What idioms were there during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period?

The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period lasted for more than 500 years. During this period, wars continued, people of the hour emerged endlessly, and the situation was ups and downs. The encounter between soldiers on the battlefield, the strategizing in the military camp and the strategic confrontation in diplomatic occasions have left us with many familiar historical allusions. The historical stage of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period: no matter who is born in a noble family or is down and out, no matter who is born in a noble family or is a pawn, no matter who is white-haired or young and mature, as long as he has talent and ideas, he can be worshipped and reused to show his talents. Su Qin, Yi Cheung, Guan Zhong and Fan Ju are all civilians, and the old one has our Prissy. Ganluo, a rare talent, made a pilgrimage at the age of twelve. Compared with the seniority theory of later generations, the system of waiting for officials in the first year has certain enlightenment significance.

1, Prince of Bonfire Play

At the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty, a fatuous woman, Zhou Youwang, did not hesitate to stage a farce in the city, and asked the ministers for advice with a bonfire. As a result, when the dogs of ethnic minorities attacked the Western Zhou Dynasty, there was another bonfire, and no one came to help the princes. You Wang was killed, ending the Western Zhou Dynasty. Since then, the authority of the Emperor of Zhou has plummeted, and the situation of the feudal lords in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period has emerged.

2. Respect the king and fight against foreigners

When Qi Huangong thought of success, he got help from Guan Zhong. This man assisted Qi Huangong's political opponents before Qi Huangong succeeded to the throne. In order to compete with Qi Huangong for the throne, he once shot an arrow at Qi Huangong. However, after Qi Huangong came to power, he valued Guan Zhong's talent and ignored this revenge. Instead, he worshipped him as a teacher, implemented reforms, and finally made Qiang Bing rich. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the status of the Emperor of Zhou plummeted, and the princes no longer obeyed the King of Zhou. Some powerful governors took the opportunity to launch a merger war, forcing other countries to recognize their hegemony. Guan Zhong assisted Qi Huangong under the banner of "respecting the king and rejecting foreign countries", making Qi Huangong the first overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period.

3. Win the Central Plains

According to legend, in the process of pursuing hegemony, he led an army to show off its strength on the outskirts of Luoyi, where the Zhou royal family was located, and sent envoys to ask about the size of Jiuding. Ding symbolizes kingship and wins, indicating the heart of seizing power.

4. Don't get in the way

During the Spring and Autumn Period, there was civil strife in the State of Jin, and Jin Xiangong's son Zhong Er fled to Chu. King Chu Cheng took him in and entertained him. He promised that if there was a war in Chu Jin, the Jin army would retreat from three houses (one in Sanli). Later, Zhong Er returned to the State of Jin with the help of Qin Mugong. The state of Jin supported the struggle between Song and Chu, and the two armies met in Chengpu. Zhong Er avoided, lured the enemy in and won.

5, a blockbuster

According to legend, Chu Zhuangwang (another name is Qi Weiwang) had a good time at the end of his three-year term, and neglected state affairs. A courtier said to Zhuang Wang, "I heard that there is a big bird in the countryside that doesn't fly for three years and doesn't sing for three years. What's wrong? " Zhuang Wang said: "This bird can fly without flying, and it will soar in the sky;" It will be a blockbuster if you don't sing. " Then, we will rectify state affairs, enrich Qiang Bing, and form a situation of great governance in just a few years.

6. An old horse knows the way

During the Spring and Autumn Period, at the request of Yan State, Qi Huangong led an army to defeat the invasion of Shanrong State. The Milu, the king of Shanrong, fled to the lonely bamboo country to ask for reinforcements, and Guan Zhong followed Qi Huangong to defeat the reinforcements of the lonely bamboo country. On the way back to China, Qi Jun was trapped by a fake guide's agency. Guan Zhong suggested using an old horse to lead the way to save the day.

7. apologize humbly

During the Warring States Period, Lian Po and Lin Xiangru, two important ministers of Zhao State, were named Guo Xiang by Zhao Wang for their repeated meritorious deeds. Lian Po was unconvinced, thinking that his martial arts had overshadowed his mouth. Lin Xiangru avoided Lian Po many times for the sake of the country. Lian Po was ashamed when he learned of his good intentions, so he went to Lin Xiangru's house to confess secretly. From then on, the two made up and became friends with each other.

8. An armchair strategist

During the Warring States Period, Zhao Kuo, the son of Zhao She, a famous Warring States soldier, was proficient in the art of war. Even his father can't beat him, and he thinks he is invincible. Zhao She thinks that he is an armchair strategist and doesn't understand traffic. Later, when Zhao She died, Zhao Kuo took Lian Po's place. Lin Xiangru and others strongly opposed it. Zhao Wang insisted that Zhao Kuo lost 400,000 troops in the battle of Changping.

9. Repeated orders and applications

Sun Wuliu lived in the State of Wu, and the King of Wu wanted to test Sun Wu's military talents, so he gave Sun Wu the 180 young maid-in-waiting to practice. Sun Wu divided the ladies-in-waiting into two teams and made the prince's favorite concubine the captain. After Sun Wu confessed the password to the ladies-in-waiting, he drummed and commanded. The ladies-in-waiting burst into laughter and the team was in chaos. Sun Wu gave another order, but the ladies-in-waiting just thought it was fun and didn't listen at all. Sun Wu said that since he had understood the order and didn't listen, it was the crime of the leader and ordered the two captains to be put to death. The prince of Wu hurriedly ordered that the princess should not be killed, but Sun Wu killed two princesses. Then, Sun Wu rehearsed the ladies-in-waiting, and this time no one dared not listen to orders.

10, wai Wei to save Zhao

During the Warring States Period, Wei Jun besieged Handan, the capital of Zhao. Zhao asked Qi for help and sent Tian Ji as the general and Sun Bin as the strategist to send troops to save Zhao. Tian Ji wanted to directly lead troops to save Zhao Handan, while Sun Bin advocated that troops should besiege the capital girder of Wei, and Wei would return to the army to save himself. This will not only lift the siege of Zhao, but also exhaust Wei Jun. Tian Ji adopted Sun Bin's strategy and led his troops to take the lead. When Wei Jun heard the news, he quickly withdrew the troops besieging Handan and returned to the army to rescue the girder overnight. Going to Guiling, the Qi army will meet Wei Jun earlier and earlier. Wei Jun was defeated, almost completely annihilated.

1 1, Khufu rides and shoots

During the Warring States Period, Wu Wangling, the monarch of the State of Zhao, was determined to become stronger. King Wuling saw that the Hu people (ethnic minorities) were dressed in short-sleeved plain clothes, riding horses, shooting arrows while running, and their actions were agile and flexible, so he decided to learn from the Hu people, reform soldiers' clothing and develop cavalry. In less than a year, Zhao had a powerful cavalry. After fighting in the south and north, Zhao became one of the great powers at that time.

12, stealing symbols to save Zhao

During the Warring States Period, the State of Qin sent troops to besiege Handan, the capital of Zhao. Zhao asked Wei for help, and Wei sent troops to save Zhao. When Qin heard that Wei sent troops to save Zhao, he sent people to Wei to threaten Wang Wei. Wang Wei gave in to Qin and ordered those who went to save Zhao to stay where they were. So he wrote to Xin, the son of Wei State, for help. Xinlingjun once avenged Wang Wei's favorite concubine, such as Ji, for killing his father. Xinlingjun let Ruji steal the art of war from Wang Wei, thus seizing the military power, leading tens of thousands of soldiers to Handan, defeating Qin Jun and solving the siege of Handan.

13, go, go, go

During the Warring States Period, Qin Chu fought frequently, and the vassal states put interests first, sometimes helping the State of Qin, and sometimes handling affairs. Therefore, an idiom has been formed to describe the vacillating and capricious attitudes of various groups and figures in the situation that the powers compete for spheres of influence.

14, in urgent need of help

In 227 BC, Prince Dan of Yan sent Jing Ke to the State of Qin to assassinate the King of Qin, and staged a tragic scene. When Jing Ke bid farewell to Taizi Dan, he sang: "The wind is rustling and the water is cold, and the strong man is gone forever." In the state of Qin, Jing Ke paid off the minions of the king of Qin to see him with a large sum of money. Jing Ke pretended to present a map of Du Kang to Ying Zheng, the king of Qin. When Ying Zheng opened the map, Jing Ke grabbed the dagger on the map and stabbed the king of Qin. The king of Qin was frightened and suddenly broke free. Jing Ke was killed by the warriors of Qin.

15

At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, wuyue in the south also joined the hegemony war. Fu Cha defeated the King of Yue, and Fu Cha defeated and captured Gou Jian. Gou Jian has been feeding Fu Tea Horse for three years and suffered a lot. Gou Jian, the King of Yue, was humiliated. After returning home, he was determined to serve his country and avenge it. He asked Fan Li to help train the army, hire talents, take part in labor by himself, and insist on sleeping on firewood. He has to taste gall before every meal. After ten years of reunion and lessons, Wu was finally destroyed.

16, love bitch

Everything is wrong. The foreign reserve said, "Top left": In those years, Qin Mugong married his daughter to Jin Gongzi and prepared a very generous dowry. There are as many as 70 concubines in gorgeous clothes alone. When I first married into the State of Jin, people in the State of Jin saw that all the married women were so beautiful, and they all wanted to find a female concubine to take home, but they felt that the king of Qin was not as beautiful as a female concubine and looked down upon him. This is a story told by Han Fei when he answered a question from the king of Chu by Qiu Tianzhi, who taught Mozi theory in Qi State. The examples of "Qin Bo marries a daughter" and "buying gifts to return pearls" together illustrate the truth of doing things, that is, don't forget to use them, or even use them to harm others. Later generations often use this metaphor to do things, putting the cart before the horse.

17, White Red Pavilion Day

From The Warring States Policy Wei Ce IV: Nie Zheng was a South Korean during the Warring States Period. He fled to Qi and made a living by slaughtering. Han Qingyan then had a gap with Han and wanted revenge. When he heard that Nie Zheng was chivalrous and brave, he gave Jin Baizhen as a birthday present for Nie Zheng's mother and explained that he wanted to ask Nie Zheng to assassinate his enemy. Nie Zheng refused on the grounds that her mother still needed support. Later, after the death of his mother, he fought alone and assassinated Han. He met this phenomenon of Bai Hongguan, stabbed himself and committed suicide. Bai Hong is an atmospheric optical phenomenon, now called solar halo. The ancients were superstitious and often regarded this as a sign of heaven, which would harm the king, and it was also attached to heaven.

18, Biwanchang University

From Zuo Zhuan Min A.D.: During the Spring and Autumn Period, Wei was destroyed and Wei land was divided with Minister Bi Wan. Bu Yan, the doctor in charge of divination, said: "After completing the task, it will be great. Ten thousand, abundant number also; Wei Ming's official (Wei Tongwei, hence the saying "Yun") gave Bi Wei the land today, which is an act of God to inspire future generations and make them prosperous. " Later, the descendants of Bi Wan really established the State of Wei in the Warring States Period. In fact, these are all ancient sayings. Later generations often compare the development and prosperity of later generations with the allusion of "the wall is prosperous"

19, hold the ice and hold the fire.

From Biography of Gou Jian Returning to China during the Spring and Autumn Period in Wu and Yue Dynasties: Gou Jian, the King of Yue, often honed his will with hard living conditions in order to subjugate his country. He held the ice in the cold winter and the fire in the hot summer, working day and night, repairing the military and political affairs at home and treating the diplomatic princes. Ten years of reunion, ten years of lessons, and finally from weak to strong, the destruction of Wu. Later generations used "holding ice to hold fire" as a metaphor for hard struggle and unremitting self-improvement, and also used to refer to the hardships of life.

20. I will wait for you to die in my post.

Starting from Zhuangzi Stole Feet, Wu Sheng met his beloved woman under the river bridge. The woman didn't appear until the river rose, and the micro-life would rather die on the beam than stand up. Weisheng was loyal to love and kept his promise, but his mind was rigid and he didn't know what happened, so he died in his post. Later, it was used as an allusion to keep promises, especially for the love vows between men and women.

2 1, the exterior and interior are mountains and rivers

From Zuo Zhuan Xi Gong's Twenty-eight Years: In the Spring and Autumn Period, before Chu Jin's decisive battle, Jin Wengong's counselor and Jin Wengong's uncle advised Wen Gong to participate in the decisive battle. He thought that even if the battle failed, he could stick to it at the risk of Taihang Mountain and Yellow River. The original words are: "War also. If you win the battle, you win the vassal; If you are not agile, it will not hurt. " Later generations often use "mountains and rivers are outside" to illustrate the solidity of geographical national defense. And Bird Yang Hao wrote in Tongguan Nostalgia: The peaks are like gathering, the waves are like anger, and the mountains and rivers are like Tongguan Road. People who look to the west will hesitate. This is the meaning of "mountains and rivers on the outside" in the book, which on the one hand shows the sinister situation in Tongguan; On the other hand, it reflects the ruin of the imperial palace in Qin and Han dynasties and the endless suffering of the people during the war.

22. Admit defeat frankly

From Zuo Zhuan Xi Gong Fifteen Years: In the battle between Qin, Jin and Hanyuan, the Jin army was defeated, and Jin was captured by Qin Jun, accompanied by Dr. Jin's unkempt hair. Qin Mugong urged, "How anxious Ersanzi is! I want to invite the Jin army to my state of Qin. How dare I go too far? " Doctor Jin bowed three times and said, "You walk on the ground and wear the emperor's heaven. The emperor really hears your words, and the ministers dare to descend." In fact, Dr. King's words are an oath, and I hope what he said can be kept. "Good wind" means that your promise is not only a mirror of heaven and earth, but also heard by all of us who are detained. I hope you won't break your word. "Bowing to the wind" was originally a humble and cowardly act, and later it gradually evolved into the idiom "willing to bow to the wind" as a self-deprecating word.

23. Borrow one from the market.

From Zuo Zhuan, the second year of Qi Huangong: In 589 BC, after the Jin-Lu-Wei allied forces defeated the Qi army, Qi Qing's minister Bin (Guo Zuo, who once presided over the administration of the State of Qi) took bribes to see Chuck, the coach of the Jin army. When Jin Fang put forward the harsh conditions of humiliating Qi (taking the youngest son as the mother of Qi, turning the ridges and acres of land in Qi's fields into east-west directions), he took this road. The commanders of the two armies, Lu and Wei, advised Chuck to stop fighting and make peace with Qi. Jin finally gave up the idea of continuing to attack and signed a Covenant, which turned Qi into safety. Later, he vowed to "borrow one from the back of the city" to fight the enemy to the death.

Tao Jing, 24.

From Zuo Zhuan's Twenty-six Years of Xianggong: During the Spring and Autumn Period, Wu Ju, the grandfather of Wu Zixu, Chu, was good friends with Sun Guisheng, the son of Zi Chao, a teacher of Cai Shui. Wu Ju married Wang Zimou (that is, Shen Gong). After Wang Zimou escaped from the crime, the Chu people all said that "Wang Zimou's escape was actually escorted by Wu Ju." So Wu Ju also fled to Zheng because of his involvement, and then prepared to go to the State of Jin. Just then, Sun Guisheng was going to the State of Jin, and the two met outside Zheng. They "eat like Jing (pulling out the grass building) (sitting on it and eating), but talk about the past (talking about returning to Chu). Later, it refers to friends meeting on the road and chatting about old feelings.

25.Hong Yan Bi Hua

Changhong, from Zhuangzi Foreign Things, was the doctor of Zhou Dachen and Liu Wengong in the Spring and Autumn Period. Liu He is a family friend. Jin Qing (in 490 BC, that is, ten years on Wednesday, Zhao defeated Fan and Bank of China) fought among themselves, and Changhong helped Fan, so Zhao Yang denounced him for it. The Jin army blamed Zhou, who killed Changhong. Changhong died in Shu (now Sichuan), and the people of Shu all felt it. In three years, his blood turned to jasper, and he was sincere. Of course, turn Bi's theory into the romance of later generations. Later, "Hong Hong Bi Hua" was often used to describe loyal ministers who died of injustice. Still have to be loyal to the country, and the spirit of loyalty to the country will last forever. Like Yuan Chonghuan, a famous soldier in the late Ming Dynasty, his blood turned green after his death.

26, hanging beam thorn stocks

From The Warring States Policy Qin Ce I: Su Qin Lobbyed the King of Qin. Last time, the king of Qin didn't adopt his idea. When he got home, his parents, wife and sister-in-law ignored him. When he is sad, he works hard and studies hard day and night. After reading a book at night, I feel sleepy, so I prick my thigh with an awl to wake up and continue my study. This spirit of hard work and self-improvement has always been praised by people and has become a typical example of persuasion in the old days. Later generations often use "stabbing stocks" as an allusion to hard work and self-improvement.

27. Knife wound brocade

From Zuo Zhuan's Thirty-one Years of Xianggong: During the Spring and Autumn Period, Zi Pi, a doctor of the State of Zheng, wanted one of his ministers, Yin He, to be a doctor in a place. Because Zheng Zichan came to power on his recommendation in his later years, he probably thought that Zichan would not oppose the promotion of Yin He. Zheng Zichan advocates "learning before politics" to avoid screwing things up, which is a safe way to choose candidates; If you are a scholar who studies politics, you will make fun of politics, which is irresponsible and harmful to politics. In order to illustrate this truth, Zi Chan compared "cutting without a knife" with "obsessing over money does not make people study" and expounded that the cart before the horse cannot be put. From today's perspective, although it is understandable to learn before doing, learning while doing is also learning and cannot be biased. The combination of "wielding a knife" and "wounding brocade" by later generations is a metaphor for weakness.

28, Chu curtain is black.

From Zuo Zhuan's Twenty-eight Years of Duke Zhuang: Chu defeated Zheng, who was rescued by other vassal states, forcing the Chu army to retreat overnight. In order to prevent the rescue of Zheng Jun and the reinforcements of the vassal states, the Chu army quietly retreated at night, but left an empty camp as a cover. The army tent was empty, crows lived on it, and the Zheng people sized up the situation and stopped running in the Chu military camp. Later, this allusion was often used to refer to failure or the emptiness of military power.

On the 29th, the Ding Gong sank.

From the Spring and Autumn Annals of Lu: During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a man named Ding in the State of Song dug a well in his yard because there was no well at home. He thinks that in this way, there is no need for special people to wash clothes and fetch water, which is equivalent to getting help from one person. After someone heard it, they spread it out, saying that Ding Jia had got a man by drilling. Later, it was used as a metaphor to spread the truth, or subjectivism explained it out of thin air, confusing things.

30, the righteousness above family loyalty

This story is quite famous and recorded in the chronicles of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, but I want to talk about it from the four-year seclusion of Zuo Zhuan: During the Spring and Autumn Period, Shi Hou, the son of Wei Guo paraffin, and his son Zhou Xu * * * usurped the throne. Shi Hou went to his father to calm the hearts of the people at home. Paraffin wax is designed for this purpose. With the help of Chen Huangong, they took advantage of Chen Guo to arrest Zhou Xu and Shi Hou. Weiguo sent people to Pu to kill, and Shila sent his ministers to Chen to kill. Zuo Zhuan therefore praised: "The gentleman said,' Paraffin is a pure minister. If the evil state urges and is generous (in its words, it means being executed together), how can it be called "putting righteousness above family interests"? "The meaning of destroying the family" originally refers to destroying the affair between father and son for the sake of the righteousness of monarch and minister, and later refers to upholding justice and not favoritism.

3 1, Dongshi Xiaoxiao

From Zhuangzi Peach Blossom: According to legend, there was a stunning beauty named Shi. She is beautiful, no matter how she dresses up, her every move is beautiful and moving. Shi's heart is very painful. When he is ill, he always puts his hand on his chest and frowns. One day, she was walking on the road in the village. Suddenly, her chest ached and she frowned in pain. She unconsciously put her hand on her chest and grinned. It happened that an ugly girl named Dong Shi came face to face. When he saw the frown, Shi put his hand on his chest and smiled. He thinks he is beautiful. So, just imitate. Dong Shi had no chest pain, and put his hand on his chest and grinned, frowning as usual, thinking it was beautiful. When the villagers saw her uncharacteristically, they looked at her for no reason, but the ugly girl frowned and grinned more because she was liked by others, scaring everyone away. Later, the metaphor of "ugly and clumsy" was used to imitate "beauty and cleverness" blindly and mechanically, which backfired and became a laughing stock. Li Baiyou: Ugly women follow suit and surprise their neighbors.

32, stupefied

Zhuang Zishengda: During the Warring States Period, cockfighting was an entertainment activity for the nobles, and the King of Qi at that time was a cockfighting fan. In order to win on the chicken farm, King Qi specially invited an expert Ji to help him train chickens. The king of Qi was eager to win, and after a few days, he sent someone to urge him. Ji Xunzi said, "A chicken is unruly. As soon as it sees its opponent, it is eager to try and can't hold its breath. " A few days later, the King of Qi sent someone to ask, and Ji Xunzi said, "Not yet. It seems that the chicken does not move, but it is not calm enough. " A few days later, Ji Xunzi finally said to the bearer, "Please tell the King of Qi that I have to hurry to train chickens." When it comes to cockfighting, the opponent's chicken barks and jumps, and the chicken trained by Ji Xiezi is like a wooden chicken, and there is no response at all. The other chickens were scared away when they saw its dull appearance. So the king of Qi used this chicken to fight with others and naturally won. Zhuangzi used this story to illustrate that some things are not necessarily inherited from nature, but can become habits after artificial training, so as to achieve the purpose of transforming "things". But to later generations, it is all derogatory to use "stupefied" to describe the expression of people who are stupefied by fear or surprise.

33. Steal and hate the master

From Zuo Zhuan's Fifteen Years of Qi Huangong: During the Spring and Autumn Period, Jin Bozong (son of Sun, a doctor of the Jin Dynasty) was honest and outspoken in the DPRK. His wife often advises him: "If you hate your master and the people hate him, it's hard for you to call a spade a spade." Later, Bozong was killed because he had too many grievances. "Stealing and hating the master" means that the thief hates the master who has been stolen or robbed by him. Later it means that bad people hate honest people, they hate kind people, ugly people and beautiful people, and bad people hate kind people.

34. Never mind the fish

From "Zhuangzi Foreign Things": Zhuangzi said: "Sasakawa (a kind of bamboo fishing tackle) can catch fish and forget it because of it; Hooves (crying tools for catching rabbits) are all on rabbits, and you forget hooves when you get rabbits; The speaker (language, writing) cares about (meaning and reason to be expressed) and forgets to say it proudly. I have an Andrew who forgets his words and talks with others (that is, there are very few people who deeply understand his Tao and attach importance to it but don't waste words, so Zhuangzi hopes to find such people to talk with him)! Zhuangzi here took the metaphor of "forgetting fish" and "forgetting rabbit's hoof", which was not used in a negative sense. It is a link between the preceding and the following, and its purpose is to illustrate the truth of "forgetting words and being proud" through comparison. Later generations used "forgetting fish" but changed their original intention. Generally speaking, it is negative, which means that once you achieve your goal, you will forget or give up the means you rely on to achieve it.