When were the ancient Hittites founded?

Hittie translated "Xitai", "Xitai", "Xitaite" or "Xitai". Hittite, located in Capadocia of Asia Minor, is an ancient Asian country located in Anatolia. Hittites who spoke Indo-European (Aryan) and Nexites who spoke Hittites migrated in 2000 BC created Hittites. The Hittite kingdom rose in Asia Minor, an ancient civilized region in 2000 BC. Asia Minor is the bridge and link between the Near East civilization and the Aegean civilization. Assyrians established several commercial colonies in Asia Minor from the end of 3000 BC to the beginning of 2000 BC, the most famous of which was Kaaniche Commercial Commune. Assyrians also brought cuneiform to Asia Minor. In Harris Valley (now Zizil-Ihrmark River), Asia Minor is mostly a plateau surrounded by mountains, and animal husbandry plays an important role in Hittite economy. Agriculture relies on rivers and ponds for irrigation, and its development is very limited. However, the territory is rich in silver, copper, iron and other mineral deposits, which is a favorable condition for developing metal smelting. Hittite is located on the main road between the Black Sea, the Mediterranean Sea and the two river basins, and has long been trading with the outside world. Hittites are Indo-European speaking tribes, which first appeared at the beginning of the second millennium BC. Their language is Nexit. Hittite countries were founded by many mixed tribes.

[Edit this paragraph] Form a country

At the turn of BC 19- 18, the Hittites formed the first tribal alliance with fortified cities. Among them, Kusa, Nisha and Chapa are the most important. King Anita of Kusat won the battle of tribal alliance, destroyed Hattusha, the fortress of Hittite indigenous tribes, conquered Nisha and built its capital here.

The emerging Hittite countries carried out foreign aggression. Around BC 1640, Barna, the Hittite king, conquered the east of Asia Minor, and his son Hattusha attacked Hattusha. At this time, the Hittite tribes who spoke Nexit were unified with the original indigenous tribes. Mursi I inherited the aggressive policies of previous kings, and conquered the northern stronghold of the Sissos, Harper, around 1600 BC by taking advantage of the weakening of Sissos' strength and Babylon's diplomatic difficulties, and later looted Babylon around 1595 BC.

In the late period of Mursili I's rule, the royal family and nobles fought constantly. About due to the problem of succession to the throne, Mursilli I himself died in a court plot. The conquered areas regained their independence; The turmoil, rebellion and rebellion in Hittite countries lasted for decades. Therefore, around 1535 BC, King Tielie Ping had to carry out major reforms in the state system. Tie Lieping tried to put an end to aristocratic disputes to ensure the stability of the country. His reform began with the system of succession to the throne, stipulating that the eldest son of the king is the priority legal heir to the throne; If there is no lineal male, the illegitimate child and lineal son-in-law shall make up for it in turn. This established the hereditary system of the throne and prevented the competition between nobles. Tieleping also banned royal vendettas. If the king violates this law, he will be tried by the aristocratic meeting and executed according to law. The aristocratic parliament retains great power. The king has no right to execute any brothers or sisters without consent. The ancient "Pan Ke" still exists. Pan Ke's membership is limited to privileged members of the army, the King's Guard, commanders and nobles attending aristocratic meetings. It is a part of the state administration. The reform of Tielieping marked the completion of the formation of Hittite state.

[Edit this paragraph] The prosperity of Hittite kingdom

From the end of 15 BC to the beginning of 13 BC, the Hittite kingdom was in its heyday, and the Hittite code was compiled during this period. King Supiruma (from the end of 15 BC to the beginning of 14 BC) took advantage of the coup and rebellion in Mitanni Palace, occupied most of Mitanni's territory and competed with Egypt for Syria. At that time, Egypt was caught in an internal religious struggle and was unable to look east; All parts of Syria are also trying to get rid of Egyptian rule. Hittites were thus able to conquer Syria and Phoenicia successfully. Since then, Hittites have frequently clashed with Egypt and Assyria. About 65438 BC+0365438 BC+02 BC, Muva Vatard, the Hittite king, and Ramesses II, the Egyptian Pharaoh, fought for Syria, and they both won and lost. About 1296 BC, the two countries joined forces, and most of Syria was owned by Hittites. Since Egypt's influence in Syria and Phoenicia weakened, Hittites have always been the hegemon of West Asia.

The Hittite kingdom reached its peak in about 1290 BC, bordering the Egyptian Empire. During the New Kingdom, the Hittites fought a hegemonic war in Syria and Egypt. Egyptian pharaohs in the early 19 dynasty, such as Horem Hebb, Ramesses I, seti i and Ramses II, fought fiercely with the Hittites. The warring parties suffered heavy losses in the battle of Kadish. During the reign of Hattusili II, the new king of Hittites, Hittites concluded a peace treaty with Ramses II of Egypt in 1283 BC. In BC 1246, King Hattusilly III adopted a pro-marriage policy and married one of his daughters to the Egyptian Pharaoh Ramses. Later, a sculpture found on the wall of the Karnak Temple in Egypt depicts the scene when the Egyptian Pharaoh married the Hittite Princess.

[Edit this paragraph] The war with Egypt

From the end of 14 BC to the middle of 13 BC, ancient Egypt and Hittites fought for control of Syria for decades. The battle of Kadish, the key battle in this war, is one of the earliest recorded battles in ancient military history. The peace treaty concluded after the war is the earliest international military treaty recorded in history.

Ancient Syria is located at the junction of Asia, Africa and Europe. It is the hub of ancient caravan trade on land and at sea, and it has always been a battleground for great powers. As early as 3000 BC, Egypt launched many wars of conquest in Syria in an attempt to establish and consolidate its hegemony in Syria. However, Egypt's efforts to establish hegemony met with Egypt's strong neighbor Hittite.

Force challenge. Around the 4th century BC/kloc-when Egypt was busy with the religious reform, the Hittites rose rapidly, and under the leadership of their brilliant king Supirulumas, they actively advanced to Syria, gradually controlling the whole Syrian region as far south as Damascus, which dealt a heavy blow to Egypt's vested interests in this region. In about 12 90, Pharaoh ramses ii of Egypt 19 dynasty ascended the throne (about 1304 and 1237), and he was determined to regroup, compete with the Hittites and restore Egypt's dominant position in Syria. To this end, Latin American Sethi prepared for the war, expanded the army, and formed the Putah Corps. Together with the original Amon Legion, Lai Legion, Seth Legion, and mercenaries composed of Nubians and Chardin, * * * has four legions with more than 20,000 troops. In BC 1286 (the fourth year after Ramses II ascended the throne), Egypt sent troops to occupy Berith (now Beirut) and Biblus in southern Syria for the first time. At the end of April of the following year (BC 1285), ramses ii made a personal expedition, led four legions to set out from the Jaru fortress in the east of the delta, went north along the Ridani Valley and the Orent Valley, and after nearly a month's March, entered the Kadish area and camped in the highlands about 15 miles south of Kadish. Kadish, located on the west bank of the upper reaches of Orente River, is the throat artery connecting the north and the south of Syria, and also the military strategic location of Hittite army. The Egyptian army tried to conquer Kadish first, control the throat of the northward advance, and then push northward to restore the rule of Syria as a whole.

Just as Egypt sent troops to the north, an intensive preparation activity was also in full swing in Hittite. Before Ramses II set out, Hittite learned the secret information of Egypt's upcoming expedition from the spies sent to Egypt. Mu Vatard, the Hittite king, held a royal meeting, made a battle plan centered on Kadish, stuck to the main points, and lured the enemy deeper and deeper earlier, crushing the Egyptian army's attempt to advance northward. To this end, Hittite assembled more than 20,000 troops, including 2,500-3,500 double-horse chariots (each equipped with 1 rider and 2 soldiers), hidden inside and outside Kadish Castle, and planned to lure the enemy into the ambush circle and annihilate them in one fell swoop. Ramses II led his troops to spend the night in the highlands near Kadish, and in the early morning of the next day he commanded the main force to attack Kadish, intending to capture the fortress before dusk. Ramses II led the Amon Corps to charge ahead, followed by Lai Corps and Putahe Corps. Due to the slow action, Seth Corps is still stranded in A Mu Lu area, and it is difficult to reach the battlefield for a while. When Amon's troops entered Sabtuna Ferry, eight miles south of Kadish, they intercepted two Hittite fugitives. These two Bedouin nomads, who are actually Hittites' "dead rooms", lied that the Hittites' main force was still in Harper, hundreds of miles north of Kadish, and pretended that the defenders in Kadish were demoralized and weak, and were afraid of the Egyptian army, especially the Syrian princes who had long wanted to submit to Egypt. Rameses II believed it, and immediately commanded the Amon Corps to cross the Orent River from Sabtuna Ferry, and went deep alone to reach the gate of Kadi Stone City. After hearing the news, Mu Vatard immediately secretly transferred the Hittite main force to the east bank of the Orente River, forming an encirclement and surrounding the Egyptian legion. Ramses II learned this trick from the Hittite prisoners who had just been captured, and immediately sent an emergency messenger to urge Lai Legion and Putahe Legion to come to emergency rescue. When the Lai Legion arrived in the jungle south of Kadish, the Hittite chariot that had been lying in ambush here unexpectedly attacked its flank, and the Lai Legion suffered heavy losses. Then, the Hittite army launched a fierce attack on the Egyptian Armon Corps with 2,500 chariots. Soldiers of the Egyptian army were on the verge of collapse and fled for their lives. Ramesses II, trapped in the encirclement, was under the cover of guards. Embrace the left and the right, fight hard, pray for the protection of Amon, and release the protection lion to "protect". At this critical moment. When the Egyptian army was on an expedition to the north, an army that stayed south of A Mu Road arrived. This support force is deployed in three ways. The first line is dominated by chariots, covered by light infantry, the second line is infantry, and the third line is divided into many soldiers and many cars. Suddenly appeared behind the Hittite army, stormed the Hittite army and rescued Ramses II from the crisis. The Egyptian army launched six consecutive charges and drove a large number of chariots into the river. Hittite king also sent more chariots into the battlefield, stormed the Egyptian Zhong Jun, and let 8000 fortress defenders rush out to cooperate. The fighting was fierce. At dusk, the vanguard of Egypt's Putah army arrived and joined the battle. At night, Hittite troops retreated to the fortress, and the battle was over. The two sides are evenly matched, regardless of the outcome.

In the following year 16, wars continued, but the scale was relatively small. Ramses II learned the lesson of underestimating the enemy's purpose in the Battle of Cardich, changed to a prudent strategy, and once retreated to the Orente River. However, Hittite adopted the strategy of sticking to the castle and trying to avoid the war, and both sides failed to win a decisive victory.

The long-term war consumption has made both sides unable to fight again. Around 1269 BC, Hattuser, the Hittite king who succeeded his brother Mu Vatard (1275 ~), proposed that the two sides conclude a peace treaty with the consent of Ramses II. Hattushir sent the draft peace talks written on the silver board to Egypt, and Ramses II drew up his own draft on this basis and sent it to the Hittite king. The full text of the Treaty is engraved in hieroglyphics on the walls of temples in Kanak, Egypt and Sume (Thebes) in Latin America. It is a translated copy of the manuscript, which may have been written in Hittite and Babylonian cuneiform, which were internationally used at that time. A copy of clay written in Babylonian cuneiform was found in the archives of Hattushah, the Hittite capital. The treaty stipulates that the two sides will achieve permanent peace, "never be hostile again" and always maintain "beautiful peace and beautiful brotherhood"; The two sides carry out military mutual assistance to resist any invading enemy; Both sides promised not to accept each other's downfall and were obliged to extradite fugitives. After the signing of the treaty, King Hittite married Ramses II with his eldest daughter, which further consolidated the alliance between the two sides through political marriage.

The hegemonic war between Egypt and Hittites was an important event in the history of ancient Middle East. Ramses II was the last powerful Pharaoh of the ancient Egyptian military empire, and Hittite was also in its heyday. The decades-long military contest between the two sides has seriously weakened their strength. Egypt has not achieved the goal of reviving Asia, and the successors of Ramses II are increasingly facing the situation of internal and external troubles. The migration wave of "maritime people" swept from Asia Minor in Aegean Sea echoed with the invasion of Libyan tribes, shaking the rule of Pharaoh day by day, and the once powerful new kingdom gradually fell into disintegration. Although the Hittites occupied most of Syria, they once looked down on West Asia. However, after the war with Egypt, the already unstable economic foundation was further shaken and soon began to decline. By the end of 13 BC, the "maritime nation" invaded Hittite from Bosphorus Strait, and the vassal states of Asia Minor and Syria rebelled one after another, and the Hittite state collapsed rapidly. By the 8th century BC, it was completely destroyed by Assyria.

[Edit this paragraph] Decline and extinction

However, Hittite countries formed military alliances in the process of conquest, and there was no solid economic foundation. The languages and lifestyles of the tribes in the territory are different, and the rulers in the frontier and foreign regions have administrative, judicial and military powers, which has great centrifugal force. Therefore, the division of a country is often influenced by the military success or failure of a king. After the war with Egypt, it soon began to weaken. The peace treaty of BC 1296 stipulated that in the event of civil strife, the two sides should help each other. It can be seen that its internal instability. By the end of 13 BC, the people at sea invaded Hittite from the Persian Gulf, and the vassal states of Asia Minor and Syria rebelled in succession, and Hittite countries collapsed under the pressure of domestic and foreign diplomacy. At the end of 13 BC, Phrygia (non-Phoenician) swept across the eastern Mediterranean and the Hittite kingdom was dismembered by it. In the 8th century BC, the remaining Hittite kingdom was destroyed by Assyrian Empire.

After the disintegration of the Hittites, there were still some small Hittites using hieroglyphics only in the area from Taolus Mountain to Syria, the most important of which were Bameita and Kalhemei. In the 8th century BC, all Hittites were destroyed by Assyria.

Hittite culture is developed, which plays a bridge role between ancient East, Aegean Sea and Greek culture.

[Edit this paragraph] The nation that first invented iron smelting technology.

Hittites are a nation accustomed to fighting. The fighting from generation to generation makes Hittites realize that it is impossible without a strong army. Hittite king has maintained an army of up to 300,000 people. Their weapons are very advanced, using short axes, swords and bows and arrows. Hittites are quite famous for smelting iron. They were the first countries in West Asia and even the world to invent and use iron, and also the first people in the world to enter the Iron Age. Hittite king regards iron as a patent, which is not allowed to spread, so that iron is as expensive as gold, and the price is 60 times that of brass. Hittite's iron weapons once frightened Egypt and other countries. The Hittite's most effective weapon against the enemy is the chariot; On the battlefield, they drove armored horse-drawn chariots to charge ahead, invincible, making the incoming enemy frightened. It was not until 1200 that Hittite blacksmiths were scattered all over the country, and the technology of iron smelting spread, reaching India around 800 years and China around 600 years. (See General History of the World by Stavri Yano)

In the Hittite kingdom, women enjoyed rights and freedoms that women in Mesopotamia and Egypt did not have. Hittite laws allow women to have the same jobs as men; Royal documents and national treasures show that the king and queen enjoy great power. At a certain time in the Hittite dynasty, there was a record that the queen ruled alone.

[Edit this paragraph] Kingdom staging

1, the old Hittite kingdom (1750- 1500) Hattusa became the capital.

2. Middle Hittite Kingdom (former 1500- former 1450)

3. New Hittite Kingdom (Empire) (1450- 1 180): Supiru Riuma I conquered Syria; Muwatali attacked Egypt (Kadesh).

[Edit this paragraph] ruler list

Old kingdom

Early18 C. Pitana (? )

Son of Pitanamid18 C. Anita (Anitta)

BC 1680-BC 1650 in Labana.

BC 1650-BC 1620 Rabana I (also known as Hattusili I).

BC 1620–BC 1590 Mursili I (Mursili I)

BC 1590-BC 1560

BC1560–BC 1550 Qidanta No.1 (Qidanta No.1)

BC 1550–BC 1530.

BC 1530–BC 1525 Huzia I (Huzia I)

1525bc–1500bc telephone

Central kingdom

Alluwamna

Hantili II (? )

Zidanta II (? )

Huzziya II (? )

New kingdom

BC 1430–BC 14 10 year? Figure Daglia I (Figure Daglia I)

BC 14 10 years–BC 1400 years? Arnold I (Arnold Wanda I) *

BC 1400–BC 1390? Figure Daglia II) *

BC 1390–BC 1380? Hattusilly II) *

BC 1380–BC 1370? Figure Daglia III) *

BC 1370–BC 1330 Supiliuma I.

BC 1330–BC 1330 Arnold Wanda II.

BC 1330–BC 1295 Mursili II

BC 1295–BC 1282 Muwatali

BC 1282–BC 1275 Mursili III.

BC 1275–BC 1245 Hattusili III

BC 1245–BC 12 15 Figure Daglia IV.

BC1215bc–BC 12 10bc Anuwanda III.

BC 12 10–BC 1200 Subeli Umash II]]] (Subeli Uma II)

[Edit this paragraph] Hittites

Hittites originated in the plateau mountain area in the east of Asia Minor, in the upper reaches of Harris River (now called Kaiser River). The original inhabitants here are called Hati people. They are neither Semites nor have anything to do with other ancient peoples. Around 2000 BC, a Nexite belonging to the Indo-European language family migrated here and gradually assimilated with the local Hittites, forming Hittites. The main component of the Hittites they say is Nexit.

[Edit this paragraph] The economic and social life of Hittites

Although the productivity of the early Hittite countries belonged to the Bronze Age, Hittite was the first country in West Asia to invent iron smelting and use iron tools. The Hittites' iron weapons made Egypt and other countries fearful. Assyrians learned to smelt iron from Hittites. Hittite king regards iron as a patent, which is not allowed to spread, even as expensive as gold, and the price is 60 times that of brass. Hittite is dominated by agriculture, and besides metallurgy, there are sub-industrial departments such as ceramics and textiles. Commercial trade is also very prosperous, with links with Egypt, Phoenicia, Cyprus, Aegean islands and other places.

[Edit this paragraph] Hittite culture

Hittite literature is mainly myth, including works adapted from ancient Sumerian creation and flood legends, and Hittite religion has also copied Mesopotamian polytheism. Religious activities, including divination, sacrifice, fasting and prayer, have no ethical significance. Hittites used cuneiform to describe their Indo-European languages and created Hittite cuneiform. Hittite also has 1 set of hieroglyphs, which are used for inscriptions and seals, possibly influenced by the original Hittite hieroglyphs and Egyptian hieroglyphs. But so far, these hieroglyphs have not been successfully interpreted. The Hittite's most outstanding cultural achievement is the legal system. Hittite law, represented by Hittite code, is more humane than Babylonian law, and there are not many crimes of death penalty, not to mention torture such as peeling, castration and nailing stakes in Assyrian law. Hittite's artistic talent is not very outstanding. But their sculptures are novel and vivid, especially the relief works on the stone walls. Beside the city gate and the palace gate, there are usually huge and vivid stone lions. Their building materials are mostly huge stones, which are obviously superior to the adobe in the two river basins. The historical achievement of Hittite civilization lies not only in the discovery and use of iron, but also in its role as an intermediary for cultural exchanges between the two river basins and western West Asia. Undoubtedly, some cultural elements spread from Mesopotamia to Canaanites and Hyksos through this intermediary, and may even spread to Aegean islands. Hittite civilization is one of the main ties between Egyptian civilization, two-river basin civilization and Aegean civilization.

[Edit this paragraph] Main mythical figures

The goddess of the moon in the myth of Alma Guhiti.

Aruna, the sea god in ancient Hittite mythology.

Apu, a character in ancient Hittite mythology, once asked the sun god for children and gave birth to two sons, one kind and the other evil, and the latter evil seized the good property.

Kamrusepa is the goddess of the Hittite kingdom and the helper of the Lord God. Levani, a ghost, was male in ancient Hittite mythology and female in later Hittite mythology.

In the ancient Hittite myth Pirwa, the gods of Nisha and Hattusas in Hittite city. In the ancient Hittites' early discussion songs, he was a "young warrior" and seemed to be regarded as the patron saint of the king.

Saru, the god of storms in ancient Hittite mythology, is also called "Taru".

Telepy, the god of fertility in ancient Hittite mythology, is regarded as Taru and mother of Son of God.

Wasita, a mountain in ancient Hittite mythology, has children with mortals.

Wurunsemmu, one of the main gods in ancient Hittite mythology, was regarded as the "protector" of the king during the period of Hattusas I, but her role as "the sun goddess of Alina City" declined rapidly in the later period of the ancient Hittite kingdom, and in the period of Hattusas III, she tried to arouse people's worship for her again.

Himeji is the sun god in ancient Hittite mythology, also known as "Simig".

Ari, the god of war in ancient Hittite mythology.

Illunyanka, a snake demon in ancient Hittite mythology, is also said to be a dragon. He once fought against Thunderstorm God and took away his heart and eyes, and was killed after Thunderstorm God took revenge.

The sun god in Hittite mythology.

[Edit this paragraph] Festival

On New Year's Day, Hittites celebrate Puri Festival. Launtali Ashhash Festival is one of the most grand Hittite festivals, which was held after the king's expedition. The religious activities of Hittites are mainly held in Alina, Nerik, Zpalanda, Hattushah and other places. Among them, Alina City and Nirik City are the most important places for Hittites to hold ceremonies. The former is a place to worship the goddess Alina, and the latter is a place to worship the god of agriculture. Zpalanda City is also an important place for Hittite sacrificial activities.

[Edit this paragraph] Archaeological books published

& lt& lt Anatolia: Land of Cultural Prosperity & gt "Lost Civilization" series, written by [America] Brown. Trans. Wang Shufang and other publishing houses: Huaxia Publishing House.