What was the bureaucratic system of Shang Dynasty?

The bureaucratic system of Shang Dynasty can be roughly divided into so-called internal ministers and external ministers, both of whom are central officials. The Shang dynasty implemented the enfeoffment system, and the place was ruled by governors, among whom there were officials. So far, there is no such record in Oracle Bone Inscriptions.

Shang Dynasty, also known as Yin Dynasty, is the second slavery dynasty after Xia Dynasty. In Shang dynasty, the king was still the supreme ruler, also known as "one man, one man", which showed that the kingship was stronger than that of Xia dynasty. From Taiyi to Shang Dynasty, there were 30 kings.

In Shang Dynasty, there were two types of official systems: internal and external services. The so-called internal officials refer to all kinds of officials within the Central Committee and Wang Ji. The so-called foreign servants refer to Wang Ji and various officials outside the border areas. Da's Ding Ming records:

Yin? Tian [Houdian] Yi [and] Andrew.

Oral management personnel:

Emperor Yin Zhengbai

The important officials of oral medicine are Yin, Zai, Qing and San Gong. Yin means governing, surrounding the king and assisting the king to govern the country. One of the earliest famous ministers in Shang Dynasty was Yi Yin. Yi is a professional name, meaning chef, and Yin is an official name. Yi Yin, who came from humble origins, was appreciated by Tang. Most scholars believe that "Xiang" is not the official name of Shang Dynasty, and "Xiang" before the Warring States Period was only used as a verb to express auxiliary meaning.

Yin yes, minister. Tang died one after another, and Yi Yin made Tai Jia king. A tyrannical man, exiled by Yi Yin, is the Regent himself. After Tai Jia repented, Yi Yin welcomed him back. It shows that Yin has a high status and great power. He is an official in charge of state affairs and sometimes participates in state affairs. When Wu Ding was king of Shang Dynasty, all officials had to listen to Jin Zai for three years. Qing history, also known as Qing history, is a general term for senior officials. Sangong is a noble official name established for the people. According to documents, only five people in Shang Dynasty were called three titles: Wang Wen, Jiu Hou, E Yuan and Fu Shuo.

Historians and religious officials also occupy a special position in oral administration. Historians have history and internal history in literature, and great history, minor history, eastern history and western history in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Historians are often around the king, taking notes and expressing their views when things happen. In addition, there is a history of keeping Tibet that specializes in managing archives. Religious officials have divination, wishes, etc. Bo, also known as Bo, is an official who presides over divination. When the Shang dynasty established the king, divination was required for activities such as sacrifices and wars, so there was a huge real group in the Shang dynasty called Dobu. I am willing to be the person in charge of resigning to ghosts and gods during the sacrifice.

In Shang Dynasty, there were many official names with the word "Shi", such as "Shi", "surname", "Shao Shi" and "Shi Bao", but their meanings were quite different. At that time, the army was organized by divisions, and the division commander was a senior military attache. Chun Yuchang and Shao Shi are musicians who are familiar with melody. A famous musician named Shi Yan once played decadent music for Zhou Wang. Because Shang Zhouwang was the king of national subjugation, he later called it lewd and decadent. As for Shi Bao, it refers to Yi Yin. After becoming a soup, Yi Yin successively assisted several young masters and was honored as a master in the court. Yi Yin is also called Aheng, and Zheng Xuan, a native of the Eastern Han Dynasty, explained: A, Iraq; Constant, people. Yi Yin's position is harmony, so he thinks he is a formal name.

Common official names include Xiao Chen. Different courtiers have different positions. Yi Yin, also known as Chen Xiao, has a high position. However, Xiao Bi, who was in charge of slave owners' agriculture, and Ma Xiaochen, who was in charge of raising horses, had a low status. Yin, Asia, stone, etc. similar

In Shang dynasty, besides the post and the code, there were people, guards and followers. Hou was a vassal who was enfeoffed. Canon, also write the field, responsible for managing the field and entering the valley of Shang Dynasty. Male, also a writer, means king. Most of them undertake royal chores. Who is it? Wang Shouwei's job. In Oracle Bone Inscriptions, some ethnic groups are very independent, and some are the leaders or allies of a vassal. Hou, Dian, Nan, Wei and Benbo were mostly wives, sons, heroes and tribal leaders who surrendered to merchants. They all have certain obligations to the Shang king, guarding him at ordinary times and listening when something happens; At the same time, we must serve and pay tribute to the royal family. Some also served as internal officials, such as the ancestor of the Zhou Dynasty, surnamed Hou, called Xibo, who was also a fair official.

Military official system:

Both Buhe were religious officials, equivalent to Roman priests, but their status was far lower than that of Roman priests. Among them, as a high priest, Bu has relatively high power. His position as a bookkeeper is equivalent to that of later generations, and he is an official in charge of records. Fu Ya is a military attache and commander in chief. It is divided into Ya Ya, Duo Ya and Da Ya, and the specific position and grade are unknown. Military attaché s in Shang Dynasty also had other titles, such as shooting, dog and guard.

Local official system:

Local governors in Shang Dynasty had different titles, such as Hou, Bo, Nan and Dian. Hou and Bo are big princes, and their families are small or far away. Different from the later generations, the Shang Dynasty retained some characteristics of the matriarchal society of the previous generation, and women could also become princes and command the army. In Oracle bone inscriptions, Xin Sibu, Zhen Haosanqian, Deng and Hu Fa said that Xin Sibu had come to this day, and Bu Wen ordered this number to command more than 10,000 troops to crusade against such and such a place. Wang's wife here is Ding's wife.