu Feng" is sad that her husband likes the new and hates the old, and she is sad. "Meng" showed a sober and decisive attitude by comparing himself with her husband in character and affection, accusing her husband of disorderly abandonment.

"Mang": Mang's cockroach, holding cloth trade silk. When robbers came to trade silk, they came to me. Sending a child involves gas, as for Dunqiu. When I was a robber, I had no good media. There is no anger in the child, and autumn lasts. Take the other side of the wall to get back to the customs. I didn't see the resumption of customs, so I cried. Seeing the resumption of GATT, I was full of laughter and laughter. Well, Parr, the body is not responsible. Driving your car to bribe me to move. Mulberry leaves flourish before they fall. Yu Yu, I'm sorry! Don't eat mulberry. What a woman! There is nothing to worry about. It can be said that scholars are worried. You can't say a woman is worried. Mulberry fell, yellow, and fell. Self-pity, poor three years old. Qishui soup, curtain skirt. Women are unhappy, and scholars do their best. Scholars are also extremely useless. Being a woman at the age of three is exhausting. Sleepless all night, there must be a dynasty. As for violence, what you say must be done. Brother, no

Knowing, grinning. Calm down and think about it, and you will bow your head and feel sorry for yourself. Being together always makes me complain. Qi has a shore and discipline has a plate. The banquet in General's Corner was talking and laughing, swearing and not thinking about the opposite side. On the contrary, I don't think about it. I'm already embarrassed!

Section III Literary Achievements of The Book of Songs

1, operator, bi, xing

Fu, Bi and Xing are generally regarded as the expressive methods of The Book of Songs, but there is no consensus on their meanings. Among them, Zhu's statement is relatively simple and widely accepted by future generations. He believes: "The giver will tell the truth about Chen Qi; Compare this thing with another thing; When you are excited, just say something else that will make you say something. "

2. Composition structure

The Book of Songs usually adopts the structure of heavy chapters. The so-called re-chapter is not to list the same words again, but to change or replace some words and sing them again. There are two situations. First, although the words have changed, the meaning is the same. First, after changing words, there is a hierarchical relationship between poems.

"Complain": Pick slugs and choose fine words. Pick slugs, fine print. Select slugs and make a short comment. Pick slugs and smooth them with fine print. Pick slugs and talk about them. Pick and choose and say a few words.

3. Sentence patterns and language

The Book of Songs takes four characters as the basic sentence pattern. At the same time, under the four-character basic sentence pattern, the change is irregular, the length is free and flexible. The rhythm is distinct, the rhyme is harmonious, and there is natural musical beauty. In fact, the basic patterns and rules of rhyme have become the standards of rhyme in later poems.

In addition, the language of The Book of Songs is also very distinctive. First, the vocabulary is rich; The second is the extensive use of disyllabic words and reduplicated words. Such as "Guan Guan", "graceful", "Yao Shao", "injustice", "enthusiasm", "take precautions", "mistakes" and "try your best to comfort" and so on. These characteristics increase the beauty of the rhythm of poetry and convey the poet's tortuous and subtle emotions and images more delicately.

Part four: The position and influence of The Book of Songs.

1, The Book of Songs initiated the tradition of lyric poetry.

2. The Book of Songs established an elegant spirit of paying attention to reality.

3. The tradition of "Bi Xing" established in The Book of Songs constitutes the basic means of literary expression in later generations.

Chapter III Pre-Qin Historical Prose

The culture of ancient historians in China is very developed, and narrative prose describing historical events first appeared in the history of prose. Oracle Bone Inscriptions and bronze inscriptions in Yin and Shang Dynasties are the earliest written records in China, while Shangshu and Chunqiu provide different styles of historical prose. The appearance of Zuozhuan, Guoyu and Warring States Policy marked the maturity of narrative literature and opened the tradition of narrative literature in China.

The first section from Oracle Bone Inscriptions to Chunqiu

1. The origin of China's prose can be traced back to Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Their notes are simple and unorganized. A few narratives are relatively complete in narrative elements, which can be regarded as the bud of narrative prose in the pre-Qin period.

2. The inscriptions on bronzes in Shang and Zhou Dynasties have changed from simple to complex, with longer length and more complicated content, and have certain narrative scale.

3. Shangshu is the first historical anthology in China, which mainly focuses on memorizing words, and it is a compilation of historical materials of Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Include Yu Shu, Xia Shu, Shangshu and Zhou Shu. Pan Geng is a reliable work of Shang Dynasty and the ancestor of Chinese words. The words in Shangshu are archaic, just as Han Yu's Xue Jie said: "Zhou Yu is full of enthusiasm and flinches." The patent structure of Shangshu is complete and independent, and its language skills are obviously more mature than those of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jinwen. It has a far-reaching influence on the official document style of later generations.

4. The Spring and Autumn Annals was originally the general name of Zhou Dynasty history books, and later it specifically refers to the history of Lu State. It recorded the history from the year of Luyin (722 BC) to the fourteenth year of Lu Aigong (48 BC1year). Chunqiu arranges historical events in chronological order, which is the first chronological history book in China. Legend has it that Confucius once wrote the Spring and Autumn Annals, but some people think that Confucius was only used to teach his disciples. Its annotations have conventions, but they are very brief, like modern news headlines, not real narrative prose.

5. The Spring and Autumn Annals runs through the idea of maintaining rites and correcting names. This idea is not to resort to argumentative words in writing, but to express it through the comparison of historical facts and implicit and rigorous wording. This is the so-called "spring and autumn brushwork" and "words with slight meanings", and the word contains praise and criticism.

Section 2 Zuo Zhuan

I. The Book of Zuo Zhuan

1, Zuo Zhuan is the abbreviation of Zuo Zhuan in Chunqiu, also known as Zuo Chunqiu. According to legend, Zuo Zhuan was written by Zuo Qiuming, but later generations doubted it.

2. The chronicle of Zuo Zhuan began in the year of Lu Yin (722 BC) and ended in the twenty-seventh year of Lu Aigong (468 BC), which basically coincided with Spring and Autumn Annals. This book was written in the early Warring States period, and the editor should be a Confucian scholar.

3. Zuozhuan was written at that time, and it was a long single line. Together with Biography of Ram and Biography of Gu Liang, it is called Spring and Autumn Annals. After the Western Jin Dynasty, the combination of classics and biographies became what we see today.

Second, the historical view of Zuo Zhuan

1, Zuo Zhuan inherited the good historical spirit of Chunqiu, summed up historical experience from the standpoint of Confucianism, evaluated historical figures and events, and provided historical reference for future generations.

2. People-oriented spirit and people-oriented thought are the outstanding ideological characteristics of Zuo Zhuan, which embodies the author's progressive view of history and reflects the social reality and ideological trend at that time. Humanism is a subversion of theocratic consciousness, and Zuo Zhuan puts forward the view that "people are gods"; People-oriented thought is manifested in attaching importance to public opinion and expressing the view that the people are the foundation of the country and the people are the king.

Thirdly, the narrative of Zuo Zhuan.

Although Zuozhuan is a historical work, it has detailed records and vivid style, which is quite different from Chunqiu and Shangshu. Its narrative features can be seen from the following four aspects:

1, literary tailoring and storytelling of historical events.

Literary tailoring is not only to describe the true face of historical events, but also to be good at making the conveyed events interesting and avoiding boring running accounts. Storytelling of historical events means that when Zuo Zhuan narrates historical facts, he often uses the description of characters to describe their words, behaviors and relationships, and some even have the color of novels and operas.

2. The characters are vivid and three-dimensional.

Although Zuo Zhuan didn't record history in the form of biography, it attached great importance to the portrayal of characters when describing historical events. Among them, Cao Gui, Xian Zhen, Gao Xian, Zichan and Yan Ying are all vivid images. What is more noteworthy is that Zuo Zhuan can not only describe the character characteristics of the characters, but also pay attention to depicting many aspects of the characters' personalities, and some even write the development of the characters' personalities.

Zuo Zhuan mainly uses dialogues and actions to express characters, but rarely describes their subjective and static characteristics such as appearance and psychology.

3. Vivid scene description and vivid detail description.

Zuo Zhuan is famous for being good at describing war. It recorded many battles, big and small, in the Spring and Autumn Period, and often paid attention to the narration of the pre-war plans of both sides. For example, the complicated diplomatic strategy formulated before the Chengpu Campaign in Chu Jin is an example. Scenes describing the battlefield are famous for their simplicity and vividness. For example, in the Battle of the Jin Dynasty, the soldiers of the Jin army who were defeated by the Chu army crossed the river for a boat, attacked each other and killed each other. As a result, "fingers in the boat are clumsy" and there is a state of confusion.

The narration and description of Zuo Zhuan used many details, which was very vivid. For example, after the Battle of Kans, Duke Xiang of Jin released Qin Sanshuai, and the Marshal was furious and denounced, showing his foresight and bad temper. Another example is the battle of Chu Jin, where the chariots of deserters of the Jin army got stuck in a pit. The chased Chu people taught them to take away the crossbar in front of the car, and also taught them to pull out the flag, take off the yoke and flee light. While fleeing, the Jin soldiers retaliated against the Chu army, saying that they were not often defeated by the Chu army, so there was no way to escape. This detail vividly shows the confusion of the Jin army, the leisure of the Chu army and the ridiculous banter of the Jin army.

4. Zuo Zhuan is also good at writing diplomatic rhetoric, which is rich in literature and beauty. For example, Yi Yin's nephew's reply to Qin Mugong not only admitted that the State of Jin had been defeated by the State of Qin, but also showed that the State of Jin was United and would never give in. It not only expressed the people's grief over the capture of Jin, but also explained the reason why Qin had to release Jin. Go deep into each other's hearts, grasp their psychology, be polite, tactful, neither humble nor supercilious, reasonable and measured, so that the other party has to be impressed. Others, such as "paying tribute to Qin by candlelight", "asking the king of Chu by discipline" and "Lv Xiang refusing Qin", are all famous examples.

These literary achievements of Zuo Zhuan have had a far-reaching impact on later literature, especially novel creation.

Section 3 "Mandarin" and "Warring States Policy"

First, "Mandarin"

1, Guoyu is the first national history book in China, which records the major events of Zhou, Lu, Qi, Jin, Zheng, Chu and wuyue, and is a compilation of historical materials from various countries. It is mainly based on memorizing words, so it is called "Mandarin". Legend has it that its author is also Zuo Qiuming, but it is not reliable.

2. The words recorded in Guoyu are thoughtful in images and logical thinking, popular and colloquial, and vivid.

3. Although "Guoyu" mainly recites words, there are no simple argumentative papers or quotations, but a series of large and small stories are interspersed among them, which is sometimes successful in narrative skills, plot conception, characterization and so on.