Theocracy and law in Shang Dynasty?

The economic basis of Yin Shang society determined that the spiritual life in this period had its own characteristics. exist

"The great event of the country lies in the respect for peace and glory" (Zuo Zhuan became a public for thirteen years) and religious circles.

Views dominate. This feature is inseparable from the existence of commune remnants in the society at that time.

It can be seen from Oracle Bone Inscriptions that "Emperor" or "God" is the highest ruler in the sky, and its

There is "Chen Zheng" below. Since "God" is the master of nature, it can not only control nature,

It can also affect all life on earth; It can not only call the wind and rain, but also bring blessings and disasters to people, and "God" is given.

Gave supreme authority. Oracle Bone Inscriptions also showed that the deified ancestors of Shang Dynasty could be guests.

The emperor is a well-deserved emperor, that is to say, they rose to the "God" or so, that is, after the "emperor", they

Gained some god-like power. Therefore, the merchants sacrificed their names to the first public and the first king.

The number, frequency and richness of offerings are beyond our imagination. A fool in the eyes of businessmen and secular people

Relationship, as can be seen from the "Pan Geng Book", we now translate a general idea into vernacular, such as

The next sentence: "I care about you as soon as I think that my former king has become a god who worked for your ancestors."

To feed you. ""If I lose my government, my late king will punish me severely with illness.

Say,' Why do you oppress my people!' If you don't make a living and work with me, then

The former king will also give you sin and illness and say,' Why not make up with our little grandson?' ""you

If you have bad intentions, the soul of our late king will tell your ancestors and father; your

Then ancestors and fathers will abandon you and will not save your death. Now I have this chaotic politics.

People, collect your treasure. Your ancestors and fathers will report to my former king and say,' Go ahead.

Punish my children! "

The "God" of Shang Dynasty is nothing more than a model of Shang kings. Marx said: "One."

Without a monarch, the emperor would never appear, dominating many natural phenomena and combining various conflicts.

The unity of God and the power of nature are only combined on the surface or actually because of the conflict of interests.

The reflection of individuals fighting each other in oriental absolutism. "(1) divination, first seen in Longshan culture, in Erli.

Head culture began to prevail and became an important means of slave owners and nobles' rule in Shang Dynasty. close

In the process of divination in Shang Dynasty, we can learn from the divination records of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and later generations.

The prescribed procedure. Before divination, you should first choose Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Tortoise shell, mainly abdominal shell, is also useful.

Dorsal side; Bones are the shoulder blades of cattle. Many bones were used in the early Shang dynasty, and the scapula of cattle, sheep, deer and pigs was also used, which was very important.

Use tortoise shell less, then tortoise shell bone, sometimes tortoise shell is used more than bone. After the Oracle bone is repaired, drill it out again.

The round nest, the so-called "drill", chisels the groove next to the round nest into a shuttle, which is also called "chisel". "drilling",

The position of "chisel" is arranged neatly at a certain distance. Oracle Bone Inscriptions used only "drill" in the early Shang Dynasty, and "drill" was used in the late Shang Dynasty.

"Drilling" and "chiseling" are carried out at the same time. The method of divination is to drill holes with fire, and the bones will burn on the front when they are burned.

Cracks with the shape of "■" or "Bu" are called Bu Zhao. According to the Shang King or historian Bu Zhaolai.

Judge good or bad, and carve "Oracle" next to divination. Oracle Bone Inscriptions is generally composed of narrative words, life words and professional words.

And word checking. Narrative, also known as foreword, includes the date of divination (the main branch) and Ren Zhen (the king)

Or historians); The word "life", also called "question", is written about what to ask, and the word "truth" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions means to ask.

Shuowen said: "True, it is also a divination"; Zhan Ci is a divination word judged according to signs; The testimony is that

The result or realization of prophecy. Judging from the Oracle Bone Inscriptions unearthed in Yin Ruins, the scope of divination at that time

It covers a wide range, including meteorology, agriculture, sacrifice, conquest, hunting, fishing, travel, divination, architecture and dreams.

Phantom and disease, death, good luck or bad luck, disaster, philosopher, wife and family, and so on.

There is a "Ministry of War" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions? ■■? A hundred? Yu Zi? June "("Kyoto "

122) and other records. ■, Yang Shuda said: "This is also a witch word" (2). Yue means "wuyue",

It is "divination" derived from divination in the history of witchcraft. According to textual research, although gossip symbols are also recorded in

Oracle Bone Inscriptions, but obviously different from Oracle bones. It doesn't correspond to divination, and the words don't correspond to Oracle Bone Inscriptions.

Operator, and consistent with the gossip record. It can be seen that in the Shang and Yin Dynasties, divination and divination had been carried out at the same time.

Divination and divination results can be engraved on the Oracle Bone Inscriptions together. So there are a certain number of Oracle Bone Inscriptions.

Information.

Lenin said: "All oppressed classes need two kinds of cooperatives in order to maintain their own rule.

Social function: one is the function of the executioner and the other is the function of the priest. " Kings and slaves at that time

In addition to the state machine mentioned in the last section, the main class also uses religious superstitions to paralyze people ideologically.

People. Therefore, the rulers of Shang Dynasty strongly advocated the worship of gods, ancestor worship and superstitious divination, which was nothing more than the fuel of the Sect.

Teach the power of superstition to maintain its rule. At that time, various religious superstitions not only made nature

Everything in the world will become a "will" god, and even the dead ancestors will be used to dominate life.

People's actions. Divination, a superstitious way, is used to convey the meaning of gods, ghosts and ancestors.

Chi ". The Shang kings and historians who mastered this divination became the spokesmen of gods, ghosts and ancestors.

As can be seen from the Oracle bone inscriptions, in the life of the Shang king, everything depends on divination.

Settings. Therefore, the Book of Rites says: "Yin people respect God, lead civil gods, and worship ghosts before rituals".