The inhabited areas, customs and folk customs of Zhuang nationality

Zhuang is the most populous ethnic group in China, mainly living in Guangxi and Wenshan, Yunnan, but also distributed in Lianshan, Guangdong, Congjiang, Guizhou and Jianghua, Hunan. Most Zhuang costumes are the same as those of Han nationality, but they are still traditional in rural areas where Zhuang people live in concentrated communities, especially in remote mountainous areas. Most of them are dark blue fabrics, which are self-spun, self-woven and self-dyed. Women often wear collarless, left cotton-padded jacket, wide-leg pants or pleated skirts. Zhuang women in Longzhou and Pingxiang in the southwest like to wrap square black handkerchiefs around their heads, while Zhuang women in the northwest like to embroider and curl their clothes, wear embroidered shoes and silver ornaments. Men wear double-breasted collarless shirts and wide-leg pants, and some use cloth to cover their heads. Nowadays, young people wear the same clothes as Han people.

In terms of diet, rice and corn are the staple foods, and I like to eat pickled and sour food. Some of them regard sashimi as their delicacies. During festivals, they like to make colorful rice or cakes with glutinous rice. In some areas, there are also traditional customs of chewing betel nuts and entertaining guests with betel nuts.

Residence: In the past, Zhuang people's houses were mainly "dry-column" buildings with bamboo and wood structure (divided into full-column and half-column) and three-bay bungalows, which were gradually replaced by brick houses in recent years.

Marriage custom: men and women are free to fall in love before marriage. Generally, feelings are established in the form of singing duets, throwing hydrangeas and playing wooden troughs. After the two sides agree, they will find a matchmaker to mediate. In some areas, there is a custom of inviting husbands to come to the house.

Funeral: Burial is generally carried out in rural areas, and some areas have the custom of stopping coffin burial or reburying after bone examination.

Taboo: No killing on the first day of the first lunar month; Young women in some areas don't eat beef and dog meat; It is forbidden to visit outsiders within three days after delivery (seven days in some places); Women can't go to other people's homes before the full moon. Zhuang is the most populous ethnic group in China, mainly living in Guangxi and Wenshan, Yunnan, but also distributed in Lianshan, Guangdong, Congjiang, Guizhou and Jianghua, Hunan. Population 15489600 (1the fourth population census in 1990).

Zhuang language belongs to the Zhuang-Dai branch of the Zhuang-Dong language family of Sino-Tibetan language family, which is divided into two dialects: North and South. In the Southern Song Dynasty, "vernacular Chinese" was created on the basis of Chinese characters, but it was not widely used, and more Chinese characters were used. 1955 created Zhuang language on the basis of Latin alphabet. 1957 1 1 In June, 2006, the 63rd plenary meeting of the State Council, presided over by Premier Zhou Enlai, approved the Zhuang language program, ending the history that the Zhuang people did not have their own legal language.

On the basis of concentrating their folk literature, music, dance and skills, the Zhuang people created Zhuang drama. Tonggu is the most representative folk musical instrument of Zhuang nationality.

Zhuang people are called "convex", "boy" and "son+son" in the History of Song Dynasty. After liberation, it was called "communication". 19651June12nd, approved by the People's Committee of Guangxi Yi Autonomous Region, it was renamed as "Zhuang". The Zhuang people launched peasant uprisings against feudalism and oppression many times, and Jintian Village in Guiping, Guangxi was the place where the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom took place. From 1929, 12 to 1932, the Zuoyoujiang revolutionary base areas established in Guangxi contributed to the China revolution.

Zhuang people are taboo to kill on the first day of the first lunar month; Young women in some areas avoid eating beef and dog meat; For the first three days (some for the first seven days), women were forbidden to let outsiders in; Women who have not yet given birth to a full moon are forbidden to visit their homes.

Agriculture is the pillar of Zhuang nationality, and the famous Sanqi, Gecko and fennel oil are well-known specialties in Zhuang area. Sugarcane production ranks first in the country. Zhuang people believe in primitive religion, offering sacrifices to their ancestors, and some people believe in Catholicism and Christianity. Famous festivals include the annual "March 3rd" Song Festival. When guests arrive home, they will try their best to give them the best accommodation, especially the elderly and new guests. When eating, you must wait for the oldest old man to sit down before eating; The younger generation must not eat the dishes that the elders have not touched; When serving tea and rice to elders and guests, you must hold it in your hands, not in front of the guests or behind your elders' backs. Those who finish eating first should say "enjoy your meal" to their elders and guests before leaving; The younger generation can't eat the whole table. Old people in Lu Yu should be called "grandfather" for men and "grandmother" or old lady for women. Lu Yu guests or people with heavy burdens should take the initiative to make way. If you meet old people with heavy burdens, you should take the initiative to help them shoulder the burden and send them to the parting place.

After liberation, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region was established in the western half of Guangxi from 1952 to 65438+February 9, and 1956 was changed into an autonomous prefecture in the spring. 1On March 5, 958, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region was established with the former Guangxi Province as the scope. 1On April, 1958, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan was established;1On September 26th, 1962, Lianshan Zhuang and Yao Autonomous County in Guangdong was established.

Daily Eating Habits Zhuang people in most areas are used to eating three meals during the solar eclipse, and Zhuang people in a few areas also eat four meals, that is, adding a small meal between lunch and dinner. Breakfast and Chinese food are relatively simple, usually porridge, dinner is dinner, dry rice is eaten more, and vegetables are more abundant. Rice and corn are abundant grains in Zhuang areas, which naturally become their staple food. There are many ways to cook rice, such as indica rice, japonica rice and glutinous rice. Usually used for cooking rice and porridge, and often steamed into rice noodles (similar to noodles, soups and fried foods), which are delicious. Japonica rice and glutinous rice can also be soaked into sweet wine, that is, mash (the method is the same as that of Han nationality). Rich in nutrition, often eaten in winter, can play a role in keeping out the cold and nourishing. Glutinous rice is often used as Ciba, Zongzi and five-color glutinous rice. It is an indispensable food for Zhuang festivals. Corn is also different from organic corn and waxy corn. Machine corn is used to make porridge and sometimes fried into tortillas. Corn porridge is the most commonly eaten by Zhuang people in mountainous areas. In some places, there is also the habit of eating pumpkin porridge, which is to cook the melon first and add corn flour to cook it. After the waxy corn is ground into flour, it can be made into waxy corn cake, or it can be kneaded into egg-sized dough (which can be filled with sugar, sesame seeds, peanuts and other fillings), then cooked with water and eaten in clear soup, which is equivalent to the Lantern Festival of the Han nationality, with good color, flavor and taste. Sweet food is another feature of Zhuang nationality's diet custom. Ciba, five-color rice, crystal steamed stuffed bun (a kind of steamed stuffed bun stuffed with diced fat and white sugar) all need sugar, and even corn porridge is often added with sugar. Daily vegetables include green vegetables, melon seedlings, melon leaves, Beijing cabbage (Chinese cabbage), Chinese cabbage, rape, mustard, lettuce, celery, spinach, kale, spinach, bitter gourd, even bean leaves, sweet potato leaves, pumpkin seedlings, pumpkin flowers and pea seedlings can also be vegetables. Boiling is the most common, as well as the habit of pickling vegetables, such as sauerkraut, sour bamboo shoots, salted radish, kohlrabi and so on. Add lard, salt and chopped green onion when cooking. Zhuang people love to eat any kind of animal meat, such as pork, beef, mutton, chickens, ducks and geese. In some areas, they also like to eat dog meat. Pork is also cooked in whole pieces, then cut into square pieces, and then put the seasoning back into the pot. Zhuang people are used to making fresh chicken, duck, fish and vegetables into 70-80% maturity, and then frying the vegetables in a hot pot before cooking, so as to keep the dishes delicious. Zhuang people also brew rice wine, sweet potato wine and cassava wine, which are not too high. Among them, yellow rice wine is the main drink for festivals and entertainments. Some yellow rice wines are called chicken gall and chicken offal wine, and chicken offal and pig liver wine. Drink the chicken offal wine and pork liver wine in one gulp, and chew the chicken offal and pork liver left in your mouth slowly, which can not only relieve the hangover, but also be eaten as a dish.

Festivals, Etiquette and Dietary Customs The most solemn festival of Zhuang people is the Spring Festival, followed by the Ghost Festival on July 15, the Mid-Autumn Festival in Tomb-Sweeping Day on March 3 and August 15, as well as the Dragon Boat Festival, the Double Ninth Festival, the New Year's Taste, the Winter Solstice, the Cow Soul and the Cooking Stove. It is celebrated almost every month. During the Spring Festival, preparations are usually started after the stove is delivered on the 23rd of the twelfth lunar month. Clean the house clearly, slaughter 27 pigs, pack 28 zongzi and make 29 bazan. On New Year's Eve, the most distinctive dish is the whole boiled rooster, which is a must for every family. Zhuang people believe that it is not Chinese New Year without chickens. On New Year's Day, you can drink glutinous rice wine and eat glutinous rice balls (a kind of dumpling without stuffing, with sugar in the water when cooking). After the second day of the lunar new year, you can visit relatives and friends and pay New Year greetings to each other. The food given to each other includes bazin, zongzi and rice candy, which lasted until the fifteenth Lantern Festival. In some places, the whole Spring Festival doesn't end until the 30th day of the first month. According to the past custom, March 3 is the day to sweep graves. At that time, every household will send people with colorful glutinous rice and eggs to the ancestral graves to sacrifice and sweep the graves, and the elders will preach their ancestral history and family rules and have a picnic together. And folk songs are also very lively. After 1940, this tradition gradually developed into an organized song competition, and the atmosphere became more grand and warm. Other festivals also have their own dietary customs, such as eating ducks in the Central Plains, eating zongzi on the Dragon Boat Festival and eating rice cakes on the Double Ninth Festival. Zongzi of Zhuang nationality is divided into Zongzi (wrapped in soaked glutinous rice) and cake Zongzi (soaked glutinous rice is ground into pulp, filtered into "cake" and then wrapped. "Cabbage", also known as "Bao Sheng Fan", is a popular holiday food in many Zhuang areas on March 3 and April 8 (Cattle Soul Festival). The method is fresh and unique, that is, a sip of rice is wrapped in the broad tender leaves of "lettuce" and chewed in the mouth. It has a unique taste.

Zhuang nationality is a hospitable nation. In the past, any guest in Zhuang village was regarded as a guest in the whole village. Often several families take turns to invite them to dinner, and sometimes five or six families have a meal. No matter how distant relatives and neighbors visit, they should greet them politely and receive them warmly. Usually, we have the habit of visiting each other. For example, if a family kills pigs, we will invite everyone in the village to have dinner together. Be sure to prepare wine for the guests at the table, which will be very grand. The custom of toasting is to have a drink. Actually, a white porcelain spoon is used instead of a cup. The two ladled a spoonful from their respective wine bowls, exchanged drinks with each other and looked at each other sincerely. Weddings, funerals, building houses, and children's full moons, one-year-olds and other weddings, weddings and funerals should all be held. Generally, there are 8 dishes or 10, such as braised pork, rice flour meat, boiled white meat, pork liver, boiled chicken, roast suckling pig, tofu balls, fried sauce (processed with oily tofu), bamboo shoots and raw fish. Men and women are divided into seats, but they are generally not ranked, and they can sit at the same table regardless of seniority. And according to the rules, even a nursing baby is counted as one sitting at the table. A dish is kept by parents, wrapped in clean broad leaves and taken home, which means no discrimination. Every time a dish is served, the host of a table will pick up the best dish and send it to the guest's dish, and then others can eat it. Most funeral banquets of Zhuang people are vegetarian dishes, and meat can only be eaten after the funeral.

In the past, Zhuang people believed in polytheism, worshiped nature and believed that everything was animistic. If there is a towering tree in the village, it is often regarded as the patron saint of the whole village and worshipped. Anyone who is seriously ill must burn incense and paper under the tree and pray for blessing. There is a cliff dragon cave behind the village, which is also considered as the holy land of apparition or the habitat of ghosts and gods. It is often used to burn incense and sacrifice ghosts to eliminate disasters. More is to sacrifice to the land god. Almost every village in Zhuang area has set up a land temple at the foot of the mountain not far from the village. Whenever you kill pigs on holidays or at ordinary times, you should take the whole boiled pig head with you. If it is a roast pig, they will carry the whole pig to worship. Sacrifice to the family god every festival, and offerings such as wine, meat and whole chicken can only be eaten after the sacrifice. The biggest festival in a year is the Mid-Autumn Festival on the 15th day of the seventh lunar month. During the Mid-Autumn Festival, every household will kill chickens and ducks, steam five-color glutinous rice and offer sacrifices to ancestors and ghosts in order to avoid disaster. Cattle Soul Festival is usually held on the second day after spring ploughing, and in some places it is held on the eighth day of the fourth lunar month. On this day, each family brought a basket of colorful glutinous rice and a bunch of fresh grass to the cowshed to sacrifice the soul of the cow, and then gave half of the grain and fresh grass to the cow. In the past, in the first first frost Festival, the Zhuang people in southwest Guangxi wanted to kill chickens and geese, make rice cakes and steam glutinous rice, and gathered in Yuyin Temple to offer sacrifices. According to legend, the first frost festival is a festival to commemorate the heroes who fought against foreign aggression, which has a history of more than 360 years.

There are many famous dishes and snacks in the typical food Zhuang nationality, including: ① horseshoe pole, a special food of Zhuang nationality in Wenshan, Yunnan Province, made of glutinous rice and shredded bacon, which is as strong as horseshoe; (2) Raw fish, which used to be eaten at Zhuang festivals or when entertaining guests; (3) roast suckling pig, a famous dish of Zhuang nationality, roasted with piglets; (4) Five-color glutinous rice, also known as flower glutinous rice and colorful glutinous rice, is steamed with high-quality glutinous rice and various plant pigments or food pigments. It is a traditional seasonal food of Zhuang nationality (Yao nationality) with a history of hundreds of years. On holidays, relatives and friends should give each other five-color glutinous rice to show their kindness and respect, and wish luck and happiness. The finished product has the effects of clearing away heat and toxic materials, strengthening the stomach and strengthening the body. ⑤ Ningming Zhuang Zong is a traditional food specially made by Zhuang people during the Spring Festival. It is a kind of big zongzi cake cooked with glutinous rice and pork. Zongzi cakes in Ningming, Guangxi are the most distinctive, hence the name. Zhuang people who live in Yuexiwei and Hurun, Xijing, Guangxi, also have the habit of eating this kind of big zongzi cake every Spring Festival, which is called "Feng Mo Fan" locally. According to legend, the habit of eating rice without wind began in the Northern Song Dynasty and was often made a few days before the Spring Festival. Well-made Ningmingzhuang Zongzi is used to worship ancestors on the first day of the Lunar New Year. The champion firewood is made of stewed ducks and leeks. ⑦ White-cut dog meat, a famous dish of Zhuang nationality in Guangxi, is cooked with dog meat and mixed with seasonings. When friends get together, sometimes they just rely on this dish to guess their fists and drink, so they are nicknamed "one-legged dish" (Zhuang people have the habit of eating dog meat); ⑧ Zhuang Jia crispy chicken is a traditional dish of Zhuang nationality in central Guangxi, which is made of chicken as the main raw material and fried. It is a regular dish of the Zhuang nationality on holidays, with a history of 100 years. Pet-name ruby stewed broken face dog is a traditional dish of Zhuang nationality in Yunnan, which is made by stewing broken face dog meat in a casserole. Broken face dog: also known as fence gray face, the whole body hair is composed of black and white, and the black and white lines on the head are prominent, so it is named broken face dog, which belongs to small and medium-sized beasts in the mountains. Attending "Dragon Pump", a traditional dish of Zhuang nationality in northwest Guangxi, is called "Pig Dragon Pump". A cold pot dish is made of pork liver and pork vermicelli, and it is smoked with pork dragon. When eating, each piece is sandwiched between three pieces and eaten together, hence the name. With a history of more than 300 years, it is a pressing dish for local festive banquets. In addition, there is tofu dish, which is a popular dish of Zhuang people in Hechi, Guangxi, and also a flavor dish of Mulao and Maonan people. I hope they can help you and adopt it.