Yi Yin's main achievements

According to scholars' research, Yi Yin's position in business is not only that he is in power, but also that he is a wizard. Shang is a dynasty that believes in ghosts and gods very much, and divination is necessary for national affairs and small feelings. "National affairs are all about respecting peace and glory", so wizards have a lofty position. Yi Yin was the first wizard in Shang Dynasty who integrated ancient witchcraft, history and medicine. Wizards themselves have the function of medicine. For example, the famous Wu Peng and Wu Xian are all famous for their medical skills. Shuo Wen interprets Yin as "governance". Ancient philologists pointed out: Yin "holds a needle in his hand, indicating that acupuncture can treat human diseases"; The official name yin "is also an extension and transformation of the meaning of medical treatment." "One Yin" also has the meaning of medical harmony from Yishui. After all, he is still a wizard from Yishui.

Han Shu Literature and Art Record, the catalogue of the National Library of the Western Han Dynasty, records 5 1 Yi Yin in Taoism. Ban Gu pointed out: Tang Xiang. This book, like Taigong, Guanzi, Guanzi and King of Huainan, is listed as a strategist by Ban Gu and seems to be a military book. There are twenty-seven novels about Yi Yin. Ban Gu noticed: "His language is shallow and seems to depend on it." The lost books in Hanyu Shan Jutu include Yi Yin Tu, and the silk books unearthed from Mawangdui Han Tomb also include Yi Yin Tu.

The greatest legacy of Shang Dynasty is Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins. The appearance of Oracle Bone Inscriptions is that the wizard presides over offering sacrifices to ghosts and gods, divining good and bad luck, and there are also stories about future generations offering sacrifices to Yi Yin. In Oracle Bone Inscriptions, "Yi Yin", "Yi", "Yi Shi" and "Huang Yin" all refer to Yi Yin. There are more than 20 kinds of diseases recorded in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, such as head diseases, eye diseases, ear diseases, mouth diseases, physical diseases, foot diseases, stopping diseases, childbearing diseases, diseases, diseases and caries. , as well as the disease year, rain disease, fall disease, etc. Although it can't be said that it is directly related to Yi Yin, Yi Yin must have participated in similar divination activities.

There is "Tang Ye Jingfa" in Han Shu Literature and Art Annals, which doctors all think was written by Yi Yin. Huangfu Mi of Jin Dynasty thought: "Yi Yin takes Shennong's herbal medicine as soup. ..... Zhongjing talks about dozens of volumes of Yiyin Decoction, which are mostly used for examination. " When Tao Hongjing of the Southern Liang Dynasty listed ancient medical sages and philosophers, he did not forget Yi Yin's achievements: "In the past, King Shennong was also on earth, painting Yi Gua and communicating with ghosts and gods; The disadvantages of building agriculture to save evil; Declare a cure to save the lives of the injured. These three people, through the group of saints and Zhang Zi. King Wen, Confucius, such as Ci, praised man and heaven; Hou Ji, Yi Yin, Bojue Baigu, benefiting the people. Huang Qipeng's side, Zhen Yang's tutoring, and the gas makes money. For more than 3,000 years, people have been relying on it. " In the Ming Dynasty, Li Lan also recorded in The Ancient Medical Sage: "Yi Yin was a sage of Yin. The system of Herbal Soup has many ancestors in later generations. "

In Yuan Dynasty, Wang wrote a book "Herbal Decoction", and he firmly believed that the decoction was created by Yi Yin: "Shennong tasted a hundred herbs, set up nine times, and changed yin and yang to save his life. He thinks the eternal law is simple and necessary. The Yi Yin Sect of Yin is twice as important as that of Shennong. If it is necessary to legislate, it will not be harmful to soup. "

Physicians of past dynasties believed in the story of Yi Yin making soup. In Huang San Temple since the Yuan Dynasty, a Yin has been listed and enjoyed, and entered the temple of doctors in the ancient legend. In Qing Dynasty, Lu Yiqing recorded the evolution of the Shoufu Hall in the capital. Among the famous doctors in the Shoufu Temple, Yi Yin held an impressive position: "The Shoufu Temple in Beijing began from Jiajing to Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty. (According to the report, Huang San Temple was built between Zhenyuan and Zhenyuan, dedicated to Huang San, and appointed famous doctors of all ages 10 as the first medical temple. ) The reason for this dynasty is that there are Fuxi, Zuo Shennong and Right Huangdi in the south, Ju Shou and Hou Feng in the east, Zhu Rong and Limu in the west, and the loan season, Shi Tian, Zeebe, Gaobo, Shao Shi, Taiyi, Leigong, Yi Yin, Cang Gong Chunyuyi and Huaying in the east.

There is also a saying that Huangdi, Shennong and Yi Yin are collectively called the "Three Saints": "Hidden medicine is the Tao, and the origin is still there. It turned out that the recovery of the disease was due to the Yellow Emperor; Distinguish hundred herbs, relying on Shennong; This soup originally came from Yi Yin. These three saints saved Li Yuan's suffering, praised the birth of heaven and earth and made great contributions to the world. Throughout the ages, deeper than this is also a saint. Jia Yi said: People from ancient times, who do not live in the imperial court, must hide in medical divination. Who says there are no heroes among capable people? "

In the Qing Dynasty, Xu Dachun thought that the decoction was not invented by Yi Yin, but was popular in Yi Yin in the Shang Dynasty: "Several prescriptions such as Pinellia ternata and glutinous rice contained in the Internal Classic are self-made, and there is the saying of Yi Yin decoction, which is generally the method of decoction. Business is booming. Not from Yi Yin. "

From 65438 to 0985, Jiang Chunhua, a contemporary famous doctor, wrote an article in journal of traditional chinese medicine, pointing out the original relationship between Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Tang Ye Classic. According to Huangfu Mi's preface to acupuncture A and B, there is also a paper written in the Tang Dynasty in Dunhuang Stone Room-The Essentials of Liang Tao Hongjing's Medicine. The book says: "Zhang Ji, a famous doctor, etc." Teach the method of Tang dynasty with salty method. " And statistics of big and small Qinglong decoction, big and small Baihu decoction, big and small Zhuwu decoction, big and small Xuanwu decoction, big and small Yang Dan decoction, Yindan decoction and so on. In fact, physicians of past dynasties did not shy away from the source of Treatise on Febrile Diseases. Wang once said: "Yin takes materia medica as soup, and Han takes Zhongjingguang's soup as Dafa. This kind of doctoral orthodoxy, although the wise men of later generations did something, did not surpass it. " Chen Xiuyuan also pointed out in Qing Dynasty: "Those who know the nature of medicine began in Shennong, and Yiyin cooperated with it. Zhongjing's Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Synopsis of the Golden Chamber are also his suicide notes. "

Yi Yin's Tang Yejing still exists among the people in the Song Dynasty. For example, "Puji Skill Prescription" explained in small print after the last medicine rhubarb in Dachaihu Decoction: "Yi Yin's" Tangye Lun "has eight flavors of Dachaihu and Jiangzao, but there is none today." [For example, Zhu Jun's "Survival Certificate" also explains in the back note of Guizhi Decoction and Gegen Decoction: "Yi Yin's" Tangye Lun "added pueraria in Guizhi Decoction, but it is wrong to use ephedra in this book." "Give a brief example of Yin syndrome? "Yi Tang Yin Ye Lun" further pointed out: "Zhu Feng proposed that" Yunzhongjing Xiexin Decoction "was not as good as the ancient prescription, and later generations dropped it. Xu also said that Yi Yin's "Tang Ye Lun" contains eight flavors of Dachaihu Decoction. There is no rhubarb today, only seven flavors, which are also lost. So I know Zhongjing Fang is also soup. "

Although Yi Yin is not the most important medical god, most people believe that he invented decoction, which improved the curative effect of medicine and became one of the most important characteristics of Chinese medicine. Five flavors harmony theory and heat theory

Yi Yin's experience from kitchen to slaughter, according to historical records, Yi Yin was a slave at first, and was fostered in other people's homes when he was young, so that he could learn cooking skills and become a master cook when he grew up. He became a wise man in Shang Tang's mind and was appointed Prime Minister, which had a great influence. There are also many words that compare Yi Yin to a skilled chef. Yi Yin suffered (Mei Chengqi's fate), Gong Yi reconciled (Prince Liang Zhaoming's seven deeds), Yi Yin took the tripod (Historical Records), and Yi Yin was good at cutting and cooking (Hanshu). There is also a record of "Yi Yin Bartender" in Guo Guanzi's Shi Bing Chapter, which shows that Yi Yin once worked in a hotel. Yi Yin has made outstanding achievements, and his cooking theory and practice are comprehensive. There are not many records of Yi Yin's cooking practices, except that he made a mandarin duck soup (swan soup) when he went to see Shang Tang, which was very popular. However, judging from the soup and even the taste mentioned by Yi Yin in Lu Chunqiu Ben Wei, his cooking theory level is absolutely first-class. Although he talked about governing the country by cooking, it is impossible to speak so well and incisively without the research of cooking theory and the experience of cooking practice. Mr. Xiong Sizhi, a famous cooking theorist in China, said in the article "When Yi Yin is the ancestor of the kitchen": Yi Yin said that to cook delicious food, we must first understand the natural nature of raw materials: "Three groups of insects, those who live in water are fishy, those who eat meat are ashamed, and those who eat grass are ashamed." Stinky is still beautiful for all reasons. Yi Yin said that cooking is delicious: "Water is the beginning of all tastes." "Yi Yin said that cooking fire should be moderate, and the principle of using fire should not be violated:" Five flavors and three ingredients, nine boiling and nine changes, fire is the discipline, and illness is slow. If you kill smell, smell and smell, you will win with it. "Yi Yin said, seasoning is very delicate, we should pay special attention to the experience:" Reconciliation must be bittersweet. How much, how much, have their own. "Yi Yin said that the whole process of cooking is focused on the change of Ding, which is subtle and difficult to express in words. Therefore, we should be careful to understand the change of Ding: "The change of Ding is subtle and subtle, the words are eloquent, and the ambition is metaphorical. A little pat, yin and yang change, and the number is four. " Yi Yin said that after careful cooking, delicious products should reach such a height: "Long-term but not harmful, cooked but not rotten, sweet but not mumbling, sour but not cold, salty but not reduced, spicy but not strong, light but not thin, fat but not greasy." At the same time, Yi Yin told Shang Tang all kinds of famous products that could be made delicious at that time. During the development of cooking technology in China for thousands of years, many famous people with superb skills appeared, such as Peng Keng in the legend of Yaodi, Lv Wang in the Zhou Dynasty and Yi Ya in the Spring and Autumn Period. These people all have their own specialties, which have greatly promoted the development of cooking technology. Yi Yin's cooking techniques and theories are unique. Cooking is just one of Yi Yin's many skills. Yi Yin is the holy land of cooking in China. Nowadays, colleagues who cook Chinese food in Chinese mainland, Hongkong, China, Taiwan Province Province, China and Singapore all regard Yi Yin as the "kitchen saint" and "cooking saint" of China. Yi Yin's military activities mainly participated in the planning, preparation and implementation of the anti-summer war. There is a lack of historical data about the Battle of the Tang Dynasty to Destroy the Summer, and most of the relevant records known today are vague, especially the records of the Battle are few, so it is difficult to describe them comprehensively and in detail. However, the planning, preparation and implementation of the strategy of eliminating summer are slightly involved in ancient literature. Through the summary of these documents, we can see Yi Yin's important role in the war against summer, as well as his profound understanding of the military and excellent ability to control the military. His great contribution to China's military development is mainly manifested in the following aspects:

First, use the political factors of opposition between people's hearts to guide the war.

Since the emergence of class and state in human society, politics and military have formed a close relationship. The rise and fall of politics is inseparable from the victory or defeat of war, and the opposition of people's hearts is a reflection of the political situation. However, in different historical periods, the contents and manifestations of the opposition between people's hearts are different. At the turn of Xia and Shang Dynasties, China was in the period of slave society development, with low social productivity, and the production level of agriculture, the leading sector of social production, was still very low, and it also had an irresistible dependence on nature. The idealistic world outlook of theism is dominant in people's minds, and heaven is the only respect and religion. People think that heaven is the supreme master of the world, and all natural phenomena and human behaviors are dominated by heaven, which is reflected in politics as theocracy. The supreme ruler pretends to be the son of heaven, and his power and behavior are regarded as the embodiment of God's will. Therefore, every major move, we should pray to heaven and make sacrifices to our ancestors. Every war is like this. Before the war, in addition to praying to the gods and ancestors, we should also ask the soothsayers for instructions, decide on actions and guide operations. However, under such historical conditions, Yi Yin vaguely discovered the relationship between politics and war by summing up the past wars, and realized the influence of people's hearts on the war. So he began to break through the shackles of the thought of destiny, devoted himself to studying the role of people's hearts in the war, and initially formed the idea of "knowing whether to govern by the people" (Historical Records Yin Benji), that is, whether the people support the supreme ruler is the standard to measure the prosperity of the country's rule.

In order to find out people's attitudes, Yi Yin went to Xia to be an official and took the opportunity to find out people's feelings. When he saw that Jie Li was "unsympathetic to his own people, united with one heart and one mind, in the same boat, and aggrieved by the people's grievances", he boldly judged that Xia lived alone and thought that Xia had shown signs of extinction, so he made up his mind to eliminate Xia with Tang. During the preparation period, Yi Yin still took this as a lesson. On the one hand, he vigorously advocated the tyranny of summer and further promoted people's hatred of summer; On the other hand, in view of the reality of "opposing is not a virtue, but harming the people by force", we emphasized benevolence and leniency, and adopted a series of concrete measures (see the battle of the Tang Dynasty to destroy the summer) to expand the support of the people at home and win the support of other countries abroad, which received rave reviews. Many countries depend on themselves, thus gaining the merits of restraining others and promoting themselves, making people go to business with their backs to the summer, which proves this point and provides a strong guarantee for the concrete implementation of the war to stop the summer.

It is a well-known axiom that people's hearts influence wars from behind today, but it was an unprecedented creation in the slave society more than 3,000 years ago. Yi Yin realized this for the first time and used it to guide the war, which was a great contribution to China's military development.

Second, the strategy of "preserving our health by being wise".

Spy intelligence warfare is not new in modern warfare, but it never appeared before the early wars in ancient China or Yi Yin. Of course, the importance of spying on the enemy was also noticed in the early wars of mankind, but in the theocracy era, this kind of reconnaissance was only a purely military battlefield reconnaissance, and it did not go deep into the enemy's rear to collect information and disintegrate the relationship between the enemy and ourselves. After Yi Yin realized the role of popular support in the war, he entered the Xia Dynasty to carry out intelligence work in the name of being an official in the Xia Dynasty. If Yi Yin went to the summer for the first time to spy on the political situation and people's feelings in the Xia Dynasty, so as to make a plan to destroy the summer, then he went to the summer for the second time not only to understand the situation, but also to use his own information to contact Jie and his sister, who had fallen out of favor at that time, to expand the contradictions among the enemy, weaken the enemy's strength and lay the foundation for the victory of the war to destroy the summer. According to the Chronicle of Bamboo Books, Jie Li "ordered the villagers to be cut flat, and the villagers sent their daughters to Jie Li, who were called Wan and Yan. Later, I fell in love with them, ... and abandoned their concubine Yu Luo, saying that my sister (not) played with her family to make friends with Yi Yin, so she died in the summer. " There are similar records in Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, which fully affirmed the role of Yi Yin's utility room. Later, Sun Wu concluded: "Those who can use wisdom as a medium will achieve great things. The importance of this soldier depends on the actions of the three armed forces (Sun Tzu's Art of War in Use). With the development of war, the importance of "utility room" has been paid more and more attention. As the first person in China's military history, Yi Yin's contribution is self-evident.

Third, according to the changes in the enemy's strength, choose favorable fighters.

Everything is not static, but constantly moving and developing. Whether we can advance or retreat according to the change of the situation from the perspective of development is the key to doing things well. For war, it is particularly important to correctly understand and judge the situation and choose favorable fighters.

After the "Eleventh Expedition", Shang Tang not only cut off the countries that were close to the summer, but also expanded its ruling area and greatly increased its strength. Preparations for the summer war have been completed. At that time, the internal contradictions in the Xia Dynasty were more acute, showing a trend of disintegration. In this case, the time seems ripe to launch a final general attack on Xia Faqi. However, in order to ensure the victory of the war, considering that although the summer solstice is drawing to a close, Yi Yin has been the master of the Central Plains for more than 400 years, and his prestige cannot be ignored; Moreover, Shang is the country of Xia, and Shang's attack on Xia is suspected of the following offenses. We can't make a move without being quite sure. Therefore, we believe that we must wait until most countries do not support Xia Jie. So Yi Yin, in order to test the hearts and minds of the governors of various countries, suggested that Tang stop paying tribute to Xia to observe the reaction. In a rage, Jie "set up a division of nine barbarians" and prepared to slash and kill merchants on a large scale. Yi Yin saw that Jiuyi and other countries still turned to Xia Jie and obeyed Jie's orders. Therefore, he thought that the time for decisive battle was not yet fully ripe, so he apologized to Tang Fu and pretended to be loyal and wait for the opportunity. In the second year, Yi Yin suggested paying tribute again, and valerian called the governors to form an alliance in Youzhou (south of Jining, Shandong Province) to prepare for cutting merchants. This time, not only did the division of Jiuyi fail to receive orders from Xia (Shuo Yi), but the Yi people (south of Jinxiang, Shandong Province) rebelled first (Zuo Gong for four years). Yi Yin saw great changes in the situation, and Xia Jie was completely isolated. He thinks the time is ripe. He seized this favorable opportunity and immediately attacked Xia Faqi. The result was a great victory, and the summer was destroyed in one fell swoop.

In the era when the thought of destiny dominated, Yi Yin didn't decide whether and when to launch a war through divination and image observation, but based on the analysis of the objective situation, he fully realized the dominant position of human beings in the war, and it was really commendable for people and themselves to grasp and choose fighters.

In addition to the above aspects, Yi Yin's military achievements are unique in isolating the enemy, strengthening himself, bypassing the enemy and cutting off the enemy's back road, but his most outstanding contribution lies in not being bound by the times, boldly attacking the concept of destiny, and more clearly recognizing the main role of man in the war; His strategy and the choice of favorable fighters are based on the viewpoint that popular support will affect the outcome of the war. He has made important contributions to China's military development, especially the establishment of strategic theory, and is worthy of being the first strategist in China's military history.