Who were the officials in the Zhou Dynasty?

The Western Zhou Dynasty was a very powerful country established on the basis of Xia and Shang Dynasties. It is powerful not only because of its vast territory, but also because of its rich culture, which includes the inheritance of political thoughts. The Western Zhou Dynasty strictly implemented the patriarchal clan system and the eldest son inheritance system, and established the ruling sequence of Zhou-Qing scholar-vassal-Qing doctor-scholar-Han. As far as the official system is concerned, there are generally three kinds of officials-princes-doctors. The Qing people assisted Zhou to be in power, and the princes defended their country. Dr. Qing assisted the governors in governing the country and obtained hereditary fiefs from them.

Edit this central political system

Sangong and Taizai

The highest official positions in the Western Zhou Dynasty were Taishi, Taifu and Taibao (three public posts), and there were six Qing and five senses. Because the official positions such as "three fairs" were awarded to a high-ranking vassal, and the vassal had to govern his own country when he became a royal minister of the Zhou Dynasty, the role of "three fairs" in daily political life was limited. Usually Taizai is in charge of the central power. Taizai was originally the head of court affairs of the royal family. Because of his close relationship with the Emperor of Heaven, Taizai's position has been on the rise since Xia and Shang Dynasties, and it can be said that it reached its peak in the Western Zhou Dynasty. In an extraordinary period, the princes held the positions of three public officials because of their powerful influence. When Zhou Chengwang was first established, he thought that lord protector should take the Duke of Zhou as his teacher and take the place of Wang Weizheng. It was not until seven years later that the Duke of Zhou regained power as king. During this period, in the name of becoming a king, the Duke of Zhou recruited soldiers from various countries several times, put down the rebellions of Guan, Cai and Wu Geng, and re-conquered the five eastern countries that rebelled because of their death, and their power actually exceeded that at that time. "Historical Records of Zhou Benji" said that "from the west of Shaanxi, it is called Princess, and from the east of Shaanxi, it is called Princess Zhou", which shows the power of the three fairs. When Cheng Wang was young, in order to protect and take care of Cheng Wang, Duke Zhou also served as Taizai, in charge of state affairs, which was also an important reason for the rise of Taizai's forces. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the rulers of the Zhou royal family were called Zhengqing and Nakazawa Tomohide, and there were one or two deputies under them, called Jieqing. After Pingdong moved eastward, the monarch (count) of Zheng was always regarded as an official because of the strength of Zheng and Jin. Later, the king of Zhou was dissatisfied with mastering the royal regime and made friends with him, which led to the war between the king of Zhou and Zheng. After that, the royal family established two nobles, headed by the right aristocrat. In the middle and late Spring and Autumn Period, the royal family gradually declined, and the central ruler was the so-called Bo (Bo here did not mean the count, but was authorized by the Zhou Emperor to manage the princes, and Bo was also a "tyrant"). Those who hold the post of "Bo" are rulers with power and virtue and are respected by them. Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong, Song Xianggong, Qin Mugong and Chu Zhuangwang have always appeared in history, which is called the Spring and Autumn Five Overlords. These princes, who were ordered to be called "Bo", commanded the princes in the name of the Emperor of Zhou, and managed affairs for the Emperor in the name of "Uncle" at home. The aristocrats inherent in the Zhou Dynasty have lost their political status. During the Warring States period, the royal family declined, losing the authority of the son of heaven and becoming a small country ignored by other powerful princes.

Liu Qing/five senses/palace official

Six Secretaries/Five Senses/Six Secretaries of Palace Officials and Five Senses are in charge of state affairs, followed by Dadu, Xiaobo, artists, ministers of rites, Baisi, Taishi, Yin Bo, ordinary Jishi and other lower-level officials. They mainly managed the fiefs of princes and clans in the Zhou Dynasty. Uncle, manage the fief of Qing and the doctor; Artists generally refer to officials with specialized skills, such as fortune tellers, fortune tellers, wizards, engineers, etc. Baiguan refers to the junior officials who perform specific affairs in Liu Qing and the military government. Taishi, writing national history, recording the behavior of Zhou and officials, and drafting the book "Life of Zhou"; Yin Bo, CEO of Five Senses; Ordinary doctors, second doctors, are the lowest hereditary officials. In addition to courtiers, the Emperor of Zhou also retained many officials who were responsible for the internal affairs of the royal family, such as Tiger, Dressing, Fun Horse, Left and Right Servants, Bai Si and Shu Fu. Tiger Ben, imperial army of Zhou Wang; Dressing, responsible for the management of royal clothing decoration, similar to the clothing of later generations; Fun horse, managing royal chariots and horses; Silver, the head of the royal family in charge of first-class affairs; Carrying servants every day and managing various utensils used by the royal family; Baisi, a small official who performs various chores; Ordinary government, managing royal property.

& lt Zhou Li >> Canon system

The system of the Zhou Dynasty described in Zhou Li was very precise and grand, so it was questioned by later generations, who thought it was written by them. According to the Zhou Li, the organization of the central government in the Zhou Dynasty was the four seasons and six official systems of heaven and earth headed by Nakazawa Tomohide.

Celestial officials focus on

"Handsome subordinates are in charge of governing the country to assist Wang Zhiguo", and Tsuzawa's subordinate officials are called "governing officials". Including Taizai Qingyi (Taizai Qingyi is the official name, Qing is the title, the same below, only one name is the title), Xiaozhai Zhongfu II, Zaifu Xiafu IV, VIII, Sergeant XVI and Brigade Corporal XXXII; Taizai's duty is to "take charge of the six codes of founding the country" and assist the king in governing the country. The six codes are: first, governing the code, governing the country and serving the people; Second, teach the code, secure the country, teach politics and comfort the people; Third, the ritual code, in order to make peace with the country, unify officials and reconcile the people; Fourth, the political code, to level the world, to hundreds of officials, to the whole people; Fifth, use criminal law to punish the country and punish hundreds of officials to correct the people; Sixth, the code of major events, rich countries, hundreds of officials, and people. It can be seen that Tsuzawa is actually equivalent to the position of Prime Minister.

Stuart, a local official

"Handsome subordinates are in charge of the state religion and help the king to appease the country", and Stuart's subordinate officials are called "coaches". Including big Situ Qingyi, little Situ Zhong Doctor II, village teacher Xia Doctor IV, VIII, sergeant XVI and brigade corporal 32. Da Situ manages books and people's land. George W. Si Tuleideng manages people, land and tax affairs in Beijing and its suburbs.

Guan Chun Zongbo

"Handsome subordinates are in charge of national ceremonies to assist the king and the country", and Zongbo's subordinate officials are called "courtesy officials". Including a large number of Bo Qingyi, a small number of doctors from China, a doctor from the Fourth Division, a staff sergeant, a sergeant and a brigade corporal. A large number of scholars manage the genealogy, inheritance and sacrifice of emperors and princes. Xiao Zongbo manages the affairs of the ancestral temple gods.

Shimonoseki Sima

"Shuai's subordinates are in charge of state affairs to assist Wang Ping in state affairs", and Sima's subordinates are called "political officials". Including the great Sima Qingyi, the little Sima Zhong Dafu II, the military Sima Xia Dafu IV, the imperial Sima Ba, the traveling Sima XVI and the brigade corporal 32. Sima Guan was the commander-in-chief of the Zhou Emperor's army.

Qiu Guan Sikou

"A handsome man is in charge of the state ban", and a subordinate of Scott is called a "criminal officer". Including the big scout Qingyi, the small scout TCM II, the four judges of TCM, the village sergeant VIII, the sergeant XVI and the brigade corporal XXXII. Scott's job is to manage prison affairs.

Master dongguan

Zhou Li has been lost.

Edit the political system of the local governor in this paragraph.

sysytem?of?enfeoffment

The enfeoffment system of the Zhou Dynasty, with Wang Jing as the center and within 1000 miles of Fiona Fang, belonged to the territory directly under the jurisdiction of the Zhou King, and was enfeoffed to relatives, heroes, vassals, former governors and local leaders in the wild areas of the Zhou Dynasty. The main governors are relatives of the Zhou emperor, and those with the same surname are called "uncles" and "uncles"; People with different surnames are called "uncles" and "uncles". When a vassal exercises sovereignty in his own fief, he can make his relatives and retainers as Qing Dafu. Doctor Qing owns hereditary fiefs. The official who assisted Dr. Qing in the management of vassal States and fiefs was a scholar, and his identity was hereditary, but he did not fief. The relationship between Zhou Tianzi and Qing scholars, monarch and Qing doctor is very similar. In ancient times, there were "emperors founded the country, princes became families, and Qing families established side rooms." There are two doctors, and a scholar has a son, Li. " In other words, the son of Emperor Zhou inherited the eldest son, and the son of the Emperor became a vassal; When the vassal succeeded to the throne with his eldest son, the vassal's children were made doctors; The doctor succeeded to the throne with the eldest son, and the other eldest sons obtained the status of scholars. Thus, from the emperor to the princes, ministers, doctors and scholars, they are all clan leaders of all sizes, and the strict combination of official rank and patriarchal clan system constitutes the most important feature of the political system of the Zhou Dynasty.

Important officials of vassal States

The important officials of the vassal States were Stuart, Sima, Sikong and Scott. Situ Zhimin, in charge of household registration; Sima Zhijun; Sikong manages land, buildings and land taxes; Scott is in charge of prison proceedings.

National wild system

The local political power organizations in the vassal states of the Central Plains are basically national wild systems. Country refers to the national capital (the capital of vassal States and large cities), while wild refers to villages and ordinary towns. According to "Guoyu Qiyu", Qi takes five as the track, long track, ten as the inside, one as the inside, four as the company, one as the company commander, ten as the township, one as the lover and one as the doctor. In the wild, 30 cities are states, 10 cities are pawns, 10 pawns are townships, 3 townships are counties, and 10 counties are genera, and each doctor has a strong point. In the middle and late spring and autumn period, the vassal States generally set up counties, and the monarch sent doctors to govern them, which was called county doctors. Below the county magistrate, there are officials such as county magistrate, Sima and Sikou. The county was originally set on the border of a country in order to strengthen defense. By the middle and late Spring and Autumn Period, there were also counties in the mainland. For example, the State of Jin once set up a county in the old capital Jiang (now Yicheng County, Shanxi Province), which was called Jiang County. Because of the large number of counties, it gradually replaced the national wild system, and county officials became the main officials of local government. At that time, the state of Jin set up a county, which was different from the county system in later generations.

Doctor Qing

Dr. Qing's fief is called home or city. Powerful doctors have fiefs in as many as six or seven counties, such as the Third Ring Road in Shandong. Managing fief affairs on behalf of the monarch is called city slaughter. City slaughter is appointed and removed by the monarch, and the salary is paid by the monarch, only as a retainer of Dr. Qing. However, because QingDafu is in charge of state affairs, these retainers are actually in charge of government affairs, and even some retainers hold the monarch hostage, not only holding QingDafu's housework, but also holding the state's government affairs, such as yang hu, the retainer of Jijia in Lu Sanhuan.