A book about the legend or story of the Egyptian Pharaoh.

A great leader, a brave warrior and an outstanding architect, he has more than 100 children, and his life has been praised a lot. The true story of Ramses, the most famous Pharaoh in ancient Egypt, shows us his human nature, his emotional world, his extraordinary ability to shape his own image, and his eternal epic remains.

/kloc-give orders at the age of 0/0.

A legendary life. The most famous Pharaoh in the history of ancient Egypt was a powerful king, an invincible general, an amiable father and a tireless builder. Ramses II (Ramses II), with these auras on his head, reigned for 67 years (ruling time was 1279 ~ BC 12 13 years) and still enjoys these reputations. Enemies fear him, subjects love him, and gods bless him. Ramses, who lived in the first 19 dynasty in ancient Egypt, left an indelible mark on human history.

The date of birth of Ramses is still a mystery. We only know that he was born in Memphis around 1290 BC. His father seti i married tuya, the daughter of a soldier general. They have four children, two men and two women. But the eldest son died at a very young age, which made Ramses successfully ascend to the throne. When he was very young, he began to study in the "Pharaoh Sect": 10 served in the army, and 15 was taken out by his father to ensure that he would become a king with both wisdom and courage in the future.

It didn't take long for Ramses to learn a lot, especially two skills necessary for a king: conquering the enemy by military means and building a palace. He succeeded in both war and architecture. Today, there is not a piece of land in Egypt without his footprints.

How to establish your own heroic image

When his father died, Ramses was about 25 years old, but he had enough ambition and tenacious self-awareness, and he wanted to surpass all his predecessors in his feat.

"Propaganda is his best weapon and plays an important role in promoting his kingdom and mission." Professor of Eda Egyptology, University of Pisa, Italy? Blesi Bresciani described, "A large number of statues and inscriptions tell people about the feat and courage of the king, and make his image spread through the ages, which can still stand the test of time."

His family life can also be seen in the article: two queens, a group of concubines who are hard to verify and 100 children. Ramses had to choose the heir to the throne many times, but not because of "many things in the palace", but because he lived to be over 80 years old. At that time, the average life expectancy of people was only about 40 years old, and many of his children died before him. Melenputa, who succeeded to the throne, ranked thirteenth on the list of heirs to the throne, and was not able to ascend to the throne until he was 60 years old. In fact, Ramses had achieved his goal before he died: he had become a legend of his subjects. But the great Pharaoh did not expect that not only the epic about his life would go down in history, but also the epic about his death would be immortal. Ramses' most praiseworthy achievement was the battle of Kadish against the Hittites. When the young Pharaoh's conceit almost crushed him, the goddess of fate took care of him. But what matters is the final result, at least in the eyes of his subjects.

Ancient Egypt

◆ The Last Pharaoh in Egypt

Cleopatra, the Last Pharaoh in Egypt

Many people and events in history are blockbusters (themes) in life, which is probably related to people's memory characteristics and nostalgic complex. The past often inspires us and makes our thoughts more interesting. Look at the column of "historical figures", which may make you feel better and read more …

Cleopatra VII was the last person in Egypt to be called Pharaoh. What happened after that? The Egyptian world has been merged into the Arab world, and the land has not changed, but the nation is no longer a nation like ancient Egypt in the strict sense. So now there are Arabs, Greeks, Romans and some indigenous Egyptians in this land of Egypt, but all of them have lost their own language and speak Arabic, which is a mixed nation in the world. Then Cleopatra is the last Pharaoh who can speak Egyptian by himself. The Pharaoh has many legends.

So Cleopatra VII, the female Pharaoh, has so many legends, which are true and which are not. I'm afraid many people still have doubts, but in any case, Cleopatra did play a huge role in history.

Cleopatra butterfly

Who the hell is this man?

As we said, she was the last Pharaoh. As we know, when it comes to pharaohs, only ancient Egypt has pharaohs, but Cleopatra is not Egyptian. She should be considered Macedonian. Why? She was the Pharaoh of Ptolemy, or the last Pharaoh of Ptolemy. So who was the Ptolemaic dynasty? After Alexander's death, his Ministry will be divided into three parts. Ptolemy's Ministry will come to Egypt and occupy Egypt, and Egypt will become his country and base. He ruled Egypt. This was the Ptolemaic period in Egypt.

In the division of history, many people do not divide this history into the history of Egypt. According to the division of Maneteau, people divided Egypt into 365,438+0 dynasties, including the ancient kingdom, the middle kingdom and the new kingdom. Then there are two intermediate periods, the first intermediate period, the second intermediate period, and some late kingdoms after the new kingdom. There was no Ptolemaic period. Why? Because they think that the Ptolemaic dynasty was ruled by foreigners after all, we say that the last Pharaoh was not an Egyptian, but a Macedonian or a Greek.

At that time, the civilization of the whole Mediterranean was like this. Rome is on the boot peninsula of Italy, with Greece on one side and Egypt on the other. The world was actually ruled by Rome at that time. Although Rome did not directly rule Egypt at that time, Egypt was a country sheltered by Rome at that time, that is, the Roman army could enter at any time and was irresistible. In this case, the pharaohs of Ptolemy dynasty were still alive, but they were in danger. At this time, Ptolemy XII, the 12th Pharaoh of Ptolemy Dynasty, aroused the resistance of the people of Alexandria because of his incompetence and cruelty of rule. After the people rebelled, he couldn't help it, so he ran away and went to Rome.

Ptolemy XII, how many children are there at this time? The eldest daughter of Cleopatra VI; The second daughter's name is Bernice; His third daughter is Cleopatra VII, Cleopatra; There is also a daughter named Arceneaux, which is the fourth daughter; At the same time, he has two sons, younger than four daughters, one is Ptolemy XIII and the other is Ptolemy XIV, so together, Ptolemy XII has six children, and the first four are daughters.

Just after he was driven away by the mob, he ran to Rome. There can be no king or Pharaoh at this time, and his second daughter Bernice is enthroned. During her three years in power, her sister Cleopatra VI died. How did she die? I don't know, it's a small mystery in an eternal mystery. Then after she ruled for three years, her father Ptolemy XII made a comeback with the support of the Romans and returned to Egypt, so she drove her daughter away and executed her. So Ptolemy XII resumed the throne and later died in turmoil. After his death, he left his third daughter Cleopatra VII. Cleopatra VII's younger brother was still very young, and Ptolemy XIII seemed to be only nine years old at that time, so Cleopatra VII was actually a teenager. In this case, the two of them ascended the throne together under the protection of the Romans, and they got married, that is, the elder sister married the younger brother.

Why is this happening? It is said that this is a tradition in ancient Egypt. This was a very common phenomenon in Ptolemy dynasty. She follows the tradition of ancient Egypt, but we have read a lot of information and inscriptions about ancient Egypt, and rarely find that in the daily life of ordinary people, brothers and sisters get married only in the court, but it is not particularly common. I made a survey on this issue, and finally I didn't find such a combination between brother and sister, leaving behind descendants. So I think it may be a habit in Egypt, but its political significance is far greater than other meanings. Not a real marriage, but in order not to lose power.

But after they got married, they ruled together. The real Pharaoh was Ptolemy XIII, Cleopatra's younger brother, but he was only nine years old. Can he rule? I can't rule. At this time, although they were married, they had already become political enemies and both wanted this regime. Cleopatra VII, because of his age, has the ability to rule, and this person is very smart. She can speak nine languages, including Egyptian. This is the only Pharaoh in Ptolemy who can speak Egyptian, so she is very talented.

Cleopatra's emotional life

When we watch Cleopatra, or Cleopatra, there are many legends, including Caesar. Because Caesar was a very famous Roman general, why did he come to Egypt? Because Pompeii wanted to monopolize power, Caesar and other representatives disagreed, so their civil war began. After the battle, Pompeii was defeated and went to Egypt to seek the protection of Egyptian pharaohs. But at this time, the power of Egypt began to weaken, and this was the Ptolemaic dynasty. Pharaoh of Ptolemy dynasty in Egypt did not give him asylum, but his men killed him in front of him. When Caesar chased Egypt, Pompeii's head appeared. They think you should be happy because your political opponent was killed by me. Isn't your purpose also to catch him? But Pompeii used to be Caesar's friend, an important general and consul, so he was both a political enemy and a friend, so he didn't feel very happy.

At this time, Cleopatra didn't hit her brother. She didn't hit her brother, but he had some influence. She didn't resist. Finally, she went to Syria. Caesar came and wanted to mediate the contradiction between brother and sister, so he called them to the court. Agreed to summon them the next morning to solve the problem of how to govern with * * * *. On the first night, a very wonderful scene happened. We saw Caesar come to the court in the movie. Suddenly, it was reported that an important Egyptian official asked to meet him and gave him a gift. This gift is very expensive. It is said that it was given by Queen Cleopatra VII. I don't know what that is. Let him in. After coming in through the secret passage, I put down a heavy carpet, opened it and stood up. A very beautiful woman is Cleopatra VII. In this way, she met Caesar before her brother, and Caesar became her important political partner.

Her brother was very unhappy and shouted the next day, "You are betraying me, because you are a Pharaoh after all, and you have the air of an emperor." You always thought I was the emperor, but Caesar wouldn't listen at this time. In this case, he was arrested, but his army surrounded the court. Finally Caesar let him go again, and then he resisted. The Roman army went to war with Ptolemy XIII, but Ptolemy XIII failed and died. His minister was killed, so Cleopatra got rid of her younger brother and consolidated her regime. She became Caesar's lover.

Here she made a mistake. She and Caesar are playing by the Nile River. They are very happy and have a good time. Meanwhile, she gave birth to a child for Caesar. She must let her child become the Pharaoh of Egypt in the future, and let him inherit Caesar's position. Going back to Rome after Caesar is a bit like the concept of returning to work now. During this period, Cleopatra also came to Rome and was treated highly. But such treatment caused the Romans to be dissatisfied with her. People think that Caesar may regard Cleopatra or Egypt as more important than Roman rule, so Caesar was murdered at a meeting of the Senate. After the murder, Cleopatra VII returned overnight because she knew she couldn't stay in Rome.

After returning, Anthony began to rise in Rome at this time. He was also a military general and became a consul. At this time, there are still many jurisdictions, including Egypt. As we all know, Egypt was already under the rule of Rome. In this case, it is necessary to summon the heads of some subordinate countries to which it belongs. But when Cleopatra was summoned, Cleopatra was very ostentatious and took a beautiful boat. What kind of ship is it? The stern is gold and the oars are silver. There is a slider on it. I sat gracefully in the canopy, and then paddled by girls dressed as daffodils. Who gave her the fan? It's a boy dressed as Cupid. Very, very beautiful. At that time, Anthony was shocked at once. In his eyes, he is just a bumpkin who only knows how to fight, and he feels so vulgar and humble. Anthony felt a little unbalanced. As the ruler, I summon you. You didn't get off the boat after you came. I had to run to your boat. I lost to Cleopatra in appearance, dress and manners. So I thought, since you invited me today, I'll invite you tomorrow. Then I tried my best to design a big scene. As a result, Cleopatra really came the next day. Her dress, attendants and some appliances contrasted Anthony's dress again. Anthony was immediately defeated by Cleopatra mentally, and another general fell at Cleopatra's feet.

He enjoyed it and never returned to Rome, so Rome thought that Anthony had abandoned Rome, and Octavian came to power at this time. At this time, because of different political views, Anthony will not come back, so you will attack Egypt because you can't resist. The news that Octavian was coming reached Egypt, so Cleopatra and Anthony discussed countermeasures. Anthony said, if not, let's fight. I am not afraid of Octavian, so I led my own fleet to see Octavian. A naval battle began in this place of Yakexin. It's interesting here. What army is fighting ahead? This is the alliance between Antony and Cleopatra. Who are we fighting? Against the Roman army, that is, against Octavian's army During the fight, Anthony charged in front of the boat, and Cleopatra's boat was behind.

Just when they were fighting, they just started fighting, because Anthony's ship was a big ship, and the speed of the big ship was slow, while Octavian's ship was a small boat. Cleopatra behind him felt that Anthony seemed a little unstoppable. The reason is still a mystery. Many people are studying this problem and have different opinions, but in any case Cleopatra sailed back by herself during the war. After she left, this is Anthony with high morale. Suddenly, I felt that she had abandoned me. What should I do? I just chased her, so I left my own army and started chasing Cleopatra on the boat.

In this way, the generals left, their army soon failed, and Octavian went straight to Egypt. After Anthony went back, he was very angry with Cleopatra, so he ignored Cleopatra and the two separated. At this time, Cleopatra built a permanent mausoleum-like building for herself and sealed herself there. Anthony returned to his palace, unhappy, and didn't see Cleopatra during this time. Later it was widely rumored that Cleopatra was dead and Anthony committed suicide. After committing suicide, before he died, news came that Cleopatra was not dead, so Anthony asked his men to bring himself before Cleopatra. Cleopatra felt very sad when she saw it, but Anthony died in her arms because he could not be cured.

By this time Octavian had arrived and asked Cleopatra to surrender. As long as you surrender, you can talk about anything, and then you surround her and don't let her in and out freely. At this time, Cleopatra made a request. One is about her son. What about the succession? Or be the future ruler of Egypt. The other one, after I died, was buried with Anthony. In this case, Octavian felt that Cleopatra seemed to have the possibility of suicide, so he sent troops to guard it, and everyone who came in and out had to be searched strictly, so that she had no tools to commit suicide. Later, she said she wanted to eat some figs, so the servant sent her a fig basket outside and checked it. Nothing unusual was found, so she sent it in, but there was a cobra hidden inside. So she put her hand in the basket of the fig tree, put on her best crown, put it on and lay down on her bed, Pharaoh's bed. Finally, she died with two servants, both of whom died, ending her life.

How charming is Cleopatra?

Two heavyweights, including Caesar and Anthony, were conquered by her. So people have a question, that is, how charming is Cleopatra? Why did Pascal say, "If Cleopatra's nose were shorter, the whole face of world history would change." Why is this? She must be charming. If not, why did Caesar meet many beautiful women in the world? So is Anthony. Why do they all fall at her feet? There is such a problem here. How charming is she?

There is a French writer who should be a romantic writer and critic. His name is Dior Phil. Gautier once said: "Cleopatra is by far the most perfect woman, the most feminine woman, looks like the queen of the queen, and is a great person." The poet doesn't need to add any gorgeous words to her, she will always appear at the end of everyone's dream. " In other words, who is it when we dream of the end and refuse to leave for a long time? Cleopatra appeared, that is to say, she was so charming. There is indeed a statue of her on the coins of ancient Rome. The nose is an aquiline nose, as some historical records say. She has an aquiline nose. Other books record that her bones are angular and somewhat like a man. It's hard to say how beautiful she is, but it says here that she is the most perfect woman, the most feminine woman, and most like the queen among queens, that is, at any time. She can change her familiar languages into Egyptian, Latin and Greek at any time, which is probably not available to everyone. That is to say, she is not only good-looking, but also talented. In this regard, Plutarch has such a sentence in the biography of Anthony, "As far as her beauty is concerned, it is not as unparalleled as people say, and it will not make everyone who sees her have a strong shock; But talking to her has irresistible attraction, which may be the problem. Her existence, the persuasiveness of her speech, and some behavioral characteristics of her treatment of others always make people feel stimulated, and her voice is full of sweetness. Her tongue is like a musical instrument with many strings, which can be transferred to any language she likes at any time ... "This is a gift, not everyone has this gift, and she can speak nine languages. Perhaps what really attracts Anthony and Caesar, if she is really attractive, is not just her appearance, but her talent.

Of course, the history of ancient Egypt almost ended with her death, but she was such a beautiful Pharaoh who knew many languages. Although we say that being a politician, being able to speak nine languages is really not a good thing, because in the past, there were many pharaohs like Thutmose III and Ramses II who spoke Egyptian, but they were also one-sided. They once became such a dominant empire in North Africa and the Mediterranean coast of Asia Minor. They were not so multilingual, so I think she can speak so many languages.

The death of Cleopatra

I watched the movie Cleopatra several times and found it very interesting. I said she lived beautifully and died beautifully. Why do you say that? Needless to say, her beauty has changed the face of the whole history and must be beautiful; Why do you say you died beautifully? She chose the way, time and place that not everyone can choose, or for most people, we can't choose the way and time to leave this world, but she can choose, she chose, and what's more commendable is that she chose her own way to leave this world, which is very unique and has an Egyptian cultural atmosphere. She is dressed so luxuriantly and uniquely. She chose a cobra to end her life.

Here's a problem. Why cobra, not something else? A small blade can completely cut off the artery on your wrist and end your life. There are so many vines and ropes in her building that it is easy to end her life. Why did she choose cobra instead of this way? This is of great interest to many of us. If she was born Macedonian, then when she died, I think this is really the Egyptian way.

There is a cobra in the middle of the crown of the Egyptian Pharaoh. Cobra appeared on many portraits of pharaohs in Egypt, even on clothes and in front of their heads. This is an Egyptian tradition. Cobra was once a totem and symbol of Lower Egypt. Upper Egypt is a vulture, while lower Egypt is a cobra. Later, they merged into one, forming a totem symbol. So many pharaohs have a cobra in front of their headdress, which represents a kind of protection. And, of course, vultures. How do vultures protect them? We will see many statues in Egypt. Pharaoh stood in front and there was an eagle behind him. The two wings protected the Egyptian Pharaoh. This is the protection of the eagle. Then this is also a kind of protection of the snake. It can spray flames at critical moments and burn the enemy to death. This is a legend in ancient Egypt. At this point, we say that Cleopatra really tried her best, or ended her life in the Egyptian way.

After Cleopatra's death, an ancient Egyptian civilization with a history of 3700 years came to an end. Since then, Egypt, a mysterious country, has been incorporated into the territory of the Romans. Pharaoh lost his throne, the ancient temple fell into a dead silence, and a once brilliant ancient Egyptian civilization was completely buried in the rolling yellow sand.