What legends and stories were written during the Yanhuang period?

There are many legends in the ancient history of China, the most famous of which are Huangdi and Yan Di. For a long time, people always thought they were descendants of the Chinese people, or regarded Yan Di and Huangdi as ancestors and said they were descendants of the Chinese people. This idea of clan identity has been playing a great role in history. Wherever you go, you will meet anyone from China, even if you have never met anyone. As long as you consider yourself a descendant of the Chinese people, you will feel close at once. People naturally want to know whether there really are two people in history, Emperor Yan and Huangdi, and how to say that they are the ancestors of China people. As a traditional culture in China, how did Yanhuang culture come into being and develop? These questions have been lingering in my mind for a long time, and it is difficult to get a clear answer so far. Now I can only say some superficial views, please give me your advice.

In pre-Qin ancient books, Emperor Yan and Huangdi are often mentioned together, the most obvious being a passage quoted by Jin doctors in Guoyu Yujin:

"Yesterday, Xiaodian married Gao and gave birth to Huangdi and Yandi. The Yellow Emperor took pumping water as his success, while Yan Di took Jiang Shui as his success, with different virtues. Therefore, the Yellow Emperor is Ji, not Jiang. The two emperors used teachers to help each other, and the principle of virtue and difference was also. "

Shao Dian, Qiao Zhou's Textual Research on Ancient History said that there was a bear Guo Jun, and Huangfu Mi's Century of Emperors said: "The Yellow Emperor had a bear, and now Xinzheng, Henan Province". When you look at the ground, there is no test. The more important content of this article is that the two men were Ji and Jiang because of their place names, and they were contemporaries, so they had cooperation in the military. It is difficult to determine whether they have as much money as Shaodian.

In the ancient literature explaining the relationship between the two emperors, a passage from Yi Chang Mai Festival is also very important:

"Yesterday, at the beginning of the day, two Christmases later, was a building code. Life is divided into two Qing, life is human-god, in the four directions, the company-(according to the original book word is unknown, some people say it may be "a hundred works") celebrates heaven. Chiyou pursues the emperor for the river of Zhuolu, with nine horns. Chi Di was frightened and said that he was in the Yellow Emperor, holding Chiyou hostage and killing him in Zhongji. "

In this passage, Chi Di should be Emperor Yan, which has long been said by predecessors. As to who the second generation refers to, some people say it is Chi Di and Chiyou, while others say it is Yan Di and Huangdi. If it is said later, it can echo the saying that the two emperors used teachers to help each other today. The most important content of this passage should be that Yan Di and Huang Di were regarded as the leaders arranged by heaven and the founding fathers of Zhang Jiandian were established.

There is also a dialogue in Zuo Zhuan, which was quoted by Zhao Gong in seventeen years.

"In the past, the surname of the Yellow Emperor was named after the cloud, so it was named after the cloud master; Yan Di's family is mainly based on fire discipline, so it is named after the fire master; * * * Gong was named after the navy because of the water age; Tai Hao's family is named after the dragon, so it is called Teacher Long. My great-great grandfather, Shao Hao, walked upright, and the phoenix was in harmony with the bird, so I learned from the bird and named it Birdman. "

The jar is from Dongyi, so the distant ancestor of Dongyi was mentioned with Huang and Yan, but after all, Huang and Yan were put in front.

According to the above legend, Yan Di and the Yellow Emperor should be in the same position, inseparable, closely related, and support each other militarily. However, there is a legend that the Yellow Emperor and Yan Di fought in the wild of Hanquan. After a long war, the Yellow Emperor won, and then he defeated Chiyou, so all the governors honored Xuanyuan Huangdi as the son of heaven. The position of the Yellow Emperor once surpassed that of Yan Di, so that Yan Di was not arranged in The Great Generation Li Ji Wudi De and The Emperor Ji of Wu Shiji, which arranged the ancient history system earlier, but was mentioned by the way when telling the story of the Yellow Emperor.

The Chronicle of the Five Emperors talks about the battle between the Yellow Emperor and Yan Di Hanquan, and the battle between the Yellow Emperor and Zhuolu Chiyou, which is quite similar, but it is not very smooth in terms of arts and sciences. In addition, there was a saying in ancient times that Emperor Chiyou was Yan Emperor, so people have doubts today, which turned out to be the same thing. However, the reputation of Huangdi suddenly surpassed that of Yandi, which obviously has a lot to do with the story of this war.

In Biography of Five Emperors, Emperor Yan seems to be the last leader of Shennong, so there is a saying that Shennong declined at the time of Xuanyuan. When the Yellow Emperor defeated Yan Di and Chiyou, the governors honored him as the son of heaven, and then "replaced Shennong as the Yellow Emperor". Shennong here seems to be a dynasty, while Yan Di is a person. However, "Historical Records" records: "Shennong sealed Mount Tai, Zen cloud; Emperor Yan sealed Mount Tai Zen Cloud. " Shennong and Yan Di seem to be two people, so Taishi Gong is not very clear about this matter. Roughly after Liu Xin compiled The Classic of the World, Emperor Yan and Shennong became one, and they also became one with Shanshi Lie or the Lishan family. Many stories about Shennong's life in ancient books, such as inventing farming, tasting herbs to help others, tying knots, etc., are attached to Emperor Yan, whose reputation is once again prominent. "The Emperor's Century" also said that when Emperor Yan was transferred to the eighth place, he was replaced by the Yellow Emperor. It is obviously inappropriate to talk only about the Yellow Emperor and not about the ancestors of Emperor Yan. China people's expression is probably formed in this way.

Yan Huang's stories are divided and combined, and they should be performed with their original deeds.

Opinions vary as to where Emperor Yan came from. "Today" only says "Yan Di made Jiang Shui" ... so Yan Di made ginger ". According to legend, Emperor Yan grew up in that place, so he was named after his surname Jiang. Imperial Century tells the story of his life in detail:

"Shennong Jiang Ye, mother si, Gao female, as a little princess, you Huayang, a leader, a feeling, a man in a cow's head, longer than. There is a virtue that governs the king with fire, so it is called Emperor Yan. At first, Chen moved to Shandong. Also known as the Kuikui family, the Lianshan family and the Lieshan family. "

This is probably a mixture of stories and myths from different sources. Jiang Shui should be a tributary of the Weihe River. The Water Classic Notes Wei Shui says: "Qishui extends east to the south of the river, that is, Jiang Shui. According to Shiben, the surname Jiang, Emperor Century, says: Shennong, Jiang's surname, mother and daughter Deng, have Huayang, who was born in, and has great meaning. This is also his place. Huayang is the sun of Huashan immediately, that is to say, Huayang is in Gong Yu, and Heishui is just Liangzhou. Both of them are located in Weishui and Qinling Mountains in central Shaanxi. Mr Xu even demonstrated from folk data that Emperor Yan started in Jiang Shui, a tributary of the Weihe River.

There is no basis for saying that Emperor Yan moved to Shandong. Chen is in Huaiyang today, and Lu is in Qufu today. This statement may be related to the statement that Yan Di is Chiyou. Because Chiyou once lived in Shao Hao, the Shao Hao market is in Qufu. Chendang refers to Chencang near Baoji, Shaanxi, and Ludang is Lushan, Henan. Although there is no conclusive evidence, it seems meaningful to be closer to Jiang Shui.

, Lianshan, Lishan are homonyms, while Lie, Lian and Li are homophones. Sacrificial ceremony: "Therefore, the Lishan family has the world, and the son is a farmer, who can plow hundreds of grains." Zheng Note: "Emperor Yan of Shan Li also started from Shan Li, or." History of Han, Geography, Nanyang County, Sui County: "Old country. Xiang Li, so Li Guoye. " The Book of the Later Han Dynasty quoted Jingzhou Ji: "With the county, there are villages and mountains, which means that the cloud was born by Shennong." This means that Emperor Yan started from Sui County, Hubei Province, where Li Guo was established.

There is a legend in Shan Hai Jing Hai Nei Jing that connects Emperor Yan with Zhu Rong and * * * workers:

"The wife of Emperor Yan, the son of Chishui, listened to Yan Shengju, Yan Ju was born in the festival, the festival was born in the play, and the play was born in Zhu Rong. Zhu Rong fell into the river and gave birth to * * *. * * * Industrial and biological instruments, the first part of which is bumpy, are rivers that restore soil. * * * Workers will snore in the afterlife. Two people were born at the age of ten. "

This lineage is very different from that mentioned in The Age of Emperors. Both Da Daixi's articles and Historical Records of Chu Family say that Zhu Rong is a descendant of Emperor Zhuan Xu, and the legend of * * * workers is mostly in the north, but Zhu Rong and * * * workers here are all related to the river and are descendants of Emperor Yan. Because Chu people regard Zhu Rong as their ancestors, this legend cannot be said to be unreasonable.

According to the above legend, Emperor Yan seems to have originated in Shaanxi and developed eastward. After arriving in Henan, one clashed with Chiyou and Huangdi to the north, and the other went to Hubei to the south. Yan Di's deeds seem to be mainly about developing agriculture, so later generations always associate him with Shennong and Shanshi Lie, who invented agriculture.

Legend has it that all the descendants of Emperor Yan are not necessarily surnamed Jiang, but most countries named Jiang are regarded as the Empresses of Emperor Yan. Jiangdong was founded mainly by Shen, Lu, Qi and Xu. Both Shen and Lu are in the southwest of Henan Province, Xu is in Xuchang County in the middle of Henan Province, and Qi is in the north of Shandong Province. In addition, there are Ji, Xiang and Zhou. "Zuo Zhuan" refers to "Renji conquers foreigners" in AD. There is a short quotation in the Book of the World: "Ji's surname is Jiang Hou, and she died in four years." Under Xiang Zaipei's History of Han, Geography and Pei Junzhi, he wrote that Ban Gu was in the county and said, "Therefore, Jiang's family is the country and the future." In Zuo Zhuan's Five Years of Huan Gong, "Zhou Gong was like Cao", and quoted from Shiben as saying: "Zhou Guo, Jiang surname." Most of the above countries with Jiang surname are in Henan and Shandong, which seems to be roughly consistent with the scope of Yandi's eastward development.

There are different opinions about where the Yellow Emperor originated. The Chronicle of the Five Emperors said that he was "the son of Shaodian, surnamed Gongsun and named Xuanyuan". As mentioned earlier, both Huangdi and Yandi are people from less temples. Qiao Zhou said that there was a bear Guo Jun in Shaodian, and Xu Guangyue was quoted in Records of the Historians: there was a bear on the name of the Yellow Emperor, while Records of the Historians only quoted Yu Dizhi's words: "Zhuolu's real name was Pengcheng, and the capital of the Yellow Emperor was originally moved to bear." Therefore, Zhang Shoujie simply said that "the Yellow Emperor has a bear Guo Jun". Moreover, Xiong generally believes that in Xinzheng, Henan, this is a statement.

Zhuolu, the capital of the Yellow Emperor, is probably derived from the story that the Yellow Emperor respected Chiyou as the son of heaven after Zhuolu defeated Chiyou. Zhuolu is generally believed to be Zhuolu County, Hebei Province. If Zhuolu's real name is Pengcheng, and Pengcheng is in Cixian County in the south of Hebei Province, this is the second and third theory. "Historical Records" quoted Huangfu Mi as saying: "The Yellow Emperor was born in Shouqiu and grew up in Jishui, because he thought it was his surname; Living in the hill of Xuanyuan, because of its name, it is also counted. " "Historical Records" justice believes that "Shouqiu is in the north of Ludongmen, now 60 miles northeast of Qufu County, Yanzhou". This is the fourth statement.

It is not only said that the Yellow Emperor was born in Jishui, but later everyone admitted that the Yellow Emperor was Ji's surname, and Zhou people, the largest clan of Ji's surname, started from the Weishui River Basin in Shaanxi. It seems that the Yellow Emperor probably started from the Weishui River Basin. Besides, after the death of the Yellow Emperor, Qiao Shan was buried in today's huangling county (the old central county), not far from Weishui, which is the fifth statement. Among all these statements, Xinzheng theory is superior to Weishui River Basin theory. Because of the long history and different legends, it is difficult to decide where to investigate. However, except Shouqiu, Shandong is generally not beyond Henan, Hebei, Shaanxi and other places, that is, the Central Plains in history.

Huangdi did many things. First of all, he is a military leader and has made great achievements. The Chronicle of the Five Emperors said that he was "used to using troops" and that "Xiu De mobilized troops and dispatched troops, managed the Five Spirits and Five Arts, appeased the people and made full preparations for the war". He also teaches bears, pigs, raccoons, raccoons? Tiger ("Five Emperors" said: "The Yellow Emperor taught bears, dragons, dragons, leopards and tigers", Liezi said: "The Yellow Emperor and Yan Emperor fought in the wild of Hanquan, with handsome bears, dragons, dragons, leopards and tigers as the precursors, carving and fighting tigers. These strange names are only considered in historical records as "teaching foot soldiers to learn to fight in the name of animals and threatening the enemy". People nearby think it is the totem of the clan (and therefore the name of the clan). In the war with Chiyou, he was a "vassal", which proved that he really led the soldiers of many other clans and tribes, defeated Emperor Yan in World War I and Chiyou in World War II, and gained great prestige, so the vassals respected him as the son of heaven. This is an important reason why Wu Di De and Wu Di Zhuan regard him as the first of the five emperors. Not only that, the Chronicle of the Five Emperors also said: "If there is discord in the world, the Yellow Emperor will levy it. He who is flat will go there and cross the mountain road, and there will never be peace. East to Yuhai, Dengmaru Mountain and Daizong; As for Confucius in the west, it is the head of a chicken; As for the south river, climb bear lane; The north pursues meat porridge, which is in Busan, while the city is in the land of Zhuolu. Migration is impermanent, with divisions and soldiers as the camp. "It can be seen that his career was mainly spent in the war, and the success of the war made him an undisputed leader, just like the founding fathers.

The Yellow Emperor was the first to establish political power, and the official was named after the cloud. He's "set up the left and right prisons, take care of the world" and "raise the wind, force livestock, always be the first, and make great efforts to govern the people", which is an epoch-making event and probably the reason why the Yellow Emperor was placed at the top of the five emperors. This regime may not be as orderly as the legend, but its strength is enough for it to take care of all countries and all countries live in harmony. But after all, it is very different from clans, tribes and even tribal alliances based on blood relationship. It used to be said that China has a civilization history of 5,000 years, roughly counting from the Yellow Emperor.

Legend has it that the Yellow Emperor did many things to develop economy and culture. The Chronicle of the Five Emperors says that he "sowed a hundred kinds of crops, bringing forth flowers, birds, animals, insects and moths". "The Yue Jue Bao Shu Jian Pian" said: "The Yellow Emperor used jade as a soldier". There are also legends in Shiben cited in various books, such as The Yellow Emperor as the Crown, Huang Dichen as Chu Jiu, Drum and Goods as a Boat, Falling in Reading, Cang Xie as a Book, Wu Peng as a Doctor, Making a fuss as Jia Zi, Linglun Practice, etc. There is a saying in Historical Records that "the Yellow Emperor picked the bronze from the first mountain and cast the tripod at the foot of Jingshan Mountain". Lei Zu, the wife of the Yellow Emperor, began to persuade silkworms, which was mentioned in many ancient books. Some of these legends may be attached by later generations, and some should reflect the true situation of part of history.

It is said that the Yellow Emperor has 25 sons. "Fourteen of them have twelve surnames: Ji, You, Qi, Ji, Teng, Zhen, Ren, Xun, Nuo, Yi and Yi. But Qingyang and Canglin are both in the Yellow Emperor, so they are all surnamed Ji. " This passage is from Mandarin Today. As descendants of the Chinese people, why do only two people take their father's surname Ji, and the rest 12 have other surnames, while the others 1 1 have no surnames at all? Why Qingyang and Yigu are nephews of Lei Fang and Tongyu respectively, and they have their own surnames? 25 people are the sons of four mothers, why not four surnames? It seems that it doesn't necessarily come from the father's surname or the mother's surname. We don't know how some people got their surnames from place names and how some people got their surnames. Because of this, we can't regard all countries with Ji's surname as descendants of or related to the Chinese people. Of course, it can't be said that it doesn't matter, it depends on the specific situation.

Legend has it that Leizu, the princess of the Yellow Emperor, gave birth to two sons. One is Xiao Xuan who lives in the river. Second, Changyi, who lived in the water, married the handmaid of Shushan and gave birth to Levin, the emperor Zhuan Xu. Zhuan Xu is the capital of Diqiu, which is now Puyang County. According to historical records, the ancient Jiang Guo is located in Anyang, Henan Province, near Puyang, and it is suspected that it was the place where Xiao Xuan lived.

A passage about birds in Mandarin Lu Yu:

"There is a danger that the family broke the Yellow Emperor and Zhuan Xu, and the suburbs were Yao and Zongshun; Xia Houshi killed the Yellow Emperor and his ancestor Zhuan Xu, while he lived in the suburbs and in Zongzong. Businessmen follow their ancestors, and ghosts in the suburbs are soup; Zhou people are in the suburbs, and Wang Wen's ancestors live in Wu Wang. "

This is about the ancient sacrificial system. Rites of Mourning and Biography say: "Rites are not king. The king was born of his ancestors and suffered with them. " On this basis, both Yu and Xia admitted that their ancestors came from the Yellow Emperor, so the Chronicle of the Five Emperors said: "Yu is the great-grandson of the Yellow Emperor and the grandson of the Zhuan Xu Emperor." The Chronicle of the Five Emperors said that Shun was the seventh grandson of Changyi, the son of the Yellow Emperor, and the deed of house was born by the second princess Zhu Di, and the ancestor of the Zhou Dynasty, Hou Ji, was born by the princess Jiang Yuan. Although Judie swallowed the eggs of Xuanniao in the bath, Jiang Yuan felt pregnant with Xiaomi only after walking in the wild. Qi and Ji may not be in their blood, but in terms of "law", they have to admit that they are descendants of the Yellow Emperor. This is why they are "obedient ancestors" and "squatting in the suburbs". As the main residents of ancient China, all ethnic groups in China have become descendants of the Yellow Emperor.

Not only that, due to the prestige of the Yellow Emperor, some non-Chinese people are also related to him. Tai Shigong once went to caves in the west, crossed Zhuolu in the north, gradually entered the sea in the east, and floated in Jianghuai in the south. Until the elders often called the Yellow Emperor Yao and Shun, the wind was solid. " He probably felt rude and didn't adopt it, but he had some reservations in Shan Hai Jing and other books. For example, "Wild East longitude" said: "On the East China Sea, there is a bird with a face, two yellow snakes and two yellow snakes, named Yu. ◆。 The Yellow Emperor was born in ◆, in ◆ was born in stillness, in stillness in the North Sea, and in ◆ in the East China Sea, and was a sea god. " "The Great Northern Wilderness Classic" said: "In the wild, there is a mountain called Fu Rongshan, which goes with the water. Some people call it dog Rong. The Yellow Emperor gave birth to a wonderful dragon, and the wonderful dragon gave birth to me, which made my life clear and the white dog gave birth. White dogs have male animals, which are for dogs. " "Wild West Classic" said: "There is a country in the north, and the grandson of the Yellow Emperor said that he was born in the north." Although these myths are strange and can't be regarded as real history, they contain some truth after all. In other words, what they say on the surface is blood relationship, but in fact they reflect the idea of cultural identity. This thought of cultural identity has played a very important role in the historical development of China for thousands of years.

The above is the general situation about the legend of Yanhuang. Most of them are scattered in various works in the pre-Qin period. The virtues of the five emperors and the emperor system in The Great Dai Li Book and Historical Records of the Five Emperors were systematized, which were supplemented and explained by scholars after the Eastern Han Dynasty. Because the time recorded in the literature is far from the time when the story was formed, it can only be passed on by word of mouth, and something will inevitably happen. Sima Qian was quite cautious when writing Historical Records. At that time, although a hundred schools of thought said the Yellow Emperor, they did not adopt his rude words. Later, people thought it was not enough, so they asked for quotations, and many myths and weird theories were mixed in. There are inevitably many contradictions in information from different sources, so they try to make it more complete. Until the beginning of this century, when western learning spread to the east, some scholars wanted to sort out the national heritage in a new way and made a big clean-up of the legendary materials. Because the legendary materials are full of contradictions and incomprehensible places, some scholars have questioned them. The deeds and even personality of Yao Shunyu, who was almost regarded as a believer in history, were passively shaken, not to mention the Yandi Huangdi, who had earlier time and less information. After all, this clean-up has a clear understanding of the authenticity and credibility of a large number of materials, and triggered a study on the methodology of sorting out legendary historical materials. In Ancient History, Meng once divided the ethnic groups in the legendary era into Heluo, Jianghan and Haidai ethnic groups, while he said that China Ancient History Legendary Age was written by Xu, and called the ethnic groups in the legendary era Huaxia, Dongyi and Miao Barbarians respectively. Compared with previous studies, the discussion is more detailed and the method is more accurate. However, the previous research only talked about legends, and at most, it could only sort out the legendary materials to see which ones came out early and which ones were derived. If there are mistakes or contradictions in the original legend, there is no way to modify it, and there is no way to judge who is right or wrong.

Since the 1920s, prehistoric archaeology in China has gradually developed. Some scholars try to combine historical legends with archaeological data. For example, Yangshao culture is Xia culture, or Longshan culture is Xia culture, or Yanhuang period, Yao Shunyu period and Xia period are compared with the early, middle and late Neolithic period respectively. Because the prehistoric archaeology at that time didn't start for a long time, the materials found were limited, and a general pedigree had not been established. On this basis, combined with the legendary data, there will inevitably be imbalance, and it is difficult to draw a correct conclusion.

By the 1980s, this situation had undergone a fundamental change. At present, there are 89,000 prehistoric sites discovered in China, belonging to different periods and different cultural systems. Archaeologists divide prehistoric times in China into two stages: Paleolithic Age and Neolithic Age. The Paleolithic period was about 2 million years ago to about 12000 BC, and then gradually transitioned to the Neolithic period.

The Neolithic Age was an era of agricultural invention. The northern part of China is relatively cold, and Inner Mongolia and other places are relatively dry; The western region is high-lying, far away from the sea, cold and dry, and the typical continental climate is not a good place to develop agriculture, so it is still the main producing area of animal husbandry in China. Although today's southern Wuling is a developed agricultural area, it was hot and rainy in prehistoric times and its culture was not particularly developed. Because of abundant natural food resources, agriculture has not been developed for a long time. In this way, China first invented agriculture in two places, one in North China in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and the other in Central China in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

It is known that millet and millet have been planted in Peiligang culture and Laoguantai culture in Cishan, North China, and their age is about 6500 BC to 5000 BC. It is almost unanimously acknowledged in academic circles that North China is the origin of millet farming.

Recent discoveries prove that rice has been planted in Pengtoushan culture and Chengbei Creek culture in central China, and its age is about 7000 BC to 5000 BC. Later, Hemudu culture developed rice farming. Now more and more scholars have realized that Central China is a very important rice producing area.

Due to the development of primitive agriculture, it has promoted the all-round development of economy, culture and society, making China's two river basins (the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River) not only one of the few agricultural cradles in the world, but also one of the few areas in the world that first entered civilized society.

According to the latest research, the Neolithic culture in this area can be divided into at least two major periods and five minor periods. The early Neolithic period, which is bounded by about 3500 BC, can be divided into three stages: early, middle and late. The later period is the transitional period from Neolithic Age to Bronze Age, which is called Bronze Age in archaeology and can be subdivided into two periods: morning and evening. Comparing this stage with the legendary materials, I preliminarily think that the times of the Yellow Emperor, Zhuan Xu and Di Ku are roughly equivalent to the early bronze age, that of Yao Shunyu is roughly equivalent to the late bronze age, and that the Xia Dynasty began in the bronze age.

The early Bronze Stone Age generally includes the late Yangshao culture, the late Dawenkou culture, Majiayao culture, the late Hongshan Culture and Xiaoheyan culture, the late Daxi culture to Qujialing culture, Fanchengdui culture, Xuejiagang culture and the early Liangzhu culture. The reason why the Yellow Emperor was set at the beginning of this era, not earlier, and it seems that it should not be later, is due to the following considerations:

First, the Yue Jue Bao Shu Jian quoted Hu Feng as saying: "Xuanyuan, Shennong and Xuhe used stones as soldiers ... Huangdi used jade as soldiers ... Yudong used copper as military symbols ... and at this time they created iron soldiers." Wind beard was born in the Spring and Autumn Period. Modern archaeological discoveries show that the Iron Age in China generally began in the Spring and Autumn Period. The bronze age began with Erlitou culture, and it is generally believed that Erlitou culture is Xia culture, both of which are correct. Although jade articles were used very early, a large number of jade articles were made in the early bronze age, and the emergence of Hosta as a weapon would not be earlier than this period. Before that, it was a typical Stone Age, that is, it was just a stone soldier. Comparing literature with archaeological data is simply a symbol festival.

Secondly, as mentioned above, the main deeds of Emperor Yan are all related to the development of agriculture, and besides developing agriculture, Huangdi also made many creations in handicrafts, such as making jade soldiers, shipbuilding, making cars, persuading silkworms, making crowns, and mining bronze from Shoushan. The development of handicraft industry means the formation of professional division of labor and the increase of social wealth, which can support some people to carry out long-term wars, and social wealth will also stimulate these people to carry out predatory wars, which is why the Yellow Emperor's army is particularly capable of fighting. Although the Yellow Emperor and Yan Di are contemporaries, one represents the old agricultural tribe and the other represents the emerging agricultural-handicraft tribe, so the failure of Yan Di represents the end of an era, that is, the legendary Shennong era. The victory of the Yellow Emperor means the beginning of a new era. From an archaeological point of view, it is the beginning of the bronze age.

Third, the Yellow Emperor was an outstanding military leader. Expedition to the east and discussion to the west, repeated military exploits, living in impermanence, taking teachers and soldiers as the camp. Judging from the archaeological remains, the traces of wars in the Neolithic Age are not obvious, and some wars are probably limited in scale. On the other hand, copper stone is not. First, as a weapon, Shijie is widely developed and well-made. Some stone tablets of Xuejiagang culture are painted with scarlet flowers and fruit-shaped decorative patterns, which shows that people especially cherish these weapons. In some large tombs, jade guest houses are often buried with soldiers. The owner of the tomb is probably a military leader, and the jade house is a symbol of commanding the army. Second, some large-scale central settlements appeared at this time. Some central settlements have large public buildings with an area of hundreds of square meters, some have large stone tombs or noble graves, and some have very beautiful altars. The general settlement site is much smaller and the level of economic development is much lower. If there is no military power, it is naturally difficult to form this situation. Huating Cemetery in Xinyi, Jiangsu Province is a typical example of the existence of conquest war sites. It was originally the distribution area of Dawenkou culture, but almost all the tombs found in the cemetery contain a large number of pottery and jade articles of Liangzhu culture, as well as some artifacts of Dawenkou culture. Women and children are often buried in graves. They are buried with pigs and dogs. This is obviously the tomb of the conqueror of Liangzhu culture, so some of the artifacts I originally owned were buried with it, including the jade jade engraved with the emblem of Liangzhu culture, which best represents the characteristics of my family; At the same time, some cultural relics of Dawenkou culture were buried as trophies, especially the women and children of Dawenkou culture who had no time to escape. The emergence of this predatory war was the inevitable result of economic development at that time, which coincided with the social situation in the period of the Yellow Emperor.

Emperor Yan not only fought against the Yellow Emperor, but was also said to be a contemporary figure because of his lack of code and surname. Therefore, the Yanhuang period should be equivalent to the earliest bronze and stone archaeological period. During this period, many archaeological cultures appeared in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River. What kind of archaeological culture do Yan Di, Huangdi and their families belong to, or do they cover a variety of archaeological cultures?