In ancient times, apart from the emperor, what was the biggest official?

Costume dramas often say that the prime minister is above ten thousand people, but it is not. Do you know who was older than the emperor in ancient times? The king is shoulder to shoulder, and his position is equal to that of the emperor. Let me introduce you to the biggest official besides the emperor. I hope I can help you.

One word, shoulder to shoulder, king

The word edge king refers to the word edge king whose status is equal to that of the emperor. The official history doesn't have this name. Does it belong to unofficial history or a storyteller? Is it sung in the Beijing Opera "Second Palace"? Put you side by side, king? That's what it means.

The etiquette system in ancient China was very detailed. According to the etiquette of imperial times, no official can walk side by side with the emperor. Walking side by side with the emperor is a very high courtesy, and the title of king standing side by side symbolizes that this person has an equal position with the emperor. The prince of the Ming dynasty, the prince and the county king of the Qing dynasty, are there any points? King of words? And then what? The word king? . ? King of words? Second only to the emperor in the title system. The emperor's first son can be made king. How many sons did Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, have? King of words? Like what? Rebecca? 、? King Qin? . ? The word king? If the emperor's nephew or other members of the royal family have made great contributions, they can get this title. In the early Ming Dynasty, Zhu Shouqian, the nephew of Zhu Yuanzhang, was sealed in Guilin. King Jingjiang? ; In the Qing dynasty, the king only had a mansion and no land. In the early years of the Qing Dynasty, a member of the royal family, Luc Dehun, was named? King of Shuncheng County? The original site of Wang Fu is located in the present China People's Political Consultative Conference Building, which was the general office of Zhang Xueliang in 1930s. But in China, since Liu Bangbai Ma Meng? Is it Liu or Wang? After that, all kinds of different names of kings came to no good end.

history

In history, only Han Xin in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty can be regarded as the King of Qi. When he was made King of Qi, his fame and strength were equal to that of Liu Bang. There is also Dong Wangyang in the early days of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Father's spokesman? The identity of the actual supreme military commander of Taiping Army has even surpassed the strength of the heavenly king Hong Xiuquan. Generally speaking, in unofficial history, those who can hold the position of king side by side are famous ministers and generals who have made great or special contributions, or usurped the throne reserve. In the early Eastern Jin Dynasty, Wang Yang and Xiu Qing took him as their leader. Father's spokesman? The identity of the actual supreme military commander of Taiping Army has even surpassed the strength of the heavenly king Hong Xiuquan. Generally speaking, in unofficial history, those who can hold the position of king side by side are famous ministers and generals who have made great or special contributions, or usurped the throne reserve. For example, in the current TV series "Xue Li", it is said that Xue was crowned king side by side. In fact, Xue Yisheng was not crowned, probably because he was somewhat similar to Li Guang, with military talent but a lack of political mind.

Ancient official position

The situation of ancient official positions involves official signatures, official names, official positions and so on. The situation in each dynasty is different. Generally, it can be divided into two categories: central bureau and local bureau.

Central official position

The State of Qin set up a central organization consisting of the Prime Minister, Qiu and an ancient scholar. The prime minister is in charge of administration, Qiu is in charge of military affairs, and the censor is in charge of supervision and secretarial work. The Han dynasty generally followed the Qin system and was called the Three Fairs. Nine chats, in charge of all aspects of government affairs, later evolved into three provinces and six departments. The three provinces are Zhongshu (decision-making), Menxia (deliberation) and Shangshu (implementation), and the governors of the three provinces are all prime ministers. Song dynasty expanded the authority of Zhongshu province, and the Privy Council was divided into civil and military powers. Under the door, ministers save waste. The cabinet of the Ming Dynasty was the highest administrative body, with the minister as assistant minister and the chief minister as video (that is, prime minister). In the military department of the Qing Dynasty, Wang, Gong and Shang Shu were ministers of military aircraft, who were in charge of state affairs. Six, what do you mean? Appointment, removal, assessment and promotion of officials in charge of the official department; The Ministry is responsible for land registration, taxation and finance; Ritual department, in charge of ceremonies, science, schools and other things; Ministry of war, in charge of military affairs; The penal department, in charge of judicial prisons; Ministry of industry, in charge of engineering construction, water conservancy and other things? . The minister is a minister and the deputy minister is an assistant minister. There are practitioners, deputy foreign ministers and subordinate officials in charge. In addition, the central government also has specialized agencies and officials responsible for managing books, editing history and making calendars. For example, Sima Qian and Zhang Heng served as Taishiling. Gao Qi edited The History of Hanlin.

Local officials

The main administrative areas in Qin and Han Dynasties were counties. Chief, Qin said chief, Korea said satrap. The main administrative area of Sui and Tang Dynasties was Zhou, which was called the secretariat by state officials, and its subordinate officials were Chang Shi and Sima. In some military towns in the Tang Dynasty. Our time has been set up, and the officials include marching Sima, staff officer and secretary in charge. In Song Dynasty, state officials were called breg and county officials were called breg. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the state was changed to the government, which was called the magistrate. In addition, there were also counties in the Han Dynasty, and the world was divided into more than a dozen counties, all of which were basically monitoring areas. The central government sent officials to spy on the situation, calling it a secretariat. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there were more than a dozen roads in China, also called prison areas. The central government sent officials to inspect them. These officials were called ambassadors. In the Song Dynasty, the whole country was divided into about twenty roads, and several departments were responsible for all aspects. In the Yuan Dynasty, the highest local administrative organization was called the Book Province in China, and in the Ming Dynasty, it was renamed the Chengxuan Bureaucracy Department, which is still called? Province? .

Central official system in ancient China

China's slave society, feudal society, central government and its official system.

Central official system in slave society

There were six ministers who assisted Xia Wang in the Xia Dynasty. Sikong is the head of the Six Immortals, Hou Ji is in charge of agriculture, Stuart is the bishop, Dali is the chief prison, and * * * industrial management is the best in construction, and he is in charge of animal husbandry in Shanze in a crisis. In addition, the Xia Dynasty initially established institutions responsible for military affairs, agriculture and taxation. The Shang dynasty established a central organization centered on the king. The assistant minister is Yin. Here are Si Tuleideng in charge of forced labor, Sikong in charge of engineering and Scott in charge of prison. Shang dynasty? What is the great event of the country? Theocracy played an important role in political life, so the religious officials in charge of sacrifice, divination and chronicle were the most prominent at that time. The central organization of the Western Zhou Dynasty has made great progress. There are three kinds of people who assist the king of Zhou: Taishi, Taifu and Taibao. There are three fairs? Doctor San? : Changbo, also known as Mu, is in charge of local civil affairs; The appointment of officials is permanent, also called appointee; The person in charge of government affairs is a prospective husband. Administrative officers are divided into two systems: Qingshiliang and Taishiliao. In the Qing Dynasty, Liao had three officials, Situ, Sima and Li, who were in charge of farming, conscription and construction respectively. Taishiliao is the administrative department in charge of calendar, sacrifice, divination and cultural education. Compared with Shang Dynasty, the status of religious officials in Western Zhou Dynasty declined.

The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period is a period of social change. With the advancement of feudalism, important changes have taken place in the government institutions of various vassal States. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the main consuls who assisted the monarch and handled government affairs appeared one after another in various countries. Qin is called Shangqing, Yaqing and Dashuchang, Chu is called Lingyin, and Qi, Jin, Lu and Zheng are called Xiang. Although countries have different names, their status and responsibilities are equivalent to those of later countries? Item? . The central institutions are improving day by day. Qi, Lu, Zheng, Chu and other countries have inherited the official system of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and Si Tuleideng, Sima and Sikou are still the chief executives of the government. Other important officials are: Sidian in charge of land tax, Sidian in charge of finance, Sidian in charge of mountain ze and hunting, etc. With the increase of contacts between vassal States, countries set up pedestrians to take the lead in diplomacy. The position of historian Tai Shigong is very important. What is his duty? Remember the important event, the first book alliance? . At the beginning of the Warring States, with the progress of political reform movements in various countries, the establishment of feudal autocratic centralized regime became an important feature of the central official system at this time. ? The length of a hundred officials? Prime minister, prime minister, has become a common official position in various countries. Due to historical and traditional reasons, the official system of various countries is still not unified. Great changes have taken place in the state of Qi, and the following five senses have been set: Datian, Daxing, Dajian, Dali and Fu. Chu is a department of its own, with Ling Yin as the highest official of the central government and Shang Zhuguo, Fu and General as senior government officers. Along the Sanjin, Qin took the advantages of other eastern countries and formed a unique official system, which was inherited by the Han Dynasty and became the basic framework of the central official system in the early feudal society.

The central official system in feudal society

In 22 1 BC, Qin Shihuang unified China and established an autocratic feudal empire. From then on to the Opium War of 1840, in the feudal society of more than 2,000 years, the development and evolution of the central official system roughly went through three stages.

Central official system in Qin and Han Dynasties

Qin and Han dynasties established the system of "three public officials and nine ministers" centered on the emperor. The three fairs are prime ministers, imperial envoys and Qiu, who are in charge of administration, supervision and military affairs. Jiuqing is the head of various departments of the central government: Feng Chang is the head of Jiuqing, in charge of ancestral temple etiquette and cultural education; The doctor in charge of the guard at the palace gate is Suwei's attendant; Wei Wei is the palace guard officer; Servants are in charge of the emperor's chariots and horses, and also in charge of the national horse administration; Ting Wei is the highest judicial officer of the central government; Dianke is in charge of ethnic affairs and employment; Zong Zheng specializes in royal affairs; The duty of treating the internal history of millet is to collect salt, iron, money, grain rent tax and national financial revenue and expenditure; Shaofu is in charge of the tax revenue of Shanhai pond and the handicraft manufacturing of the government, which is supplied to the royal family. In addition to Jiuqing, there are squadron leaders in charge of public security in Beijing, and civil builders in charge of palaces, ancestral temples and tombs. He will serve as Shaofu and Dachangqiu, responsible for publicizing the will of the Queen and managing court affairs. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, except Wei, Ting Wei and Shi were in charge of government administrative affairs, the functions of other ministers were mainly to serve the emperor and the court. It is one of the characteristics of the central official system in Qin and Han dynasties that state affairs are not separated from the monarch's family affairs, and government affairs are mixed with state affairs.

In order to strengthen the imperial power, weaken the power of the prime minister and establish the system of China and North Korea, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty chose a group of lower-ranking court officials to participate in the political affairs. Among them, Shangshu, who once belonged to Shaofu and was in charge of documents for the emperor, and some court officials have greatly improved their status. The government affairs of the imperial court often begin with the ministers of history, books and generals. China and North Korea? Personnel discussion, and then tell the people headed by the prime minister? Beyond? Officials. The actual role of foreign officials has been stripped, their status has declined, and China officials have been reused. The establishment of China-Korea system is not only the product of the contradiction between imperial power and relative power, but also the result of the expansion of imperial officials' power. After the Han Dynasty proclaimed itself emperor, the powers of Fu (renamed Tai Wei when Emperor Wu was emperor), Da (renamed the physician when Emperor Wu was emperor) and Prime Minister (renamed Da Situ when he mourned the emperor) were further weakened. The power of Shangshu was expanded, and Shangshu was appointed as the director, with five Cao's. The power of fashion books in the Eastern Han Dynasty was further expanded, and the Shangshu organization was called Taiwan, with 6 ministers/kloc-0, who were in charge of 2000 officials of the three public offices, officials, people, guests and stone officials, and 6 Cao Cao, the middle overseers, which divided or replaced some of the functions and powers of Jiuqing. From the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the central government affairs were gradually transferred from Sangong to three provinces, and the administrative affairs were gradually transferred from Jiuqing to six ministries.

Central official system in Tang and Song Dynasties

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, autocratic centralization became more and more complete, and a system of three provinces and six departments with the emperor as the center was established. ? When the provinces merged in the third day of the Tang Dynasty, the master of Chinese calligraphy gave an order, and the master of Chinese calligraphy blocked it. . The governors of the three provinces have the post of prime minister, forming a mechanism of clear division of labor and mutual restraint among the three provinces. This is an important change in the administrative system. Shangshu province is the center of the central administration, which consists of six departments and twenty-four departments. Shangshu adopts the joint office system. Dutang lives in the center of the province and is the center of government activities. The governor of Shangshu Province, the left and right servants, and the left and right Cheng all work here, and there are left and right divisions, which are divided into six departments. The six departments evolved from six Cao Cao departments, headed by the official department, which is in charge of administrative affairs such as selecting and awarding officials, honors and examinations, and has four departments under its jurisdiction: the official department, the secretary-general, the secretary-general and the clerk. The Ministry of Housing is responsible for population, land, currency and taxation, and has four divisions: the Ministry of Housing, the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Warehouse. The ritual department is in charge of etiquette, sacrifice and tribute, and consists of four divisions: ritual department, ancestral department, catering department and host and guest; The Ministry of War is in charge of selecting soldiers, maps, chariots, war horses and armor, and has four divisions: the Ministry of War, the staff side, the driving department and the treasurer department. The criminal department is in charge of laws and regulations, criminal law, exile and the policy of restoring bans, and has four divisions: the criminal department, the official department, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Ministry of Industry is in charge of Shanze, wasteland reclamation, construction and craftsmen, and has four divisions: Ministry of Industry, wasteland reclamation, security department and water department. Compared with the nine ministers in Qin and Han Dynasties, the six ministers formed in Sui and Tang Dynasties were a great progress in terms of name, authority and organizational system. In addition to the six departments, there are nine halls and five prisons, which evolved from the Qin and Han Dynasties.

Since Wei and Jin Dynasties, Cao Liu has replaced some of Jiuqing's functions and powers. Jiuqing's name has been preserved, but his duties have changed greatly. The Northern and Southern Dynasties changed its name to Dian, and the chief official and adjutant were called Qing He respectively. Among the nine halls, the Taichang Hall is only responsible for sacrifice and etiquette, and the imperial examination belongs to the ritual department; Guanglu Temple, originally guarded by the imperial palace (evolved from doctors), specializes in wine, gifts and meals; Weiwei Temple specializes in weapons and etiquette tents, not guards; Taibu Temple is in charge of the administration of generals and horses, regardless of the emperor's chariots and horses; Ting Wei was renamed Dali Temple, in charge of interrogation and supervision, and the judicial administration was returned to the Ministry of Punishment; Crack temple sponsored etiquette, and foreign dynasties hired etiquette department; Sinong Temple manages warehousing, and the tax revenue belongs to the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development; The responsibilities of Zongzheng Temple have not changed; Taifu Temple is a newly-built temple in charge of the collection of gold and silver wires. The five supervisors are imperial academy, Shaofu, General, Military and Water Supervisors, who are in charge of school education, handicraft manufacturing of the state and the court, the construction of palaces, city corridors and government offices. Nine halls and five prisons are formally independent, but in fact they are offices that cooperate with six departments.

Before and after Zongshen Yuanfeng, the central institutions in the Song Dynasty were very different. There were three provinces and six departments before Yuanfeng, but they existed in name only. With what? With the book door flat chapter? Be a real prime minister, participate in politics and discuss affairs as a deputy minister, and always be in charge of administration; In addition, the Privy Council was established to take charge of the military, and the three departments, namely, the Transportation Department, the Iron and Salt Department and the Expenditure Department, were in charge of the finance, resulting in the separation of administrative, military and financial powers, and the power of the Prime Minister was greatly weakened. The powers of the six ministries have also been eroded by the increasing number of institutions. Such as the official department, the ownership of the examiner's East Hospital, the Imperial Palace, the examiner's West Hospital and the third-class hospital; Ministry of housing, belonging to the third division; Does belong to the courtyard of etiquette; Ministry of war, the power belongs to the Privy Council; The Ministry of Punishment, subordinate to the trial court, picketed the Beijing Criminal Prison Department; Ministry of industry, the third division of the right to build a case. There is a similar situation in the power transfer of some temples and prisons in the nine halls and five prisons. In five years (1082), Zongshen Yuanfeng carried out the reform of the central official system, abolished the three departments and all miscellaneous departments, and basically returned to the pattern of three provinces and six departments in the Tang Dynasty. Different from the Tang Dynasty, Shang Shu shot the left servant and assistant minister under the door as assistant ministers, while Shang Shu shot the right servant and assistant minister in the middle book as assistant ministers in the middle book, which was the position of prime minister (later renamed as left and right prime ministers). In addition, the position of Privy Council was retained. The central administrative system of the Yuan Dynasty changed the three provinces system in Tang and Song Dynasties into one province system? Zhongshu Province, with Zhongshu Province as the highest administrative organ, consists of six departments.

Central official system in Ming and Qing dynasties

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the autocratic centralization of feudal monarchies in China developed to the extreme. Zhu Yuanzhang made a major adjustment to the central official system in the early Ming Dynasty. First of all, the prime minister system since Qin and Han Dynasties was abolished as a cabinet system for consulting and handling daily affairs. In terms of supervision, Yushitai was changed to Duchayuan since the Han Dynasty; Militarily, the commander-in-chief was changed to the commander-in-chief of the fifth army Improve the status of the six departments, report directly to the emperor, and establish a huge eunuch institution and factory health secret service organization under its control. Among them, the abolition of the prime minister and the formation of the cabinet are the main contents of the government system adjustment. The Cabinet is composed of bachelor of imperial academy, which is divided into first assistant, second assistant and group assistant. What are its main responsibilities? Draft tickets? , that is, on behalf of the draft letters, batch answer the letter. After Yongle, the bachelor of cabinet gradually participated in politics, not only as a consultant, but also as a real power. Subsequently, the cabinet was changed from the emperor's advisory secretary in the early Ming Dynasty to the national administrative center.

The Qing dynasty, established by Manchu nobles, was initially discussed through the meeting of the Eight Banners and the King. During Yongzheng period, soldiers were frequently used in northwest China. In order to discuss military affairs in time, the quartermaster's office was set up and later renamed? Handle the military department? Military department for short. At first, it was a temporary organization. Later, it not only replaced the King's Council, but also expanded its power. It became the central auxiliary political department that handled the national military and political affairs under the direct control of the emperor. Its characteristics are: high efficiency, high speed and confidentiality. The functions and powers of the six ministries in Qing dynasty were reduced, and they were no longer administrative centers, so they could not directly issue government decrees. In the Qing Dynasty, only Dali Temple, Taichang Temple, Guanglu Temple, Taibu Temple and Split Temple were left as temple supervisors. The ancestral hall is above the six departments. Only imperial academy was left in the five prisons, and the other four prisons were merged into the Ministry of Industry. After the Opium War, in order to adapt to the invasion of foreign powers and maintain the feudal regime, the Qing court carried out official system reform and institutional adjustment (see "Political System Reform in the Late Qing Dynasty").

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