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Call it a miracle in the history of books.

[Edit this paragraph] Oracle Bone Inscriptions content

Most of Oracle Bone Inscriptions's contents are the records of divination by the royal family in Shang Dynasty. Shang people were superstitious about ghosts and gods, and they had to ask questions about big and small issues. Some divination is about sunny and rainy days, some is about agricultural harvest, some is about diseases and seeking children, hunting, fighting, sacrifice and other big things to ask! Therefore, Oracle Bone Inscriptions's content can provide a glimpse of people's life and the historical development of Shang Dynasty.

Oracle calligraphy

The shoulder blades of Wu Wenniu, the king of Yin, were used for divination. Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Anyang Yin Ruins is the earliest systematic writing in China, and it is also a relatively mature writing. On the other hand, the horizontal dense structure of ancient Chinese characters has really begun to take shape in calligraphy, such as the use of pens, structure and composition, which breeds the beauty of calligraphy art and is worth appreciating and tasting. As far as Oracle bone inscriptions are concerned, Guo Moruo expressed great appreciation for his calligraphy in the preface to the Nazi Encyclopedia of Yin Qi published in 1937: "Oracle Bone Inscriptions is engraved on Oracle bones, and its exquisite inscriptions and beautiful words have fascinated our descendants for thousands of years. The style of writing varies from person to person and from world to world. Generally speaking, Wu Ding's world is full of bold words, Di Yi's world is beautiful, and Wen Xian is beautiful. The density of lines, the structure of words, the care of circles, and the order ... It is enough to know that the existing contract is a proxy book, and the contract book is Yin Zhong Wang. "

"Zhong Wang Yan Liu" refers to the four ancient calligraphers. Zhong Wang Yan Liu of Yin Dynasty was a historian and diviner of Oracle inscriptions. It is they who left a wealth of historical materials and precious ancient calligraphy works for future generations. If we take a cursory look at Oracle Bone Inscriptions's calligraphy forms, we will find that the early fonts are very large, such as many Oracle Bone Inscriptions in the Wuding period included in Luo Zhenyu's Book of Yin Ruins Qi Jing Dialect, which are very atmospheric and eye-catching; By the time of Di Yi and Di Xin in the last years of Shang Dynasty, the characters became small and trivial. As for Oracle Bone Inscriptions in the Western Zhou Dynasty, it is even more subtle.

Oracle Bone Inscriptions's style types: First, vigorous and vigorous; Second, it is beautiful and light; The third is neat and tidy; The fourth type is graceful and delicate; Fifth, the well-developed Gu Zhuo type. In short, although Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a carved character, his brushwork is meaningful, his style is mixed, or his skeleton is open, which makes people feel relaxed and happy. Or fine silk Xiu Xiu, in the form of hairpin flowers, between the lines, there are many exquisite calligraphy.

The so-called "oracle calligraphy" generally has two meanings.

First, it refers to the calligraphy works neatly imitated according to the font structure and calligraphy characteristics of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang and Zhou Dynasties. This kind of works can collect ancient Chinese characters and combine them into new sentences as needed. Although the content is new, the writing is as rich and elegant as that written by Yin people three thousand years ago. However, there are only more than 2,000 words in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, among which many rare words (especially names and places) have not been released, and few of them are really useful. Therefore, once you encounter a word that is not in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and it can't be replaced in the written couplets and inscriptions, you have to split it with radicals and splice it yourself; If you can't spell it again, you will have to turn to other ancient Chinese characters such as inscriptions on bronze. The leading figure in this creation is Luo Zhenyu. 192 1 year, after research, he wrote Oracle Bone Inscriptions as a couplet with a brush, and published The Ruins of Yin Ji. Then Zhang Yu, Gao Dexin, Wang Jilie and others also imitated Ji Zi's creation. Some predecessors of ancient philology, such as Dong Zuobin, Shang Chengzuo, Yu, are also good at oracle calligraphy, which is oracle calligraphy's works in the true sense.

On the other hand, it refers to the modern calligraphy works that I created by drawing lessons from the characteristics of Oracle Bone Inscriptions. They regard Oracle Bone Inscriptions as an inspiration, just a little inspiration in artistic creation, not pursuing "similarity". Therefore, they don't write strictly according to the characteristics of oracle calligraphy, but may combine the characteristics of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, bronze inscriptions and Warring States scripts to create. Although this kind of calligraphy art is related to ancient philology, it is not the same.

[Edit this paragraph] Oracle Bone Inscriptions's discovery

The nicks on the ancient Oracle bones were identified as Shang Dynasty characters, which was one of the third archaeological discoveries in China at the end of last century and the beginning of this century (the remains of the Dunhuang Grottoes and Zhoukoudian Apes). However, its discovery process is very accidental and full of drama.

In the autumn of the 25th year of Guangxu reign in the late Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1899), he served as the king of imperial academy's wine supply in the Qing court in Beijing (1845- 1900) and got malaria. He sent someone to buy a dose of Chinese medicine at Darentang Chinese Medicine Shop at the food market outside Xuanwu Gate. A medicine that Wang happened to see was called keel. Keels are the bones of ancient vertebrates. How can there be carved symbols hundreds of thousands of years ago on this bone? This aroused his curiosity. Wang, who is famous for studying ancient stone carvings, carefully studied it and found that it is not an ordinary notch, but resembles ancient Chinese characters, but its shape is neither a brush (big seal) nor a seal (small seal). In order to find more keels for in-depth study, he sent someone to Darentang to buy all the carved keels in the drugstore at a high price of two taels of silver each. Later, it was searched by antique dealer Fan and others, and accumulated more than 500 pieces of/kloc-0. Oracle Bone Inscriptions unearthed in Anyang

After careful study and analysis of these keels, he thinks that they are not the bones of "dragons", but tortoise shells and animal bones thousands of years ago. He gradually recognized the words "rain", "sun", "moon", "mountain" and "water" from the scratches on Oracle bones, and then found out the names of several kings in Shang Dynasty. This proves that this is an ancient writing carved on animal bones. Since then, these Oracle Bone Inscriptions engraved with ancient Chinese characters have caused a sensation in all walks of life, and scholars and antique dealers are vying for it.

Some people once questioned Wang's theory of finding the keel with characters in Chinese medicine, and thought that Wang had no record of this in relevant writings. The keel eaten by Wang had been processed into fine particles in the pharmacy, and there was no trace of words engraved. Moreover, there was no Darentang drugstore around Caishikou at that time. In this regard, Zhou Shaoliang, a scholar who later studied Oracle bone inscriptions, said that the keel was sold piece by piece in Chinese medicine shops at that time until he went to Chinese medicine shops to buy it in the 1930s. As for Darentang pharmacy, it was not in the food market at that time, but there was a famous Xihe Niantang Chinese medicine shop in the food market. At that time, people were superstitious about Xihe Niantang and wanted to go to Xihe Niantang drugstore to buy Chinese medicine, which may also be the result of misinformation at that time.

Before Oracle bone inscriptions were confirmed, farmers in Xiaotun Village, Anyang City, Henan Province kept digging and dug up ancient Oracle bones in their fields. It is said that the first person who sold Oracle bones in Chinese medicine shops was a barber named Li Cheng. Once he got an abscess and had no money to seek medical treatment and buy medicine, so he ground these Oracle Bone Inscriptions into powder and applied it to the abscess. Unexpectedly, the pus was sucked dry by bone powder, and it was found that bone powder also had the effect of hemostasis. From then on, he collected them, described them as dragon bones and sold them to Chinese medicine shops.

After many scholars and experts' research, the so-called keel is actually a tool for divination in Shang Dynasty. Before divination, people saw the tortoise shell and the shoulder blades of cattle neatly, and then drilled round deep nests and shallow grooves on the back of the Oracle bone. When divining, they first pray to ghosts and gods, and then burn the sides of deep nests or grooves to a certain extent with burning branches, and cracks appear in the corresponding parts of Oracle bones. Therefore, fortune tellers judge the success or failure of things according to the length, thickness, straightness and concealment of cracks. After divination, the contents and results of divination are engraved near the divination with a knife, which is Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Oracle bones engraved with Oracle Bone Inscriptions were properly collected in the cellar as files and handed down to future generations. The story discovered by Oracle Bone Inscriptions, later called "a Oracle Bone Inscriptions that shocked the world", has written a legendary chapter in the archaeological history of China and the world.

[Edit this paragraph] Oracle Bone Inscriptions Studies

Wang, who was the first to confirm Oracle Bone Inscriptions, had not had time to study deeply and write a book. Eight-Nation Alliance approached Beijing, and he was appointed as the minister.

1900 In July, the invading army Enemy at the Gates and Empress Dowager Cixi led the royal family to flee hastily, and Wang was completely disappointed. He said to his family, "I can't live any longer!" " Then he wrote desperate words, resolutely took poison and fell into the well at the age of 56.

Later, people called the person who first discovered Oracle Bone Inscriptions "the father of Oracle Bone Inscriptions". 1989 In the autumn, on the occasion of the 90th anniversary of Oracle Bone Inscriptions's discovery, a memorial hall was built in his hometown, Fushan District, Yantai City, Shandong Province, to commemorate Wang's achievements.

After Wang's martyrdom, most of his Oracle bones were transferred to his good friend Liu E (that is, Liu Tieyun, the author of Lao Can's Travels). Liu E further collected more than 5,000 pieces of Oracle bones. 1903, he printed the book "A turtle hidden in an iron cloud" and published the information of Oracle Bone Inscriptions for the first time. Soon, Sun Yirang, a scholar, wrote Oracle Bone Inscriptions's first monograph, The Case of Wen Qi, based on the information of "A turtle hidden in an iron cloud".

Oracle Bone Inscriptions's discovery caused a sensation in academic circles. In order to monopolize the financial resources, antique dealers kept the source of Oracle bones secret, and later lied that they came from Tangyin, Weihui and other places in Henan. Until 1908, Luo Zhenyu, a scholar, visited Xiaotun Village in Anyang, Henan Province for the first time, so he sent relatives to Anyang to buy it and personally visited Anyang. Nearly 20,000 pieces of Oracle bones were collected successively, and more than 2,000 pieces were selected and compiled in 19 13, which were published in Shu Qi in Yin Ruins (pre-edited) and later compiled in Shu Qi Jinghua in Yin Ruins (continued), laying a foundation for the study of Oracle Bone Inscriptions. oracle bone script

After Luo Zhenyu, many famous scholars, such as Wang Guowei, Guo Moruo, Dong Zuobin, Chen,,, Yu, Hu Houxuan, etc. , fruitful textual research and research, and formed a special knowledge-Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Dong Zuobin, Luo Zhenyu, Wang Guowei and Guo Moruo are also called "the four halls of Oracle bones", and are regarded as the masters of Oracle bone research.

Oracle Bone Inscriptions is the earliest documentary record discovered by China. Now, Oracle Bone Inscriptions has become a remarkable world discipline, with more than 500 Chinese and foreign scholars engaged in research and published more than 3,000 monographs and papers. It is of great significance to history, philology and archaeology.

Sima Qian has an article "Yin Benji" in Historical Records, which records the lineage and history of Shang Dynasty in detail. In the past, many historians were skeptical about these records, because there were no written records and no physical materials to prove them.

At the beginning of this century, Luo Zhenyu found the names of the first man and the first king in Shang Dynasty in his Oracle bones, which confirmed that the small village where these Oracle bones came from was the location of Yin Ruins, and the history books said that it was "Huanshui South, on Yin Ruins".

After that, Wang Guowei, a scholar, made a detailed textual research on the ancient princes of Shang Dynasty seen in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and compared them with the records in Historical Records, which confirmed the credibility of Yin Benji in Historical Records. Yin Ruins was the first 10 king of Shang Dynasty. In BC 13 18, Pan Geng moved his capital from Yan (near Qufu, Shandong) to Yin (around Xiaotun Village). After the 8th generation 12 king, it was established here for 273 years. These research results have advanced the reliable history of China by one thousand years.

From the discovery and identification of a piece of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in the Shang Dynasty to the affirmation of a dynasty more than 3000 years ago and 600 years ago. What an amazing discovery! In this way, some scholars in the 1920s believed that China's credible history began in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and the trend of "suspecting the past" was completely denied.

A large number of Oracle bones unearthed in Yin Ruins reflect the prosperity of divination in Shang Dynasty. From state affairs to private life, such as sacrifice, climate, harvest, conquest, hunting, sick people, childbirth, going out, etc. The royal family and nobles all asked God for advice until they decided to stop. As a result, divination became a major event in the political life of the country, and the court set up special institutions and divination officials. Oracle Bone Inscriptions with inscriptions is preserved as a national archive and piled in caves. Therefore, Oracle Bone Inscriptions became the first-hand material to study the history of Shang Dynasty, reflecting all aspects of social life from BC 1300 to BC 1000.

Since/kloc-0 was first discovered in Oracle Bone Inscriptions in 899, according to the statistics of Hu Houxuan, a scholar, * * has unearthed more than 54,600 pieces of Oracle bones, including 97,600 pieces in Chinese mainland, 30,200 pieces in Taiwan Province, 89 pieces in Hongkong and more than 27,900 pieces in China * * collection. In addition, so far, about 4500 words have been engraved on these Oracle bones, and about 2000 words have been read so far.

China's writing sprouted earlier. In the Neolithic pottery of Yangshao culture, various carving symbols were found, which became the embryonic form of China characters. After two or three thousand years of gestation and development, Chinese characters reached the stage of basic maturity in Shang Dynasty. Oracle Bone Inscriptions has a certain system, strict laws, exquisite descriptions and rich contents, which plays an important role in the study of ancient Chinese characters in China. In the past, the study of ancient Chinese characters was mainly based on inscriptions on Shang and Zhou bronzes, such as Xu Shen's Shuo Wen Jie Zi in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Oracle Bone Inscriptions is 1500 years earlier than Shuo Wen Jie Zi, and it comes from the unearthed cultural relics directly excavated, so it has high credibility, which is of great value for studying the origin and development of Chinese characters, correcting the mistakes in Shuo Wen Jie Zi and solving the outstanding problems in bronze inscriptions.

Judging from the characters on Oracle bones, they already have the three elements of China's calligraphy, namely, writing, writing and composition. His brushwork lines are neat and thin, straight and thick, and his strokes are multi-folded, which has an influence on the pen and knife of seal cutting in later generations. Judging from the knot, the characters have changed. Although they are different in size, they are relatively balanced and symmetrical, showing a stable pattern. Judging from the composition, although influenced by the size and shape of bone chips, it still shows the carving skills and artistic characteristics of words. The popularity of "oracle calligraphy" among some calligraphers and calligraphy lovers proves its charm.

Since the location of Oracle bones was found out, from the autumn of 1928 to the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression in the summer of 1937, the archaeological team of the Institute of History and Language of Academia Sinica, under the auspices of famous archaeologists Dong Zuobin, Li Ji and Liang Siyong, carried out archaeological excavations in Xiaotun Village for 15 years, which not only found more than 24,900 pieces in total, but also found the late Shang Dynasty. Yin Ruins became a world-famous site of ancient culture, which once again shocked Chinese and foreign academic circles.

After the founding of New China, archaeologists conducted many investigations and excavations, and generally found out the scope and layout of Yin Ruins. Yin Ruins is located in the northwest suburb of Anyang City, Henan Province, with Xiaotun Village as the center. It is about 6 kilometers long from east to west and 5 kilometers long from north to south, with a total area of about 30 square kilometers. Xiaotun Village on the south bank of Huan River is the palace area where Wang Yin lives. Dozens of palaces have been excavated, the largest of which covers an area of 5000 square meters. North of Huan River is the mausoleum area of Yin King. More than a dozen large tombs, more than a thousand small tombs and a large number of sacrificial pits have been excavated. Near the palace, two Oracle Bone Inscriptions archives and handicraft workshop sites such as copper casting, jade making, bone making and pottery burning were discovered. The excavation of Yin Ruins has a long duration, large scale and abundant harvest, which is really rare in the archaeological history of China.

In order to commemorate the great archaeological discovery of Yin Ruins, in the autumn of 1987, Anyang City built the Yin Ruins Museum on the northeast side of the palace ruins area, which restored and reproduced the features of the Yin Ruins Palace and some buildings 3,000 years ago.

1in the spring of 976, the first female General Cemetery in the history of China was excavated near the palace area, which is 0/00 meters northwest of Xiaotun Village. Oracle Bone Inscriptions records that Fuxi was the queen of Wu Ding, king of Shang Dynasty. One summer, there was a war on the northern border, and the two sides were at daggers drawn. Fu Hao volunteered to send troops. Wu Ding hesitated, decided to send Fu Hao to arise after divination, and the result was a great victory. From then on, Wu Ding made her commander in chief. Since then, she has conquered more than 20 neighboring countries (independent small countries) by expeditions to the East and the West. There is a passage in which Oracle Bone Inscriptions said that Fu Hao commanded 1 in the battle for the Qiang nationality. A huge team of 30 thousand people, the largest number of foreign soldiers known in Shang Dynasty. Regal Tomb is the only well-preserved royal tomb of Yin Dynasty unearthed from Yin Ruins, and many unearthed objects are engraved with inscriptions. It is the only royal tomb of Shang Dynasty that can be confirmed by Oracle Bone Inscriptions and historical documents, so as to determine the identity and age of the tomb owner.

In the 70-year archaeology of Yin Ruins, it is particularly worth mentioning three important textual research and discoveries of Oracle Bone Inscriptions:

The first time was1June, 936 12. A Oracle Bone Inscriptions pit was excavated in Bei Gong area of Xiaotun Village, and 17096 Oracle Bone Inscriptions with words was preserved, which recorded many activities in Wuding period of Shang Dynasty. It seems that this is the Oracle Bone Inscriptions file of Wuding royal family. The excavation of these Oracle bones is of great value to the study of social politics, culture and life in Wuding period. During the excavation, a body curled up on its side was found in the pit, and most of the body was pressed on the Oracle bone. Experts think it may be the custodian of the file.

The second time, in the south of Xiaotun Village 1973, 7 150 pieces of Oracle bones were excavated, of which 504 1 piece was carved. At the same time, the unearthed pottery products also have these Oracle Bone Inscriptions, which provides valuable information for the staging of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Yin Ruins.

The third time, in the autumn of 199 1, a Oracle Bone Inscriptions pit with an area of only 2 square meters was excavated in the east of Huayuanzhuang, but its overlapping thickness reached 0.8 meters, and 579 pieces of Oracle bones 1583 were unearthed, including Oracle Bone Inscriptions, which was rich in records. The fortune tellers were all members of the royal family and senior nobles in Wuding period. It shows that the divination activities in this period were not limited to the king, the supreme ruler, but all the royal nobles could use divination to predict good or bad luck.

The discovery of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and the excavation of Yin Ruins caused by it are of epoch-making significance to China archaeology.

Prior to this, scholars only studied inscriptions and inscriptions in the study, and never went to the fields to investigate and dig. China's field archaeology began with the excavation of Yangshao Village site in Mianchi County, Henan Province in 192 1, and then with the early excavation of Peking Zhoukoudian ape-man site in 1927. However, at that time, the excavation of these two places was not undertaken by the academic departments in China alone, but by foreign scholars hired by the government at that time, or by Chinese and foreign academic units. The real field archaeology independently conducted by academic institutions in China began with the first excavation of Yin Ruins by the Archaeological Group of the Institute of History and Linguistics of Academia Sinica in 1928. It laid the foundation for the emergence and development of field archaeology in China. Most of the older generation of archaeologists in China grew up on the archaeological sites of Yin Ruins, and the new generation of archaeologists after the founding of New China were basically trained by them. Therefore, it is well-deserved to call Yin Ruins the birthplace of field archaeology in China.

Calendar and Geography of Shang Dynasty in Oracle Bone Inscriptions

The discovery of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins also provides the most reliable first-hand information for the study of Shang calendar, and there have been many achievements in this field for decades. Li Yinpu was published in Yin Shi, Sichuan in 1945. It is a masterpiece of Dong Zuobin's research on the calendar method of the Yin Dynasty and the sacrificial spectrum of the Zhou Dynasty in 12. In the first volume of this book, it is suggested that businessmen use dry branches to mark the days, which has continued to this day without interruption; Shang month is a lunar month, and there are big and small months (falling on the 29th and big on the 30th). After 14 or 16, the two big months are connected. He thought that the year of the lunar calendar was adopted at that time, so there was a setting method for leap months, which was 65,438+09,7. According to his views on the difference between the old school and the new school, it is pointed out that the old school (such as Wu Ding) set up a leap at the end of the year (65,438+03) and the new school (such as Zujia) set up a leap in the middle of the year. In the third volume, he also discussed the eclipse of the sun and the moon seen in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, trying to prove that there were four divisions in ancient times and the ugly system in the first month. Chen's summary of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins further affirmed some statements made by Dong Shi, and revised them at the same time, thinking that leap at the end of the year or leap in the middle of the year is a parallel (with Zujia) in a period. However, Chen criticized Dong Shi's statement that the calendar of Yin Dynasty was divided into four parts and ugly in the first month was "completely wrong". The History of Astronomical Literature in China, published in 198 1 year and written by astronomical historians, affirmed Dong and Chen's views on the combination of Yin and Yang and the size of the moon, affirmed Dong Shi's view that the calendar of main branches and branches has never stopped since Yin Dynasty, affirmed the leap at the end of the year, but denied the possibility of leap in the middle of Yin Dynasty [142]

The Yin Dynasty was dominated by the lunar calendar, and scholars who ruled Oracle Bone Inscriptions, such as Dong Zuobin, used to think it was the northern day. Both the previous paper "History of Chinese Astronomy" and the paper published by Zhang Peiyu in 1984 [143] think that the appearance of the new moon should be the first time. Japanese scholar Guo Neiqing put forward the same view in 1957 [144]. However, Textual Research on the First Month of Li Yin published by Shi Feng 1990 [145] still holds that the first month of the Yin people is the first day of the new moon, because the relatively sparse new moon can still be obtained through observation. It can be seen that the debate on this issue will continue in the future.

The geographical knowledge of Shang Dynasty is very important for studying the social history and culture of Shang Dynasty. However, before the discovery of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins, there were only a few records in the literature, so the place names in Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins attracted the attention of scholars. In 19 14 (or 19 15), Wang Guowei, the pioneer of the geographical study of Oracle inscriptions in Yin Ruins, wrote a very short article, Textual Research on Geographical Names Seen in Oracle Inscriptions in Yin Ruins, and selected 8 geographical names which were found in the literature and were close to Anyang. At this time, there is no connection between place names. Guo Moruo is a scholar who really created an effective scientific method for the study of geography in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. In the Complete Works of Oracle Bone Inscriptions (Japanese) published in 1933, he took Oracle Bone Inscriptions, who was hunting in the Shang Dynasty, as the research object (this kind of Oracle Bone Inscriptions mostly included the divination place name at that time, that is, the hunting station), and calculated the distance of each place through the daily difference of several Oracle Bone Inscriptions in the same version.