What is the literary achievement of Zuo Zhuan?

The Literary Achievements of Zuo Zhuan

Zuo Zhuan, a great historical work, recorded in detail the major historical events that occurred in the Spring and Autumn Period in 254 years (722-468 BC). At the same time, because of its visual aesthetic characteristics, it is also an excellent prose masterpiece, showing outstanding artistic achievements.

In ancient times, some scholars have noticed the literary color of Zuo Zhuan's narrative. For example, Liu Zhiji, a native of the Tang Dynasty, said: "The left narrative is also full of enthusiasm; In the preparation of fire, it is different from the purpose and essence; If you win, you will gain everything; if you lose, you will be invincible. It is more generous to apply for an oath, and it is obvious to bully people if they are derailed; Elegant as spring, strict as autumn frost; The prosperity of Syria is boundless, and Chen's death is miserable. Or concise words, or beautiful sentences like songs. The ups and downs are not crowded, and they are complacent. If you are a talented person, you will almost make things happen, think about ghosts and gods, rarely write, and excel in ancient and modern times. " (Shi Tong Za Shuo Shang) The Tang people called Zuo Zhuan: "The narrative is particularly well prepared, which can make the whole story quite clear for a hundred generations." (For example, Zhao Ji's biography in the Spring and Autumn Period) They intuitively affirmed the vividness and vividness of the annotations in Zuo Zhuan. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were dozens of books commenting on Zuo Zhuan from the perspective of words. However, it is only in recent decades that we truly and comprehensively evaluate the literary achievements of Zuo Zhuan and understand Zuo Zhuan from a literary perspective.

Zuo Zhuan occasionally created many successful experiences in narrative, description and language. Compared with Shangshu and Chunqiu, Zuo Zhuan has new development and unique achievements in many aspects.

First,' Zuo Zhuan' narrative

The annotation of Zuo Zhuan is rich and colorful. It records the political turmoil and the change of governors in the Spring and Autumn Period, the birth, death, illness and change of kings, the power grab between powerful clans and the intrigue of rulers. Frequent wars and important alliances between princes are often the focus of the author's narrative, and daily pilgrimage and contact with other countries are also recorded in the book. In the notes, the author also recorded people's life style, customs and psychological consciousness in the Spring and Autumn Period from many angles. From sacrificial ceremonies, Xiang Yan, patriarchal clan system, ritual system, weddings and funerals, to countless sacrifices and taboos, all are recorded by the author. In addition, Zuozhuan has a reliable description of solar terms and seasons, natural disasters and floods, astrological calendars, geographical evolution and so on. As far as its content is colorful and all-encompassing, it is well-deserved to call it the "encyclopedia" of the Spring and Autumn Period.

Zuo Zhuan provides a vivid history of the Spring and Autumn Period. The author not only recorded historical events and social life truthfully, but also made a real and concrete description. It not only describes the cause and effect of events, but also attaches importance to the connection between people and things. In the process of exploring the reasons for people's success or failure, it vividly handles history and artistically reproduces life. If we read Spring and Autumn Annals, we can only get an outline of the historical events of more than 200 years, then a large number of descriptions in Zuo Zhuan let us see the detailed picture of life.

The narrative characteristics of Zuo Zhuan are: first, he is good at describing complex social contradictions and historical events, and uses sketching methods to describe the whole story of events. The basic characteristics of this line drawing technique can be summarized as follows: following the strict concept of time and space, recording everything must use very concise words to explain the time, place and people involved, and narrative events are carried out in the order of natural time; Pay attention to the whole process of event development, describe in detail everything about its occurrence (cause), development (conflict) and ending, and pay special attention to the cause and effect; Describe the process of an event or a major scene, rarely rendering and comparing, and often write the development process or live a scene by recording the words and deeds of several characters.

Zuo Zhuan describes a complex and turbulent society, so how to expose the contradictory political and military situation, the intricate relationship between princes and clans, and many subversive activities and plots has become the primary goal of the author's writing notes. The change of political power and political relationship in the whole society is the main contradictory clue used to describe society in Zuo Zhuan. The author pursues this clue with keen observation, which makes him have a clear analysis of the complex and moving social contradictions in the Spring and Autumn Period, especially the narrative conflicts such as murder, assassination, coup and war, and makes the author's narrative fully play. For example, Qi Huangong said that he was in charge of his father's murder of Xiang Gong (eight years of Zhuang Gong), Jin Linggong's murder of Zhao Dun (two years of Gong Xuan), Zheng Xigong's disaster (ten years of Xiang Gong), Cui Qi's rebellion (twenty-five years of Xiang Gong), Qi people's killing of green clubs (twenty-eight years of Xiang Gong), Chu Wangling's death (thirteen years of Zhao Gong) and Wu Gongzi's stabbing of the king.

Take Qi Xianggong, the father of Zhuang Gong, as an example:

The Duke of Qi was even called in to take charge of his father's garrison in Kwai Shan. Melons sometimes go and say, "Use melons instead." If you are wary, you can't ask. Please, Fauci. Ask for trouble. Xi Palace's mother and brother said that Zhong Yinian was born in ignorance, and he was favored by Xi Palace. His clothes were polite and appropriate. Xiang Gong lacks it. Two people because of it. He even said that there was a sister in the palace who didn't like her, so she became a public servant and said, "Jie, I'll marry a woman." In winter and December, Qi Hou swam in Guba to Beiqiu. The timid man saw the big dog and said, "Son Peng Yesheng." The public was angry and said, "Peng Sheng dares to see it!" Shoot, the jackal will stand and cry. Public fear, falling off a car hurts your feet and kills you. Instead, it is blamed on the cost of the apprentice. Ford, whip it and see the blood. Go out, meet thieves at the door, rob, tie up. Fei said, "I am ridiculous!" Show your back and believe it. Please go in first, then come out and die in the door. A dispute over stones is like dying under the steps. Then he went in and killed Yang Meng in bed. He said, "It is neither a monarch nor a class." When I see that the public is enough for my family, I will kill it, and I will be ignorant.

The author describes the cause of the incident by sketching, and clearly explains the reasons why the three parties involved in the murder (Lian Shuo, Gong Sun's ignorance and Lian Shuo's sister) rebelled before the incident, and then completes the description of the incident through the story of three little people (apprentice fee and stone dispute). Like many other events, the author pays special attention to the complete process of the occurrence, development and ending of events; The time sequence, place and people of things have the most concise records; As well as "the hectic things are described very clearly and changed greatly" and "compassion is as wonderful as a thousand troops sitting in advance and retreat" (volume 3 of Zuo Embroidery), which makes the works very literary.

As far as the whole book is concerned, the word "Chu" in Zuozhuan is used very frequently, with 86 times. The content originated from "Chu" includes not only the life experiences and anecdotes of the characters, but also the causes and consequences and omens of the events. It is often used as a flashback introduction, narrative tracking and supplementary record. The use of the word "Chu" fully shows the author's originality in cutting and organizing materials. Lin Qinnan once said: "In another case, one person is the key to the whole article, but not the source. Instead, he added a few lines in the room, which is a biography of him, just interspersed in the right place, as if it were seamless. " It can be said that this is a common "inverted pen" technique in later novel creation.

Another feature of Zuo Zhuan's narrative is that he is good at integrating historical facts with myths and legends and historical rumors, and making historical narrative story-like through the author's rich imagination. While strictly recording historical events, the author collected a large number of folklore and rumors, which enriched the content of history.

For example, Gong Xuan's fifteen-year "Wei Keshou Jiecao Newspaper":

Wei Ke defeated Qin Shihuang in Faust and won Du Hui. Qin Zhili is also a human being. At the beginning, Wei Wu had a concubine but no children. Woods was ill, so he said, "I must get married." If you are sick, say, "You must think you are a martyr!" Marrying a pawn, he said, "I will treat the disorder from it." There is also the battle between the Fu family. I saw the old man knotting grass to get back. Du went back and forth, as expected. In the night dream, I said, "Yu, and the father of the woman I married, with the help of my ancestors, ruled my life, and Yu was rewarded."

Wei Ke, the general of Jin State, captured Du Hui, a strongman of Qin State, in a battle against Qin, which can be said to be a great achievement in an era when manpower is fighting capacity and personal martial arts and brawn play an important role in the battle. However, the author did not directly explain how Wei Ke captured Hercules, but led to a seemingly insignificant event before the war, describing the process of Wei Wuzi's serious illness, leaving a will and death. In fact, it is impossible to know whether the old man who married Kang Duhui is the father of Yu Ji. How about Wei Ke's Dream at Night? Who can dream with him? So this can only be a rumor accompanied by Wei Ke's meritorious service. The author's record of Zuo Zhuan just enriched the historical notes.

There are many similar examples in Zuo Zhuan, such as the description of major battles and events accompanied by the abolition of the monarch. In the Spring and Autumn Annals (Huan Tan's New Theory), there are only records such as "Jin's father coached his teacher and fought against Zhai" and "Qi's ignorance killed his ministers", but Zuo Zhuan told stories. In particular, the author tells many interesting legends about the death of the monarch and doctor Qing. For example, Prince Lu Yu was a fox in Nuogong for ten years, Chu was a jade tassel in Nuogong for twenty-eight years, Zheng Mugong mowed the orchid in three years, and Jin had a great dream in successful ten years, all of which were full of legendary colors. Take the death of Xun Yan, the general of the State of Jin in the 19th year of Xianggong as an example.

Xun Yan's carbuncle was born in the head. Qihe, harmony, illness, exophthalmos. The doctor who returned first objected. Please meet Shi, Verne. After the invitation, he said, "Jack Zheng." In February, Jiayin died, so you can't enter. Zi Xuan bathed him, caressed him and said, "I dare not be as good as the victim!" " "Let's see. Luan Huaizi said, "Is it okay if it's not a death?" He replied, "If the Lord dies, what he does not inherit from Qi is like a river! "This is a burden. Zi Xuan went out and said, "I am a husband. "

Gangrene in Xun Yan is a physiological phenomenon of people who died of malignant diseases, but the author vividly recorded the story. For the Duke of Jin, a general who has made great achievements in war, the author not only uses this legend to show his firm spirit of "fighting without pay" and "dying with hatred", but also reflects people's praise and grief for him.

There are many records about divination and disaster in the narrative of Zuo Zhuan. The author reflects people's understanding of nature, society and themselves in the Spring and Autumn Period, and at the same time adds interest to historical notes. People use tortoise divination, or to judge major military actions, or to make choices according to this marriage, or to predict their career, or to dispel some doubts. Zuo Zhuan often collects and records its divination and words in detail, with events attached.

There are countless records of disasters, omens and dreams, such as snake fights, dragons seeing, stones talking, roosters breaking their tails, gods falling somewhere and so on. These anecdotes mixed with "falsehood" in Historical Records were obviously written as "faithful history" at that time, but today, from a historical point of view, the author has written down many accidental factors in the development of things that he understands or does not understand; From the literary point of view, every record of divination and omen leads to a vivid story, which adds mystery and freshness to historical events in historical narrative, which is undoubtedly very interesting.

Zuo Zhuan has been criticized for its extensive use of legends and rumors and its handling of history. While affirming the position of Zuozhuan as a classic biography, ancient scholars often pointed out its negligence. For example, Fan Ning said: "The left family is gorgeous and rich, and its loss is also false." Han Yu said: Spring and Autumn Annals is rigorous, while Left is grandiose. Some people think that "the left is shallow" (Cui Zhifang's Interpretation of the Spring and Autumn Classics), "the left is short of expertise and vertical" (Chao said three biographies), "the left is unprepared ... the loss is false" (the story of sleeping is quoted from Juan Mandarin) and "shallower than Gong Yi. In fact, the so-called "false" or "exaggerated" refers to the untrue things recorded in Zuo Zhuan and the fact that the description of some events in Zuo Zhuan is fictional and exaggerated. This does not meet the requirements of Confucian classics, but just illustrates the literary characteristics of Zuo Zhuan from one side. " "Brilliant and rich" shows that the annotations of Zuo Zhuan are rich and colorful; "exaggeration" and "specialization" show that its description has reasonable exaggeration and image creation; "Shallow" is a relatively popular symbol.

Second, the author of Zuo Zhuan

There are more than 1400 historical figures recorded in Zuozhuan. Among them are emperors, princes, nobles and doctors, generals, warriors, scholars, lobbyists, good doctors, businessmen, prostitutes, butchers, servants, thieves and chivalrous men. About one-third of these characters have detailed stories or vivid stories.

The members of the ruling clique are the main objects described in Zuo Zhuan. Especially those overlord monarchs and ruling ministers who have made outstanding achievements, Zuo Zhuan left a vivid record of what they did during their years of being king, ruling or holding office. There are more than a dozen famous monarchs in the book: Zheng Zhuanggong, a lean man in the early Spring and Autumn Period; Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong, Chu Zhuangwang, and Qin Mugong, who were known as overlords in the Spring and Autumn Period; Duke Xiang of Jin, who was revived by ZTE; He Lv, Fu Cha and Gou Jian; There are also Song Xianggong, King Chu Ling, Qi Xianggong and Lu Zhaogong, all of whom are famous for their stupidity or luxury. There are dozens of literati with plump images and remarkable deeds in the book: Hu Yan, Zhao Shuai and Xian Zhen, who followed Zhong Er from place to place and went through hardships, Han Jue, Xun Yan, Shi Yan, Jiang Wei and Han Qi, who helped Duke Xiang of Jin restore his hegemony, Zhao Dun, who was a loyal minister and admonished him, and his uncle, who was deeply trusted by the public; In the state of Lu, Ji's three grandfathers are all prominent dignitaries, such as Ji Wenzi, the ancestor of Lian Xiang, Ji Wuzi, who specializes in Lu politics, Ji, who is in charge of state affairs, and some important dignitaries such as Zang Wenzhong, Zang, Uncle Sun Bao and Uncle Sun Nuo. Qi has outstanding Guan Zhong, cautious Yan Ying and regicide rebel Cui Yi. There are Wen Zi, Yu Zi, Zixi, Zifan and Zizhong in Chu State. Zi Chan of Zheng State, Hua Yuan of Song State, Zi Han and Xu Xiang are all outstanding figures in the struggle of small countries and few people.

Due to the limitation of chronological structure and chronology in different years, the "shaping" of characters in Zuo Zhuan is mainly formed by the fusion of chronologies scattered in different years. One is to gradually show a character's personality through chronicles of different years, thus forming a complete image, which belongs to "cumulative type"; The other is to remember only one thing to outline the character image or express its personality characteristics, which can also be called "flash type" Typical figures of the former are Jin Wengong, Zheng Zhuanggong, King Chu Ling, Yan Ying and Zi Chan. The descriptions of their deeds in Zuo Zhuan often last for years or decades.

The image of Jin Wengong Zhong Er is the most prominent one in The Prince. His life story and activities can be roughly divided into three stages from the 28th year of Zhuang Gong to the 32nd year of Gong Gong: he was killed and went out to travel around the world; Rejuvenate the country and make great efforts to govern; If you succeed, you will dominate the Central Plains. The author described the whole story of death in flashback. The book mentioned the phrase "Zhong Er, the son of the Jin Dynasty, was difficult" and wrote that he was treated by Qin Mugong in the State of Qin. This passage can be described as a wonderful "note-taking" for Guo Wei, He Qi, He Song, He Zheng and He Chu to send him to the State of Qin in the twelfth year of exile. The author writes down one or two things selectively every thousand miles, to show that Zhong Er has gradually matured in life and finally possessed the proper character of a country's supreme ruler. Jin Wengong is the most perfect monarch in the overlord image described in Zuo Zhuan.

Among the famous doctors described in Zuo Zhuan, Zheng's works are the most glorious images written by the author. As neighbors said, Zuo Zhuan contains many words and deeds of famous ministers from various countries, but it is not as detailed as later generations. "Is the first person in the Spring and Autumn Period, and also the first person in the left heart. Compared with Guan Zhong, Yan Ying, Shu Xiang and Hu Yan, Zi Chan is a perfect example of aristocratic governance. He has extensive reading, rich historical knowledge and social knowledge, and can describe Kan Kan's own history when dealing with great country expeditions or debates; Strong social skills, able to move freely and cope freely in various recruitment and alliance occasions; Have a strong sense of political responsibility and firm will to defend national interests with big countries; Good at management, know people well and be responsible, and have a whole set of experience in management and employment. Zuo Zhuan recorded that he exercised 70 articles (from eight years of Xianggong to twenty years of Zhao Gong), and from the first time he expressed his views on state affairs in his youth to his death due to illness, he "rarely failed" in his life. Although it is only governed by a small country, its outstanding achievements in governing the country have no less political influence in the international arena than that of a big country. As a politician and thinker in the Spring and Autumn Period, Zi Chan's personality characteristics are very distinct. "Reading his articles, even his temperament, his mind, his voice and his smile will spread for thousands of years." (Feng Lihua's Left Embroidery and Reading Zuo Yan).

Most of the characters in Zuo Zhuan only express their personality characteristics through a temporary event. Although their appearance was fleeting and fleeting, they left a deep impression on people. This is like a sketch in painting art, where the author outlines the vivid images of the characters with a few strokes. Many of these "shining" characters are typical "scholars", and their basic characteristics are sincerity, respect for the public, loyalty to their duties and keeping their vows. For example, in Zuo Zhuan, (four years in seclusion), (fourteen years in Zhuanggong), Xun (nine years in Xi Gong), (fifteen years in Gong Xuan), Hua Tuo (thirty-three years in Xianggong), Lang Bian (two years in Wengong) and Yi Pian. Please read a story about Jin Chen Xie Yang:

Make the relief like a song, so that there is no Chu, saying, "Kim knows it." Zheng people were imprisoned, offered to Chu, and paid bribes to make them break their words, ban them, and make three promises. Get on the train to tell the Song people. Then he was sentenced to death. Zi Chu will kill him and make him say, "Why, if you don't promise to go to the valley, and vice versa? If I don't believe it, the woman will abandon it and be punished quickly. " Yes, I said, "As soon as I hear it, you can make life righteous, and I can also take it as a letter, and the letter carries righteousness and benefits. Seek not to lose, defend the country, and be the master of the people. There are no two beliefs, no two lives. I didn't know my life when I was in charge of you. Ordered to go to war, there is death and no life, and you can pay bribes? Minister Xu Jun will fulfill his mission. Death is life, and I am a reward. If a gentleman has a trusted minister and is killed in the senior high school entrance examination, what do you want? "

Among the "flash-type" characters, there are also many small people with low status, such as temple people, ordinary people, chefs, musicians, fortune tellers and assassins. There are also some female images, such as your wife (in the 13th year of Huan Gong), your mother Wu Jiang (4 A.D.), your favorite concubine (in the 28th year of Zhuang Gong), your GUI (in the 14th year of Zhuang Gong) and the wife of Qi Liang (in the 23rd year of Xiang Gong). Anyone who has played a role in social life or in the national struggle for existence, whether praised or criticized by the author, has left a mark on him in history. Because these characters only show one aspect of their personality, most of them are simple, lack rich connotation, and are restricted by the moral norms at that time, showing obvious ethical tendency. For example, some characters become symbols of feudal norms such as filial piety, loyalty, loyalty and justice.

The writers of Zuo Zhuan, like modern close-ups of characters, began to use the means of describing plots and details. Detail description is the main way to write Zuo Zhuan. When writing stories or portraying characters, the author uses a lot of detailed description techniques.

The battle of Chengpu was the victory of the State of Jin. When the whole country celebrated and the ruling and opposition parties rejoiced, Jin Wengong did not forget his worries. It was not until Yu Zi committed suicide that he "overheard it". This modal detail is the characteristic behavior of the characters, which shows Jin Wengong's overlord and visionary character. Xian Zhen thundered against Duke Xiang of Jin for listening to the woman's words and ignored them. This detail is linked with his fierce words, which fully shows his strong-willed and honest personality. The image of Wei Xiangong, who abused power for personal gain and was complacent, was shown in a detail when he returned to China: "The doctor rebelled against the successful person and held hands with him; Walking against the road, from the car; Those who violate the door are just jealous. "Wei Xiangong has different reactions to doctors who meet him in different places, from the distance he entered the border gate. The subtle change of his attitude also shows the cultivation level of this "dirty" monarch. Huasong's father was a lecher, and Zuo Zhuan only recorded one detail about him: "I met Confucius' wife on the road, turned my back and sent her away, saying,' Beautiful and gorgeous. Liu, a temple man, is good at serving his master. He was first favored by the Song Dynasty, and then died of flattery to the Prince's left. In a short time, he was favored by his master. The author only recorded one detail: "For the funeral, Liu Chi-tan is in place. If he comes, he will go." Not only burial, but also pets. "At the same time," Zuo Zhuan "also explained the environment in which the characters lived and the background of the incident through detailed description. There is no direct description of the appearance and psychology of the characters in Zuo Zhuan, and people's appearance and psychological activities are also reflected in the action details.

In a word, Zuo Zhuan's achievements in character description are unprecedented. In the pre-Qin works, it provided so many vivid and sensible characters for the first time and created the basic method of describing characters. Generally speaking, Zuo Zhuan is good at describing people through specific notes, writing people in notes and writing notes between people; When describing people's deeds, we should pay special attention to choosing the most representative examples; Personality is closely related to the political standard of the times ("ceremony"), showing obvious ethical tendency. These characteristics have a far-reaching impact on later literary creation and people's aesthetic concepts.

Third, the language features of Zuo Zhuan

The language of Zuo Zhuan is a model admired by scholars in past dynasties. From the Tang and Song Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, such as Liu Zhiji, Chen Xun, Su Shi, Liu Xizai and Feng Lihua, there were many excellent comments. The narrative language of Zuo Zhuan is characterized by accuracy, conciseness, vividness and color, and at the same time it is implicit because of conciseness. Su Shi said, "If you don't talk, the world will talk best." . But there are endless words, especially extreme, such as the Book of Rites and Zuo Zhuan. "("The Complete Works of Su Wenzhong ") Liu Zhiji's comment is:" The words are near and far, and the words are shallow and deep. Although the words are exhausted, the meaning is not exhausted, so that readers can see the inside of the table, distinguish the bones, see the things in the sentence, and reverse the three corners. "(Shi Tong Narrative) These characteristics of the narrative language of Zuo Zhuan show that it has made great achievements in language beyond many classic works at that time and reached a state of perfection.

The characters' language in Zuo Zhuan is also full of literary characteristics. The "words" recorded in Zuo Zhuan are mainly character dialogues, diplomatic rhetoric, exhortations and argumentations. Character dialogue has distinct personality characteristics. The author often records one or two sentences of personalized language to highlight the characters. For example, in the process of robbing uncle, Zheng Zhuanggong said three typical words: "If you do more injustice, you will hang yourself, and your son will wait and see"; "Needless to say, it will be self-sufficient"; "yes". In the author's works, Zheng Zhuanggong's wily, hypocritical and insidious personality emerges from the paper, and his complex psychological activities are clearly discernible in the whole incident. In the twenty-third year of public service, a conversation with Chu, who took refuge in Chu, showed Chu's kind psychology, took the opportunity to blackmail and his self-esteem, self-confidence and supercilious attitude vividly.

The diplomatic rhetoric, argument and admonition in Zuo Zhuan have always been praised by people. Write pedestrian language, especially the uniqueness of Zuo Zhuan. For example, in four years, he was demoted to Hou, in twenty-six years, he exhibited Qin, in thirty years, he retired from Qin, in three years, he proclaimed Wang Sun Man's comments on Ding, in two years, he assisted in three years' Twenty-two sons of Duke Xiang of Lu, etc. Some of them tactfully state their interests, others are eager to try, and their words are frosty. Being able to firmly grasp the focus of contradictions, starting with interest analysis, thorough reasoning and elegant wording are the common characteristics of these rhetoric. In particular, some envoys from small countries responded to the words of big countries and were full of vigilance and wisdom. For example, Zi chan made great contributions to the state of Jin. Jin people asked three questions, and Zi chan answered three questions, "Shi Zhuangbo should not be arrogant"; Zi chan destroyed the wall of the golden hall, but his righteous words made the scholar speechless and had to "thank you for your insensitivity"; Candle fire Wu's words about interests finally lifted Zheng's danger, but these words have been circulated for thousands of years.

Liu Zhiji said: "If you look for the words of the left, you should follow the orders of doctors. The words are beautiful, but the words are broad and mysterious. In ancient times, it was tortuous, but in modern times, it can be repeated Its functions are thick and thin, and its significance is deep and shallow, which is expected. I'm sure this is not a commercial initiative, it's a temporary achievement, and it's a one-handed achievement. " (Shi Tong Shen Zuo) The rhetoric of pedestrian in Zuo Zhuan is obviously processed and polished. Compared with the long phrases recorded in Guoyu, the logic of reasoning is more rigorous, tailored and selective, and the words used are more convincing and appealing. The pedestrian rhetoric of Zuo Zhuan opened the rapid and prosperous style of writing in the Warring States Period, and it is a model for literati to learn satire.

In Zuo Zhuan, both narrative language and character language use a lot of figurative devices in rhetoric and adopt vivid proverbs, proverbs and folk songs. Many of these languages have the nature of epigrams, and later generations have evolved into idioms. In modern language, the words "my lips are dead and my teeth are cold", "I am greedy for the merits of heaven", "I forget my ancestors", "I dare not stay away from Miyake", "I am bold enough", "I cheated", "I don't want to add any guilt" and "I don't want to save my skin".

Fourthly, the description of war in Zuo Zhuan.

Taken together, the most concentrated and full part of Zuozhuan's literary characteristics in narrative, character description and language is the description of war. Zuo Zhuan is good at describing war and has always been praised by people. There are many wonderful and moving fragments in the book.

There were hundreds of military operations in the Spring and Autumn Period, and Zuo Zhuan described in detail thirteen of the more important wars. They are the battle of Ge in five years of Huan Gong, the battle of Long Dao in ten years of Zhuang Gong, the battle of Han in fifteen years of Gong Gong, the battle of Hong in twenty-five years of Gong Gong, the battle of Chengpu in twenty-eight years of Gong Gong Gong, the battle of Hequ in thirty-two years of Yao Gong, and the battle of Iraq in twelve years of Gong Gong Gong.

The author of Zuo Zhuan mobilized various expressive techniques, recorded a wealth of war examples, and tried to seek success or failure experience. The description of different aspects of each war reflects his views on the reasons for the success or failure of each war. Under the premise of the whole process of the war in Kyrgyzstan, which stage of the war is wrong and which stage is won has become the focus of the author's description. Feng Lihua said: "Zuo Jia is very good at Syrian war, and its length is extremely short ... Every chapter is changing the game, and every chapter is pursuing something new." This is the secret of Zuo Zhuan's wonderful and vivid description of war. The battle of Chengpu in Chu Jin, Zuo Zhuan focuses on the process of pre-war brewing. From the beginning of the peripheral war of Cao Wei to the emergency of Song State, Jin State set up a series of stratagems to run the army, and Jin State stayed away until it was confident that it would be slow and steady, and the two countries began to confront each other head-on. Because the key to victory in this battle is the result of planning by Jin Wengong and the general. Qin's fault lies in the battle of Yao, not in crossing the two tombs of Yao. The war lasted for three months from winter to spring, but when Qin Sanshuai went out to war, Uncle Jian and Wang foresaw its failure, so the author emphatically described the situation before the war. There are also many narratives of battles, which show the author's advanced military thoughts.

The author of Zuo Zhuan is also good at grasping the main contradictions in the war and reflecting the whole picture of the war through individual scenes and plots. The changing description angle fully shows the diversity and complexity of war. For example, the battle of longevity in Qilu was written around Cao Gui's words and deeds. Through Cao Gui's meeting, arguing with Duke Zhuang of Lu and commanding the battle in the same car, the whole process of the war was revealed. The battle between Chu, Song and Hong only recorded the Song side, and the plot of the battle with Fu runs through the narrative. In the battle of Zheng in the Song Dynasty, the author directly recorded the victory and defeat of the war, and only added two small things: the madness and cunning of being captured, and the influx of sheep into the battle. It is these two meaningful little things that explain the reason for Song's defeat. Another example is the Battle of Chu Jin, where the author used the method of cross-recording. In the brewing stage, he took turns to record the inside story of the battle between opposing generals. At the stage of engagement, through the narrative and detailed description of cross-advancing, the two sides are evenly matched and pressing step by step: challenging teachers, taking a boat, spying on the enemy camp at night, making a sudden advance and retreat, "galloping and rushing" and "reaching your fingers inside the boat". The scene of fierce fighting in Mao Yi from dawn to dusk is like a realistic picture. The author's concise and vivid description has the effect of "thousands of miles in size"

Zuo Zhuan attaches great importance to the role of people in the war and describes people in the war with a lot of pen and ink. Some important figures in Zuo Zhuan often show their talents in the war. Some of these characters are resourceful and resourceful; Some are indecisive and miss the opportunity; Some are brave and good at fighting, and feel like they are dead; Some are frivolous and arrogant, defeating their opponents. The author is good at writing about people in differences, such as a warrior who is equally brave and good at fighting, or a general who is equally resourceful. The book describes the different performances of different roles through various details. Even in similar plots, the author noticed the subtle differences in attitudes of people with different personalities. It is these hundreds of vivid and changeable characters that add infinite artistic charm to the war description in Zuo Zhuan.

The war description in Zuo Zhuan is the most wonderful part of the book, which has a far-reaching influence on the war description in later novels and other novels such as historical romance.