Xixia culture

Xixia culture is deeply influenced by Han and Dragon culture, Tubo and Uighur culture. And actively absorb Chinese culture and laws and regulations. Develop Confucianism, carry forward Buddhism, and form a Buddhist kingdom of Confucian system. But it is also an empire that advocates Confucianism and China's laws, and it was actively sinicized before the founding of the People's Republic of China; In order to maintain his own culture, Xia Jingzong advocated Tangut, Tubo and Uighur culture, but he also established Xixia characters, officials and customs. However, since Xia Zongyi to Xia Renzong, Xixia has changed from a pan-Chinese correspondence to a universal sinicization. Poetry and proverbs dominate literature. In art, Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes and Anxi Yulin Grottoes are rich in Buddhist murals with the characteristics of "green murals". In addition, it is unique in sculpture, music and dance.

Xixia was originally a nomadic tribe. After Buddhism spread eastward to Liangzhou in the 1 century, Buddhism in this area gradually flourished and began to create its own unique Buddhist art and culture after the founding of Xixia. Baiyan Cave Temple in Otog Banner, Inner Mongolia is a treasure house of Xixia Buddhist mural art. A large number of pagodas and Buddhist temples were built in Xixia period, among which Chengtian Temple Pagoda is the most famous. The Buddhist scriptures of Xixia, the stupa of Sakya Sect and the painted Guanyin statue found in the Black Water City of Ejina Banner are all great discoveries in the desert. In addition, Xixia also vigorously developed Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes. After Xixia conquered Guiyi Army in A.D. 1036, it occupied Guazhou and Shazhou and owned Mogao Grottoes. From Xia Jingzong to Xia Renzong, Emperor Xixia ordered many times to repair the Mogao Grottoes to make them more brilliant. At that time, the Mogao Grottoes were painted with green paint, and accepted the Central Plains culture and the Uighur and Turpan styles. In addition, Xixia culture is also represented by Xixia characters, also known as Shu Fan. The establishment of Buddhism and Sinology in Xixia enhanced the national consciousness of Xixia, made the people "familiar with Buddhist Chinese characters" and greatly improved their cultural literacy.

Li Yuanhao once issued a baldness decree, ordering all men in the country to be bald within three days, and offenders would be shot. Xixia also established Xue Fan and imperial academy. Historian Dai Xizhang once said in Xixia Ji: "Fu Xixia declared cultural relics, but it can't be compared with Song Dynasty. However, we can see that he formulated official documents, formulated new laws, promoted Sinology, established moral education and set up doctoral students. Respecting Confucius as Wen Xuandi is almost a matter of quality, and it is not impossible to compete with Liao and Jin! " The development of Confucianism in Xixia is a bureaucratic system and political culture influenced by Confucianism, and the system is deeply influenced by Confucian culture. From the beginning of Li to the end of Xixia, emperors of all dynasties had to learn and imitate the Han system. For example, Li Shi "set up a middle official, different from the Qiang people, and became a Confucian scholar, which gradually became the wind of China." When Li Deming is "a big cube, a thin instrument, just like made in China." . Dangxiang in Xixia worshipped Confucius and Chinese culture from generation to generation. In addition to respecting Confucianism and literature, he has also compiled many works that integrate and publicize Confucianism, such as Li Sheng Yihai, Three Tales of Miscellaneous Talents, Kidd, Xin Ji Ci Biography, Xin Ji Li He and De Shi Yao Wen. Its Confucianism was advocated by Xia, Xia, Xia Chongzong and so on, and flourished in Xia Renzong.

While establishing the official system, Xia established Buddhism and Sinology as the cradle of cultural accomplishment. In order to attach importance to Xue Fan, the well-read and versatile Noeri Ren Rong presided over Xue Fan and set up professors to teach in various states of Xue Fan. There are roughly five schools in Xixia: Xue Fan, Sinology, Primary School, Gongxue and imperial academy. The purpose of Xixia School is to cultivate talents and respect Confucius as Wen Xuandi. Xixia also developed the imperial examination system in the middle and late period. In the later period of Emperor Chongzong of Xia Dynasty, the imperial examination began to be set up in the boy scout department. 1 147, Xia Renzong established the boys' department again. In the late Xixia period, officials were basically selected by imperial examinations, and it became an inevitable way for both barbarians and aristocratic families to enter the official career from imperial examinations.

Xixia advocates Chinese culture, but there are not many literary works created in Chinese, mostly poems and proverbs. There are several kinds of poems, including court poems, religious poems, enlightenment poems, chronological poems and epics. Xixia poems are rhythmic, generally symmetrical in structure, usually in five or seven words, but also in many words, and each poem has different syllables. One of the most famous poems is Ode to a Great Poetry, which praises Ye Liren, the founder of Xixia literature. The epic "Hymn of Rooting in Summer" is mostly a folk legend, and its words and expressions have a strong folk color. Among them, the first three sentences: "Black-headed Shicheng is near the desert, red-faced father Baihe, and high-density medicine country is on the other side" are used by Xixia scholars to study the historical origin of Xixia. In addition, there is a newly revised Song of imperial academy, which praises the reconstruction of imperial academy and has the style of court poetry. Xia Chongzong attached great importance to literature. I once wrote the Song of Ganoderma lucidum, which was sung by Minister Wang and became a much-told story.

Xixia proverbs are neat and neat, with rigorous structure and different words. Their contents widely reflect all aspects of Xixia society, involving people's production, customs and religion. The famous collection of Western Xia proverbs, A Collection of New Words, was first compiled by Liang Deyang of Western Xia on 1 176, and was later supplemented by Wang Renzhi on 1 187. * * *, a total of 364 articles, including "Don't say unfamiliar proverbs", "Qian Qian people" and "records.

Emperor Xixia attached great importance to the compilation of Xixia national history. During the period of Li Deming, Wo Daochong was responsible for compiling the national history of Xixia, and so were his descendants. When Xia Renzong set up the Hanlin Academy, he ordered Wang Shu and Jiao Jingyan to compile national history with reference to the History of Song Dynasty, and was responsible for compiling Shi Lilu. After Luo Shichang was dismissed from office in 1225, he wrote Historical Records of Xia Guo, but unfortunately it has been lost.

On the eve of the founding of the People's Republic of China, in order to hint at its own language, Xia Yeqi created Xixia characters, which were published in A.D. 1036, also known as "national characters" or "fan characters", and used Xixia characters in communication with neighboring dynasties. The composition of Chinese characters is similar to that of six Chinese characters, but there are more strokes than Chinese characters. Gu, a writer of Xixia, thinks that the relationship between Xixia and Chinese is "taking the same test in the end" After Xixia characters came into being, they were widely used in history, law, literature, medical works, inscriptions, coins and symbols. Xia Ting also established the Xue Fan, presided over by Ye Liren Rong, and sent the children of aristocratic bureaucrats to translate China classics and Buddhist classics. In order to translate Han and Xia characters, there is also a book "Pearl Palm in the Hands of Pan-Han Synchronization" written by Gu Lemao in 1 190. The preface is in Xixia and Chinese, and the content is the same. As the saying goes, "if you don't learn Chinese, you will be at odds with the people;" If you don't understand Chinese, you are among the Han people. " It shows that the purpose of this book is to facilitate Xixia people and Han people to learn each other's languages, and it is an important key to study Xixia history today.

The source of the atlas data is the need to consolidate and develop slavery. Large-scale looting and repression, conservative Confucianism, of course, are completely unsuitable for the needs of the emerging Xixia state. Yuan Haowen and Ye Liren tried to eliminate the influence of Confucianism and adapt to the development needs of their own nation. They also carried out a series of reforms in the cultural field.

Li Yi-Yuan Hao proclaimed himself emperor after the founding of the People's Republic of China. He didn't wear Song Dynasty clothes, but wore a narrow white shirt and a red felt hat with a red knot hanging on his head. This is a suit made by Tubo Zampa and Uighur Khan. There are also regulations on the manners of civil and military officials. Civil servants wear hoes (f*), boots and purple clothes, which are basically the style of the Song Dynasty. Military attaché s wear gold, silver, black lacquer crowns, purple clothes and gold-plated silver belts according to their grades. Civilians wear blue and green clothes to distinguish between high and low.

Making Rites and Music-Yuan Haowen participated in the Song system and changed the ceremony. Every six days, officials appeared before the emperor and called them "regular participants". Appearing in court on the 9 th is called "daily" (greeting the emperor's daily life). For good or ill luck, guests, worshippers and Xiang Yan, the Nine Worshipments in Song Dynasty were changed to Three Worshipments.

Rites and music in the Ming Dynasty were all made in the Song Dynasty. Yuan Hao said to Ye Liren Rong: "The custom of this nation is to be loyal to the future first. I don't like the complicated sounds of the Tang and Song Dynasties. " Yuan Haowen ordered the abolition of the five tones in the Song Dynasty and changed them to one tone.

The Establishment of Xue Fan —— After Yuan Haowen created the Xixia script, he ordered Nori Ren Rong to preside over the establishment of Xixia Studies. Translate books such as Xiao Jing, Er Ya and Si Yan Zazi in Xixia characters, and select the children of Tangut and Han bureaucrats to attend school. After learning, ask questions. Those who study well and write correctly shall be awarded official positions as appropriate. Xixia people mainly believed in Buddhism, but before the founding of the People's Republic of China, they mainly worshipped nature. When Dangxiang was in Songpan, Sichuan in the Tang Dynasty, he worshipped "Heaven". When Dangxiang moved to northern Shaanxi, it developed from nature worship to belief in ghosts and gods. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, polytheism was still advocated, including mountain gods, water gods, dragon gods, tree gods, land gods and other natural gods. For example, Xia Zeng "worshipped the God of Xiliang House". Xia Renzong once erected a monument for Heishui Bridge beside Heishui River in Ganzhou, offering sacrifices to the gods and praying for protecting the bridge from flooding. In addition to worshipping ghosts and gods, the Tangut also advocates witchcraft and is highly respected. When Xiang calls witches "companions" and wizards "companions", they are the bridge between people and ghosts, and are mainly responsible for exorcising ghosts and divination. Before the war, divination was used to ask good or bad luck, and witchcraft of "killing ghosts and evoking souls" was also commonly used in the war.

Besides Buddhism, Xixia also believes in other religions. Taoism has spread in Xixia. For example, Ning Ming, Xia's son, died because he studied Taoist techniques of crossing the valley. Wen Hai interprets the word "immortal" as "those who seek Tao in the mountains" and "those who seek longevity in the mountains". Nestorianism and Islam spread in Shazhou and Ganzhou in the late Xixia period. For example, The Travels of Marco Polo records that there are some Nestorianism and Muslims in Dunhuang (Tangguta Province) and Ganzhou. Xixia's artistic culture is very diverse and rich, with achievements in painting, calligraphy, sculpture, dance and music. In terms of painting, Buddhist paintings have been handed down to this day, mainly grottoes and temple murals. Now Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes and Anxi Yulin Grottoes are the most abundant. He studied the style of the Northern Song Dynasty in his early days, and was later influenced by Uighur Buddhism and Tibetan Buddhism mural art, and finally formed a unique artistic style. The lines are mainly iron wire and orchid paintings, supplemented by broken reeds and water shield strips; A lot of azurite is used for painting, which makes the picture a unique "green mural" with Leng Yan color. Paintings include Buddhist stories and proverbs, sacrifices to bodhisattvas and portraits, and decorative patterns of caves, among which Manjusri Biantu, Pu Xian Biantu, Shuiyue Guanyin Tutu and Thousand Hands and Thousand Eyes Quiet Biantu are the most famous. In addition, the social production and life of Xixia can also be observed in the pictures of farming, hiking, brewing and forging iron in Thousands of Hands and Eyes. Woodblock prints are mostly from Xixia and Chinese Buddhist scriptures. Among a large number of Buddhist paintings unearthed in Heishui, there are Manjusri Map, Pu Xian Map and Datura Map of the Ming King of Saint III. The content has a strong color and a deep tone. The prints "Selling Meat" and "The Devil's Life" are vivid and reflect the depth of paintings of western xia. Calligraphy Calligraphy is more common in regular script writing classics and inscriptions, while seal script is found in inscriptions and official seals. Liu, Xia Renzong was a bachelor of Hanlin and a calligrapher. His pen made of antelope tail hair was imitated by his contemporaries. Sculpture is very developed, including copper casting, stone carving, brick carving, wood carving, bamboo carving, clay sculpture and ceramics. It is characterized by balanced proportion, delicate knife method and very realistic. Clay sculptures, represented by Buddhist temple statues, use realism and artistic exaggeration to depict people in real life. For example, the nirvana statue of Sakyamuni in the Great Buddha Temple in Ganzhou built during the period of Emperor Chongzong of Xia Dynasty, and the painted sculptures dedicated to the goddess in Xixia in Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes No.491Cave, etc. Other ceramic works of art are also beautifully carved and lifelike. Music and Dance The musical instruments in Xixia period are mainly pipa, transverse blow and percussion instruments, among which the transverse blow is bamboo flute. Later, the culture that accepted the music of the Central Plains became more and more diverse when Li Deming engaged in music in the Song Dynasty. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Xia got rid of the joyous voice in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and "five tones are one tune". In 1 148, Xia Renzong ordered Li Yuanru, a musician, to make a more definite melody and named it Ding. Xixia music is very rich, and there is a folk music institute. During the reign of Hui Zong in Xia Dynasty, prostitutes and musicians in Han Dynasty were recruited to join the Conservatory of Music, and operas like Liu Zhiyuan Zhu Gong Tune were also introduced to Xixia. Dances in Xixia period are vivid in inscriptions and cave murals, and rich in the styles of Tang and Song dances and Mongolian dances. For example, the line-carved maiko on both sides of the monument of Liangzhou Huguo Temple is symmetrical, naked and barefoot, covered with a towel, and full of charm in unrestrained. The "music and dance picture" in the Xixia mural in Cave 3 of Yulin Cave is relatively dancing from left to right, with a vigorous posture. Architectural sculpture Tangut people live in felt tents. Only people with official titles can build their own houses. Before and after the founding of the People's Republic of China, a large number of Han craftsmen came to Xia State to build palaces and temples with Tangut craftsmen. The emperor's mausoleum is also very large. 1972 The No.8 Mausoleum of Xia Wangling (inferred as Xia Zunxiu Mausoleum) was cleared, and it was composed of que, tablet pavilion, moon city, inner city, memorial hall, mourning platform, inner god wall, outer god wall, corner platform and other buildings. They are symmetrically distributed along the central axis and strictly follow the architectural format of the Tang and Song Dynasties, but they also show some national characteristics of the Tangut and the influence of other national burial customs. The existing Chengtian Temple Tower (located in Yinchuan, Ningxia), which was built in the first year of Youchui (A.D. 1050), and the Liangzhou Huguo Temple Induction Tower (located in Wuwei, Gansu), which was rebuilt in the fifth year of Youmin (A.D. 1094), were still magnificent at that time.

The reclining Buddha in the reclining Buddha Temple in Ganzhou is a masterpiece of sculpture. It is tall and dignified. The stone horses unearthed in Xiawangling area are round and vivid. The stone statues found in the Tombstone Pavilion site have peculiar shapes, thick lines and a strong sense of strength on the face and limbs. On the damaged bamboo carvings found in the same area, there are courtyards, pine trees, rockeries, flowers and figures, which are arranged properly and beautifully shaped.

Since the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the Tangut people have implemented the system of inherited marriage, allowing them to marry concubines, uncles, aunts, brothers and sisters-in-law, but not with the same surname. Male parents of wealthy families can adopt many women and practise polygamy. The Tangut people used to burn the bodies after death, which was called cremation. After the founding of Xixia, the royal family and nobles mostly turned to burial, imitating the Han system to build luxurious tombs.