Is "Zhou" a country during the "Zhou Dynasty"? What is its "capital"? .

Zhou Dynasty (65438 BC+0066 BC-256 BC)

The rise, development and rise and fall of the Western Zhou Dynasty: The Western Zhou Dynasty (BC 1066-BC 77 1 year) lasted for more than 300 years, which was an important period of the Chinese empire and the heyday of China's classical civilization. Its material civilization and spiritual civilization had a far-reaching impact on the later historical development.

The first week is an ancient tribe active in the Loess Plateau in the west of the Central Plains. The ancestors of Zhou people are said to have abandoned Di Ku, the son of Yuan Fei Jiang Yuan. "Abandon" served as an agricultural teacher in Emperor Shun, known as "Hou Ji", and made great contributions to teaching human crops. In the early years of Shang Dynasty, his descendant "Gong Liu" led his troops to move to magnetism. When Gu Gong became the "father of the country", he moved to the south of Qishan (now Qishan County, Shaanxi Province) and settled down, and gradually developed into a new western force, calling himself "Zhou". After Gu Gong's youngest son, Ji Li, succeeded to the throne, he practiced morality, developed production and expelled Yidi, making him stronger and conflicted with business. Shang Wang Wending sent someone to kill him, and his son often succeeded to the throne. Chang Su is known as "Xibo". He is kind and loves the people, and he is a corporal. All the people in the world come to surrender. Zhou's development made Shang and Zhou feel threatened, so he imprisoned Xi Bochang in Youli for seven years. The Zhou Dynasty redeemed Xibo with treasures and beautiful women. Since then, with the assistance of Lu Shang, Xibochang has indulged in pleasure on the surface and is very tame to "Yinzhou". In fact, he is better at Xiu De, please the people, vigorously develop production, let more governors join him, and then conquer unruly governors and business allies. Finally, there are two things in the world that become the so-called masters of order. Nine years later, Zhou Wenwang died. His son succeeded to the throne and was called King Wu. He continued to learn from Lu merchants, supplemented by Zhou Gongdan, supplemented by Zhao Gong and Bi Gong, and continued Wang Wen's unfinished business. Expand the capital to Haojing (now Chang 'an County, Shaanxi Province) east of Fengshui, and actively prepare to destroy the business. Two years later, King Wu summoned 800 governors to take a joint oath in Jin Meng. In December of the eleventh year of Taikang, Wu went out of Tongguan to join forces with governors from various countries and moved eastward. In February of the following year, Jia defeated the Shang army in Konoha, killing Yin, which was called "Wu Shang Dynasty" in history, and established the longest dynasty "Zhou Dynasty" in China history. The Zhou Dynasty experienced 37 emperors for more than 800 years and was destroyed by Qin in 206 BC. In 770 BC, King Ping moved the capital to Luoyi (now Luoyang, Henan). Feng Haoer is in the west and Luoyi is in the east. It is customary to call the Zhou Dynasty before 770 BC the Western Zhou Dynasty and later the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, some great heroes were awarded, such as Lu Shang of Qi, Lu, Yan, Guan and Cai's Shu capital. It is said that in the early years of the Zhou Dynasty, a total of 7 1 vassal states were divided up, including brother states 15 and 40 countries with the same surname. The purpose of the founding of the People's Republic of China is to strengthen the rule over various places and act as a screen vassal of the Zhou royal family. The vassal then enfeoffed Doctor Qing in his fief, and Doctor Qing enfeoffed scholars in his fief, ruling the people from top to bottom. After the death of King Wu, his son "recited" the succession and became the "king". When he became a young king, the world was decided. I'm afraid "Zhou Gongdan" will defy his ministers and take Uncle Wang as the regent. "Guan Shu" and "Cai Shu" refused, and together with "Wu Geng", the son of Yin Zhou, led Huaiyi to launch a rebellion. Duke Zhou resolutely led the army eastward, put down the rebellion, killed Wu Genghe, exiled Cai Shu, and put down the remnants of Yin. In order to strengthen the rule of the East, Duke Zhou was appointed king, responsible for the construction of "Luoyi". After the completion of Luoyi, Wang Cheng personally came to Luoyi City to meet the world governors and leaders of Siyi, and moved the Yin adherents who followed Wu Geng's rebellion into "Chengzhou" for control. Duke Zhou also controlled Li Xiangle, formulated various laws and regulations of the Zhou Dynasty, and established a political system with patriarchal clan system as the core. King Cheng personally conquered the East and settled the East. After the death of King Cheng, King Kang, who succeeded to the throne, inherited his predecessor's career, made great efforts to cure diseases for the people, and the punishment was not used for decades, making the society more stable.

The political clarity of the three generations of Wu, Cheng and Kang was the golden age of Zhou. However, by the fourth generation of emperor Zhou Zhaowang, there was a crisis. At that time, Wang Dao was short of money, and King Zhao of Zhou was the son of heaven. When visiting the Hanshui River in the south, he was ambushed by a boatman with a special plastic boat and buried in the belly of a fish. After "Zhou Muwang" succeeded to the throne, in order to restore the prestige of the Zhou Dynasty, the new position of Taifu was established as the leader of Yu Tai's servants to strengthen the central management of the dynasty. He enacted criminal laws and reduced penalties to strengthen control over his subjects and govern the world well. He invaded the west, captured foreigners in the south, actively defended against the invasion of remote ethnic groups and stopped looting. King Mu also led the rebellion with Zeng Dongping's Xu Yanwang, seeking Chu in the south and meeting the vassals in Tushan.

After "Zhou Muwang", the Zhou Dynasty gradually declined, and the four generations of "Zhou Wang * * *", "Zhou" and "Zhou Yiwang" were plunged into a long-term war because of the constant intrusion of military intolerance around them, and their national strength was greatly consumed, so they had to intensify their exploitation of the people, and domestic contradictions became increasingly acute. Some nobles also began to go bankrupt, showing their aversion to reality.

Long-term contradictions gradually accumulated, resulting in a profound crisis of the dynasty. In this case, Zhou Liwang, who succeeded to the throne, did not take measures to appease the people and develop people's livelihood. Instead, he appointed courtiers, squandered money and went abroad year after year. What's more, he was deprived and monopolized the interests of Yamazawa, causing people's dissatisfaction and discussion. He sent a wizard to watch, killed the arguer and made the contradiction more acute. Three years later, the indignant residents finally rioted and exiled Li to the Duke of Zhou and those who were in power at the same time, which was called "Zhao Zhou * * * and" in history. * * * and the first year, namely 84 BC1year, the history of China has a clear and continuous chronology since this year. After Zhou Liwang's death, his son Xuan Wang reorganized the state affairs, which once revived the Zhou Dynasty. However, by the 12th Emperor Zhou Youwang, the crisis of the dynasty was more serious. There are serious natural disasters in Guanzhong area, such as earthquakes, landslides, and river cuts. Instead of providing compensation to the victims, Zhou Youwang has become more extravagant, corrupt and insatiable. In order to win a "compliment" smile from his favorite princess, the reclusive king held a bonfire party to trick the princes into coming to him. The most serious problem is that the king decided to abolish the queen Shen, kill Prince Yijiu, establish Zan as the queen and his son Bofu as the prince. Upon Shen's application, his father, Shen Hou, joined forces with the remnants of the western tribes, mobilized troops to attack and killed the king at the foot of Mount Li. When his son ascended the throne on September 19, Guanzhong was looted by soldiers and soldiers, and the dogs came to harass him from time to time. Yijiu, the "Zhou Pingwang", had to move its capital to Luoyi, which was called "moving eastward" in history and began in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.

Table of emperors' system in Zhou dynasty

Western Zhou Dynasty

King Wen-> Featuring->; Become a king-> -> Kang Wang; Zhao Haoqi->; Mu Wang->; * * * Wang-> Yi Wang-> Filial piety->

Yi Wang-> Li-> * * * and management-> Wang Xuan->; Wang You

Eastern Zhou Dynasty (770-256 BC)

Wang Ping September 19th->; Huan->; Zhuang-> Li Wang Hu Qi->; Looking back-> Zheng->; Wang Qingren Chen-> Kuang-> Yu-> Yi-> The spirit king vented his heart-> Wang Jing GUI->; Mourn for Wang Meng-> To the king □-> Yuan-> Wang Jie->; Mourn for the sick king->; Uncle Wang Si->; Filial piety to Xie Wang-> King Willie Wu->; Anmong Kok-> Wang Xi->; Show Wang ping->; Shen Liang Wang Ding->; Yun yan wang

A famous hero

, Zhao, etc.

Queen: Praise (Princess Zhou Youwang)

Political system:

The official system of the Western Zhou Dynasty was more complicated. Zhou Wang's assistants are a surname, a teacher, and Taibao, collectively known as the three fairs. There are three officials (government officials, government officials, local officials), four parties (princes, countries, tribes), and the Qing Dynasty. The officials of the dynasties were: Taizai, who was in charge of the political affairs, Taizong, who was in charge of the sacrificial shrine, Taishi, who was in charge of the calendar, and Shu Tai, who was in charge of praying and divination. All of them were called subordinates of Liu Qing and Liu Qing, and they were always called Qingshiliang. And Si Tuleideng is in charge of land and farmers, and Sikong is in charge of all kinds of work, Sima is in charge of military and political affairs, Shi Si is in charge of official titles, and Scott is in charge of punishment, which are collectively called the five senses. The court officials who serve the royal family include three officials (,Shaofu, Shaobao), Youdao, Auxiliary, Bi, as well as banquets, tailors, courtiers, temple people, internal longitudinal officials, door Yin,, stoker, navy and official. The vassal States that Wang Ji served abroad were called Sifang, including Hou, Dian and Nan. The dynasty sometimes sent envoys to various vassal States to supervise. The vassal States set up hundreds of officials and departments in their feudal countries, imitating the royal family and becoming relatively independent regimes. There are mainly three officials, namely Stuart, Sima and Sikong, who are in charge of government affairs, justice and civil affairs. Zhou's officials at all levels are hereditary on the basis of patriarchal clan system, and they are all generals at all levels, regardless of civil and military affairs. The local system of Zhou dynasty includes state, capital, city, wild and cheap. The capital of Zhou Wang and its vassals is Zhou, the big city of the vassal state is Du, the small town is City, and other places are called Wild or contemptible.

Economy and culture:

During the Western Zhou Dynasty, sharp bronze farm tools were widely used and cultivated on a large scale. The original abandonment system was replaced by fallow system, and the land utilization rate was improved; The treatment and application of green manure and the control of pests and diseases with fire mark a new level of field management. Wang's officials in charge of crops must be familiar with different varieties of crops and their adaptation areas in order to better guide agricultural production. Crop varieties have increased, including millet, millet, millet, cereal, sorghum, wheat, rice and so on. , beans, yam, hops, etc. And hemp, ramie, etc. The dynasty set up a special field person to take charge of gardens and engage in the production of vegetables and fruits.

During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the more important handicrafts were controlled by the royal family and princes. Under the leadership of Sikong, hundreds of craftsmen were responsible for managing various handicrafts, the most important of which was still the bronze casting industry. Wide distribution area, expanded production capacity, improved efficiency and level, and improved casting technology. Invented a mold copy welding technology. Pottery has gradually adopted the fast wheel method, and the products are standardized. The firing temperature of the original porcelain reached 1200 degrees, and the fetal quality was more delicate. There are blue and yellow-green glazes, and the mineral composition is close to porcelain. Can produce limestone-Shi Ying glass. Lacquerware is becoming more and more popular. The paint is covered with bamboo, red and black, with bright colors and exquisite patterns. Silkworm rearing is very common, and textile has become an important sideline for farmers. Silk fabrics include twill jacquard fabrics and embroidery. The microbial degumming method of retting hemp in pool water was mastered to separate fibers.

During the Western Zhou Dynasty, commerce has become an indispensable sector in the social economy, monopolized by the government, with qualified officials as market managers. There are slaves, cattle and horses, weapons, rare things and so on. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, except shellfish, bronze was used as currency.

Scientific development:

The source of China's scientific thought and culture is Yi. As one of the Six Classics, I Ching first put forward the definition of "astronomy". Although the Book of Changes was written in the Warring States period, it really expressed the thought of destiny formed in the Zhou Dynasty. The Book of Changes says: "Observe the astronomy to observe the changes of time", and the Book of Changes says: "The sky is hanging, and the saints like it when they see good or bad luck." Wait, the thought of Yin and Yang originated in the Western Zhou Dynasty has an important influence on the development of astronomy in China. Zhouyi has a long process of formation and development. What is called "River Map" and "Luo Shu" by later generations is the expression of burning Oracle bones and the reflection of the mutual connection and infiltration of rational thinking and image thinking realized by ancient ancestors in their long-term life and divination practice. According to legend, it was summed up by Fu Yi, who repeatedly arranged yarrow and painted it as gossip, which included all phenomena between heaven and earth and was primitive. Later, it is said that after careful study by Zhou Wenwang, it was standardized and sorted out, and it was interpreted as 64 hexagrams and 384 hexagrams. With divination and diction, it is called Zhouyi. It uses simple images and numbers, and the opposite changes of Yin and Yang to explain all kinds of complex social phenomena, and displays thousands or even infinite numbers, which has the characteristics of using few to show many, using simplicity to show many and being full of changes. Called "Yi", Zheng Xuan's explanation has three meanings: one is simplicity, the other is change, and the third is difficulty. That is to say, The Theory of Everything has changed, the phenomenon is constantly changing, and some of the most basic principles will not change, which abstracts rich and simple dialectics from the dialectical development of the objective world. In the late Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius explained and discussed the Book of Changes and completed the Ten Wings, namely the Book of Changes. In this way, Zhouyi has developed into a profound philosophical work about the change of the universe.