Where ancient Rome rose.

The rise of ancient Rome was located in the lower reaches of the Tiber River in central Italy. This river flows slowly in the low mountain area and bends to the coastline in the swamp area, which is an ideal passage for people coming down from the Apennine mountain area to reach the sea.

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From the 10 century BC to the 7th century BC, the Italian peninsula was in a multi-ethnic and multi-cultural period. "Ancient Italians" are the most important group. During the Bronze Age of 1000 BC, they crossed the Alps and Adriatic Sea in the north and east and came to Italy, brutally forcing many local indigenous tribes to migrate. They lived a nomadic life at first, but they have mastered the skills of making bronzes and using horses and wheeled carriages. After arriving in Italy, they formed a lifestyle dominated by agriculture. This way of life became the main way of life of its descendants in the following centuries until the decline of Roman civilization. "Ancient Italians" are made up of several nationalities, including Sabine, umbria and Latin.

In the 9th and 8th centuries BC, two new nationalities appeared on the Italian peninsula: Serus and Greeks. The ancients believed that the Cyrus came from Anatolia in the east, and some archaeological discoveries today have confirmed this. From the origin, it seems that they are not ancient Italians, just as their language is not Indo-European, and their civilization is a mixture of various factors from the East and the West. The famous Villanova civilization represents the initial development stage of the Serus people, from which we can see their extraordinary cultural progress in new fields. This new territory is located in the coastal plain between the Apennines and tyrrhenian sea in the northeast of Italy. These people live in independent and powerful city-States, which usually form alliances. These city-states were originally ruled by a monarch, and later became oligarchy ruled by parliament and elected officials. Serus were originally farming tribes, and they had well-organized troops. They use these troops to rule the surrounding ethnic groups, and they also like to run enterprises and engage in handicrafts. Tuscany and Latin America in the north should be the earliest settlements of Serus. A small number of Latin people flourished at the southern end of this territory, and the city of Rome was finally established here. Therefore, the Romans, who were only villagers in the heyday of Serus civilization, were closely related to Serus' language, thought and religion: Serus had a unique and most important influence on the transformation of Roman culture into civilization.

On the other hand, during the Mycenae civilization from16th century BC to 1 1 th century BC, the Greeks sailed vertically and horizontally in the coastal areas of southern and central Italy, and the subsequent stagnation period brought their navigation to an end. Forced to compete with the Phoenicians on the western trade routes, they established a new trade base, which further enabled the colony to develop in an all-round way in the 8th century BC. They first established a colony in Piisku, Italy (Iskiel Island in the Bay of Naples), and then pushed their forces slightly northward to the Kumi continent in Sicily and the southern coastal areas of Italy. With the contact with the Greeks, the Cyrus people soon became more mature. They created letters according to Greek characters, formed their own sculpture and painting styles, developed religious beliefs based on Greek anthropomorphic gods, and carefully formulated a set of rituals for divining the future. All these were later inherited by the Romans.

The date of the establishment of the city of Rome is uncertain, which is traditionally believed to be in 753 BC, which has been widely confirmed by archaeological discoveries, although people may have lived there before. Traditionally, the Romans attributed the establishment of Rome to the hero Romulus. He and his twin brother Remus are descendants of the hero Aeneas. Aeneas, the son of the Greek goddess Aphrodite, came to Italy after the Greeks occupied Troy. Roman historian Titus Levi described this myth as follows: The grandfather of the twin brothers was Numito, who was the king of Alba in the Alba Mountains in the southeast of Rome. Amulius, the evil brother of the king, deported the king and made Leia Silvia, the only daughter of the king, a virgin to prevent her from bearing children (virgins are not allowed to bear children), in order to prevent the descendants of the king from taking revenge. But Leia Sylvia violated his constraints, fell in love with Mars and gave birth to twins. When the twins were abandoned in the Tiber River, a female wolf nursed them. Later, a shepherd found out that his wife raised them. When they grew up, the twin brothers became the leaders of the greenwood. After remus was captured and brought to King Amulius, romulus led his men to rescue him and killed Amulius. At this time, the life experience of the twin brothers was revealed to the world, and their grandfather Numeitu reigned. The two brothers left their grandfather and set up their own city where the shepherd found them. When deciding who will be the master of the city, the Oracle told them to decide according to the birds they saw that predicted success. Remus saw six vultures standing on Revenge Mountain, and romulus saw 12 vultures standing on Baladin Mountain. The latter figure is luckier, but Remus is the first sign to see it. As a result, there was a quarrel between the brothers, and romulus finally killed Remus and became the king of the new town. He ruled for a long time, was accepted by the gods after his death, and became a respected god of war, Quirinus.

In the process of Rome developing into a city and establishing its own politics and culture, the Romans imitated the neighboring Serus civilization. The earliest extant writing in Italy was found in the cemetery of the ancient city of Ossa Inn near Rome in the early 8th century BC. The four Greek letters carved on the clay pot show that the Latin who just founded Rome learned to use these letters soon after the Greeks adopted the Phoenician letters. The early Roman politics was the era of kingship, and the king held absolute power. He is a great legislator, the leader of the army and the chief priest of * * * * * *, and his power is only restricted by the Senate and the citizens' assembly. The Senate is the Senate Council, which is composed of different tribal leaders. According to the Constitution and traditional customs, the Senate has the right to pass or veto the appointment of the king and to judge the king's legislation and litigation. The citizens' assembly consists of all male citizens in Rome and is divided into 30 groups according to their kinship; It authorized the monarch to exercise his power and was finally formally approved by the Senate.

With the growth of Rome's power and influence, wealth began to concentrate in the hands of a few people. The nobility is the richest member in the whole society. They control most of the trade, administration and army, and only they can enter the Senate or be appointed and elected as officials. Civilians are mainly small farmers, laborers and craftsmen, who account for the majority of the population, but they rarely have the opportunity to express their opinions in the government.

After romulus (reigned for 37 years), there are six other kings in the traditional records: Numa Pompilius (reigned for 43 years), Tulus Hosty Julius (reigned for 32 years), Ankus Maches (reigned for 44 years), L Tarchi Newcastle Preskus (reigned for 38 years) and Servius Toury. During his reign, Rome greatly expanded its control over the surrounding territories. The clear purpose of establishing kingship is to provide stability and security, and to conquer the surrounding territories to serve this purpose. The Romans did not seem particularly greedy for territory and wealth; Their conquest was mainly to guard against the threat of neighboring nationalities to their own security. With the expansion of territory, the Romans attracted the attention of the powerful Cyrus in the north. In the middle of the 6th century BC, the Cyrus seized power in Rome. At that time, King Cyrus ruled the city-state, which made the Romans very disgusted. Finally, the Romans rose up in 509 BC and overthrew the rule of Tarvin, king of Serus, because he raped Luke Lady, the nobleman's wife. Although Mrs Luke's rape and junius brutus's overthrow of Talvin may be deductive stories, the overthrow of Talvin's regime undoubtedly marks the decline of El Serus's regime and civilization.

The Romans did not elect a Latin monarch, but completely abandoned the monarchy and established a * * * and political power, which indicates the arrival of the maximum expansion period of Roman power. Rome is ruled by the Senate and parliament. The consul holds the highest power and is held by two elected nobles, who are elected once a year. They exercise supreme power, create legislation, act as justices, military leaders and priests, and have absolute ruling power like kings in the Roman monarchy. They even dressed like kings, wearing purple robes and sitting on ivory thrones traditionally used by kings. However, their power is very strictly limited: they only govern for one year and then serve in the Senate; They are two people in power, and any consul can effectively prevent the other's actions or decisions by simply vetoing one vote. In this way, the Roman government tends to be conservative and cautious because the consul does not have many opportunities to show initiative and creativity.

Below the two consuls are two financial officials, called branch officials. With the development of * * * and China, officials named Preait also appeared. First as a sheriff, then as army chief of staff. In addition, the work of classifying citizens according to wealth and tax amount was originally the responsibility of the consul, and was finally undertaken by two new officials called inspectors.

All effective power is concentrated in the hands of nobles, which has aroused the resentment of civilians. From the founding of the Republic in 509 BC to the end of Caesar's hand in BC 1 century, serious conflicts often occurred between the two classes, which were manifested in the persistent pursuit of power by nobles and social and political equality by civilians. At that time, civilians produced food and provided labor, which enabled the Roman economy to develop. They were also the source of the Roman army. It can be said that aristocrats can't survive without civilians. The first written law promulgated in 450 BC, Twelve Bronze Tables Act, attempted to quell the struggle between the two classes. In 445 BC, the common people got the right to marry the nobles. In 367 BC, civilians gained the right to be elected as consuls, and then gained the right to enter the Senate. In 300 BC, civilians were allowed to participate in sacrificial activities at all levels, which made them enjoy the same status as nobles in religious affairs. In 287 BC, the legislation and decisions of the Li Min Congress were recognized as binding on all Roman citizens (whether civilians or nobles), which was the greatest victory of Li Min in power and influence. These reforms were carried out without war or bloodshed. Although the struggle between the two classes was not fundamentally solved, the civil war was avoided.

The Romans established territorial hegemony while reforming politics. At first, the war with China was mostly defensive, but soon the Romans began to control the surrounding territory to eliminate the threat of attack. In this way, the Romans occupied the whole Italian peninsula, followed by the Mediterranean world. From the 5th century BC to the 4th century BC, the Romans gradually occupied all the Latin and Cyrus territories. At the same time, they were challenged by Gauls. These Gauls are Celtic nomads. They invaded the Italian peninsula, occupied Rome in 387 BC and razed it to the ground. In 295 BC, Rome was involved in the war with the Samonettes living in the Apennines, and the rest of the Serus city, Gaul tribe and some rebellious Italian cities also joined the war. As a result of the war, Rome took control of central Italy in 280 BC. The Romans continued to conquer the southern cities of Greece and took control of the whole Italian peninsula in 265 BC.