How to distinguish between genuine and fake copper coins and ocean?

Second, identify ancient coins from copper color.

According to the color of copper, the copper of ancient coins is mainly divided into red copper, bronze, brass and white copper. Red copper has the highest copper content, generally above 90%, and its color is purplish red. Bronze belongs to Cu-Sn-Pb alloy, and its colors are crimson, reddish or aquared, bluish white and yellowish. Brass refers to copper-zinc alloy, which is divided into light yellow and golden yellow. White copper refers to copper-nickel alloy with nickel as the main additive element, and some also contain other elements such as manganese, iron, zinc and aluminum. White copper is more common in modern mechanism coins. There are some copper-colored silver-white square-hole ancient coins, also called white coins, but they actually contain little or no nickel. They are also a kind of bronze, but the composition of tin and nickel is more, which causes the change of copper color. In order to respect the habit and make it easy to identify, it is still called white money.

Due to the different coin casting methods, copper resources and distribution in different historical periods, the copper color of ancient coins is also quite different. The composition of ancient coins is generally obtained by chemical analysis, but this destructive test has no practical significance for the identification of ancient coins, so the copper color of ancient coins is more important in the identification. The copper color of round coins in the pre-Qin period was deep red, close to copper color. The copper color of knife cloth coins is mostly reddish. Another feature of pre-Qin coins is that they are thin, and counterfeiters often infiltrate too much lead to increase the fluidity of copper melt. This kind of fake copper is dark red, soft and easy to deform. The casting cycle of semi-two and five baht is longer, and the copper color is different. Taihe Wutai, which has been handed down from generation to generation for a long time, has exposed copper, deep red color, extremely delicate texture and almost no sand holes on the surface. The gold surface of the big seal is slightly lower, and the copper color of the counterfeit currency is lighter and the copper is thicker. The copper color of Tiande Chongbao in the Five Dynasties was slightly bluish white. Ce Tian Fu Bao, which has been handed down from generation to generation, often has a black oxide layer on its surface, and the copper inside is mostly pink. Yong 'an 100, Yong 'an 1000 copper color is yellow, and the copper color of coins in Southern Tang Dynasty is mostly yellow.

In the early Northern Song Dynasty, the copper color of the iron mothers such as Song Yuan and Taiping was pale yellow or yellowish, and the copper color of the iron mothers such as Shaosheng, Shengsong and Daguan was darker in the later period. Most of the iron mothers such as Xuanhe, Jingkang and Jianyan Xiaoping were white copper. The color of Jianyan Chongbao is deep red, and the copper color of ironwood in the Southern Song Dynasty is mostly yellow. The color of Liao Qian copper coin is dark red or purple, and the color of Xixia copper coin is water red; There are many people whose copper color is dark red and light red, and some people who raise money in temples are yellow. Before Jiajing, bronze was used to cast money, and after Jiajing, brass was used more, which was related to mastering the refining technology of zinc. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the bronze color of the mother (ancestral money) was mainly gold. In the Qing Dynasty, Xinjiang used red copper to cast money, so it was called Xinjiang red money. Xianfeng Fu Bao Bureau's money is made of red copper, Xianfeng's treasure is 100 yuan, and the back is five times as heavy. There are only about five genuine products in the world, which are dark yellow and deep red in copper color and the width of the outer edge is the same as that of ordinary ones. It is said that the money of Fu Bao Bureau is made of copper cannon materials, with different shades of copper, but mainly reddish copper. Xiaoping's iron mother and part of it are made of white copper. Xianfeng Baohe, Baoshan is like 500 yuan, when 1000 yuan is copper, when 10 to 100 yuan is brass, and Baoshan is like a thousand yuan of brass, while Baoquan, Baoyuan and Baogong are like 550 thousand yuan of brass and copper. The salty and plump Chinese and Zhejiang characters are slightly golden in copper color and delicate and dignified in copper. The forged Qian Wen is an ordinary regular script with light yellow copper and thick copper. The copper color of some ancient coins listed above does not include special circumstances.

Third, the identification of the shape of ancient coins.

In the form of coins, Qian Wen font shows the consistency of the times. Each coin character has its own characteristics, but it is always a character in a historical period and has the characteristics of the times. This rule can also be used as one of the identification basis. To judge whether a coin font is correct, we should first look at whether it conforms to the characteristics of the times, and the second step should look at whether it conforms to the characteristics of this variety.

For example, some "Eastern Zhou" or "Western Zhou" won money, Qian Wen was a small seal script, and some "transformed" Qian Wen into a small seal script. These are obviously fakes. After the unification of Qin Dynasty, Xiao Zhuan was popularized to the whole country. During the Warring States Period, Qian Wen should have the basic writing method of inscriptions in the three Jin Dynasties and two Zhou Dynasties. Qian Wen should have the characteristics of neat handwriting. Another example is that there was a "Fangtouguan" in Qian Wen in the Song Dynasty and a "Fangtouguan" in Qian Wen in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, but the degree of the square was different, and there was a changing process from not too square to very square. The words on a coin written by one person should be in harmony with each other. It is difficult to do this with spelled counterfeit money. Someone changed the perpetual calendar money of Wang Gui in Nanming into that of Emperor Taizong. The gap between the two fonts is hundreds of years, no matter how delicate it is, it can be distinguished. The casting of money in different periods, either out of necessity or out of regulations, formed some specific phenomena. Ruqi's knife and coin throw a high posture to protect Qian Wen, and the high point is in the middle of the back. Without this function, most of them are fakes. Another example is Ganfeng Quanbao, Dali Yuanbao, Jianzhong Bao Tong and Baoda Yuanbao in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms in the Tang Dynasty. Qian Wen wants to read in cycles, and Qian Wen must be false when reading, because "the system does not classify".

The same coin shape has also changed one after another. In the early days, the strict Ming Dow coins were bent back, and the two vertical diameters on the handle did not invade the root of the handle, so the characters were long and narrow. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the coins were folded, and the two vertical diameters on the blade invaded the blade body, and the characters were biased. Long and narrow Chinese characters, folded pictures, or flat-backed Chinese characters must be counterfeit because the fonts don't match. Stars and moons, patterns, patterns and other marks are also noteworthy places in the modeling and characteristics of ancient coins. Symbols such as stars and the moon were cast on coins, which were deliberately made by people at that time. Star casting began in the Qin Dynasty, and the four fixed patterns of the moon shape began in the Western Han Dynasty. Casting four patterns began with five baht in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and there was still money in Xingyue during the Chongzhen period of the Ming Dynasty. After the Sui Dynasty, there was no money for the four stripes, and there was no four stripes in the Eastern Han Dynasty. These signs are the most diverse among the five baht. Take five baht as an example; Only in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, a semi-diamond pattern was cast on the bare five baht, and the five baht of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty began to cast the upper and lower half stars until Wang Mang's money stopped. There were four patterns on the five baht in the Western Han Dynasty until Wang Mang's money stopped. Judging from the coins unearthed at present, there was no such system in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The mode of memorizing four decisions began in the "Fifty Complete Books" in Wang Mang's era, but there was no such system in the Western Han Dynasty. The five baht and Wang Mang's money in the Western Han Dynasty have no moon patterns, and the five baht money from the Eastern Han Emperor to the Lingdi has moon patterns, but few. Anyone who does not meet the above situation is mostly fake money.

Fourth, identify the style of the ancient currency era.

1, pre-Qin coin style. In the pre-Qin period, knives, cloth, round money and ant nose money were the main currencies. Most knives and cloth coins are extremely thin (cloth coins in some areas, cloth coins in Gaoyi square feet and Jimo knife coins are thicker), and the gate of knife coins is at the head end. A large amount of copper is often squeezed out of the mold at the gate and edge of the knife and cloth, which is in a natural state because it has not been polished. The edges of some forged knives and cloth coins are polished, which is actually gilding the lily and exposing the traces of forgery. Most of the figures with knives and cloth coins are carved on clay molds with knives, and they will never run away with each stroke. You can even see the traces of falling and closing knives. This kind of calligraphy in the Warring States period is fluent, beautiful, vivid and natural. However, due to the lack of in-depth research on the Warring States script, some fake calligraphy and paintings are dim in color and all strokes have been lost. Because it is difficult to copy the Warring States script, every time a forger gets real money, he can cast a fake. This kind of counterfeit money is difficult to identify, but through careful observation, it can be found that counterfeit money is generally thicker and copper is thicker. Of course, some of these counterfeit money are extremely delicate, so we must carefully observe the appearance of the whole money and the authenticity of its rust, and verify it from other aspects in order to make a correct judgment.

2. Coin style in Han Dynasty. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the passage time of three baht was not long, and there were not many existences. The forger changed the lettering from five baht to three baht, but three baht is lighter than ordinary five baht, and the writing of the word "baht" is obviously different from that of five baht, which is easy to identify. There are also fakes made with money, but few people can confuse the authenticity. There were many ordinary half-taels and five-baht coins in the Han Dynasty. Today's counterfeits are almost all specialties of half a dozen baht, such as "twenty-two" and "five-five" (in fact, there were genuine products by mistake at that time). Forgers generally use the method of replacing real money with engraving, and some of them are made of sand, such as fake money "55" and "flat five baht", but the reproduction is not accurate and the meat is rough. The xinmang dynasty paid great attention to the technology of casting money and was known as the master of casting money. But careful observation shows that follwed's money is also divided. Take the famous "Six Springs and Ten Cloth" as an example. Its outline is oblique, its brushwork is delicate and its production is particularly exquisite. There are also plain words and poor production. There are two kinds of fabrics: through (that is, there is a middle line between the circular through and the head end) and through. On the whole, Qian Wen at that time was dominated by hanging needle seals, with smooth and sharp strokes and well-balanced layout. Among the six springs and ten fabrics, there are many fakes besides Yamato, Koizumi and Dabu. There are "You Quan 20" counterfeit coins that have never seen real money, and they are only copied according to the old spectrum. Poor production and easy identification; There are also "Zhuangquan 40" counterfeit money reformed from old coins; There are also real counterfeit money. Although this kind of counterfeit money is more exquisite, compared with the real money, the words lack vitality and can be recognized in the end. Although no one in Xin Mang Dynasty forged the Daqo 50 baht, some special products such as Daqo 5baht were also forged. It is true that the "Complete Collection of Five Beads" at that time was a model money casting, and the original "Ten" was still faintly visible; There is also a big spring with auspicious words on fifty backs, such as "Changle Weiyang" and so on. Handwriting and calligraphy are vivid, and forgers can't imitate them, but they are rare.