Which provinces are included in "Huguang filling Sichuan"?

"Huguang Filling Sichuan" and Immigrant Culture

During the war in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, most areas in Sichuan were barren, the land was barren, and people's livelihood was depressed. As a result, a large number of immigrants either fled the desert or voluntarily entered Sichuan (doing business, traveling on official business, studying medicine, etc.) ), changed the population, economy, customs and people's feelings in Sichuan, and its influence was better than many large-scale immigration activities in history, which laid the origin and foundation of life in modern Sichuan, including Chengdu. It is precisely because of the large-scale family migration, even the family into Sichuan, so they are very attached to their families and roots, so the compilation of local chronicles is more than that of other dynasties. In addition, Sichuan has always attached great importance to the compilation of local chronicles. From the map of Ba County in the Eastern Han Dynasty, one of the earliest known local chronicles, to the earliest existing local chronicles in China and Huayang Guozhi in Changqu, all of which have had a profound and tremendous impact on the compilation of local chronicles in China. Huayang Guozhi in Changqu is also called "the ancestor of local chronicles" by Liang Qichao. According to Liu's Local Records of China, there are 8273 kinds of local records in China. According to the provinces where local chronicles belong, there are 672 species in Sichuan (others are 592 species in Zhejiang, 567 species in Hebei, 54 species in Shandong and 540 species in Jiangsu). The wind of compiling records in Sichuan is very strong, which may be related to Sichuanese homesickness and being far away from the central government. If the official purpose of local chronicles is to preserve local folk customs and political, economic and social structures, then in order to preserve their own voices, the people can achieve harmony, integrity, decency and filial piety among clans, that is, consolidate the expanded cohesion of the family, maintain family order, expand family activities and influence, safeguard the living principles of sub-patriarchal society, and let future generations remember the family's entrepreneurial and migratory activities and the inheritance created by ancestors for future generations.

After the early and middle Qing Dynasty, immigrants paid more attention to their origins and the achievements of their ancestors. After settling in Sichuan, some people immediately went back to their hometown to settle old scores, or people from the old clan sent them to ask them to revise them later. Among the 100 genealogies briefly recorded by scholar Huang, the earliest is Jubilee 13( 1808), and the latest is 36 years of the Republic of China (1947), including genealogies whose dates cannot be determined. Among the 100 books, there are many about Chengdu, but only 23 books are still under the jurisdiction of Chengdu. Among these 23 books, Longquanyi in Gujianzhou includes Longquanyi today, which belongs to Chengdu today, so it includes the genealogy of Longquanyi family in Jianzhou described at that time. In addition, 13 of the 23 books were originally moved to Chengdu because of "Huguang filling Sichuan" in the early Qing Dynasty, accounting for 56% of the 23 books, which shows the influence of Huguang filling Sichuan on Chengdu population. Here are a few examples to take a look. The genealogy of Wang family compiled by Jianyang 1835 (Daoguang 15) shows that he moved from Changsha to Longquanyi in Jianzhou, Chengdu in 1680. 1875 According to the Genealogy of Qiu Family in Dayi, Qiu moved from Fujian to Shu in Shunzhi years. 1888, Xindu's Wei's Genealogy records that nearly 100 ancestors were sent to Sichuan from Fujian during the Kangxi period, scattered in Chengdu, Mianyang, Leshan and other places, with Xindu as the most important; 1924, Huayang's "Liao Family Tree" said that he went to Huguang from Xingning County, Guangdong Province on 1726, and his son entered Sichuan in advance on 1724 (see Sichuan dialect and folklore for all the information). There were also many people from Fujian, Jiangxi and Guangdong who filled Sichuan after the war in the early Qing Dynasty. However, as the article "Tian Ji, Shaanxi Guild Hall" in the Continued Records of Deyang County in Guangxu Period said: "... when the court helped mainlanders to enter Sichuan for reclamation ... on this day, Chu came the most and chose the most, followed by Qin, Jiangyou and Guangdong and Fujian. So the population rate in the old city is mixed. " The investigation of Chengdu is another evidence of this argument. From then on, Sichuan accounted for 25%, Yunnan-Guizhou accounted for 15%, Jiangxi accounted for 15%, Shaanxi accounted for 10%, Anhui accounted for 5%, Shandong accounted for 5%, Guangdong accounted for 5% and Guangxi accounted for 5%. This shows that people from Hubei, Yunnan, Guizhou, Jiangxi and Shaanxi account for the majority of Sichuan's population.

People who are ordered to enter Sichuan don't talk about him, because they lack a lot of internal motivation and instinctive interest drive, so the personal quality of people who enter Sichuan is the most difficult to judge. And those who are cornered or whose hometown has reached the limit and are brave in taking risks are the objects we want to analyze. It can be said that the first generation who entered Shu started with enclosure, yeoman and tenancy. Most of them are brave, but they have not made much progress in reading, which shows that they are marginal people under the imperial examination system in feudal society. It was not until their second or third generation, or even later, that the embarrassing situation of their hard work and lack of food was changed. They have accumulated money and need to change their status. Although they may have some money, they are very humble. Therefore, it has become an inevitable project in an ordinary and stable society, and it also shows what honor "Huguang fills Sichuan" has brought to Sichuan, including Chengdu. Let's talk about the family background of Marshal Chen Yi, Zhu De and other famous figures (the information in these genealogies and local chronicles were collected from "Immigrants to Sichuan in the Early Qing Dynasty" edited by Sun, and will not be repeated elsewhere). Chen Yi's ancestors, Chen Yaoqin and his three brothers, came to Sichuan from Xinning County, Baoqing District, Hunan Province with the floating population. In the end, the eldest brother Chen Yaoqin decided to settle down in Lezhi, while the other two brothers went elsewhere to say goodbye. By the time he arrived in Chen Yishi, he had spread to the ninth generation. Zhu De's ancestors moved from Shaoguang, Guangdong to Guang 'an and Yingshan, Sichuan to do business with the tide of "Huguang filling Sichuan". Until Zhu Wenxian, the third generation of Sichuan, took his four sons to settle in Dawan, Ma 'anchang, Yilong County. By the time I arrived in Zhu De, I had reached the eighth generation. This shows that immigrants cannot bear fruit without the efforts of several generations.

Some modern writers in Sichuan, such as Li Ren, Yang Hansheng, Guo Moruo, Ai Wu, Ma Shitu, etc. , have experienced the arduous process of "Huguang filling Sichuan". Li Shuming, the eighth ancestor of Li, entered Shu from Huangpi County, Hubei Province in the early Qing Dynasty. Li Shuming's entry into Shu is quite special. Along the way, he did small businesses such as selling cloth and practicing medicine, and settled in Huayang County, Sichuan Province. Li Ren's third great-grandfather also taught and practiced medicine in a private school, and sold the ancestral "cinnabar protector" to Hubei, and Li Ren's father, Mr. and Mrs. Li, also made this pill. In fact, Li Ruchuan not only brought "vermilion protection", but also put his ancestral hometown dishes into his restaurant "Xiaoya"-cold mustard, wide vermicelli and so on. More importantly, Li, the son of the eighth generation, has made great contributions to Chengdu not only in his modern novel Huayang Guozhi, but also in his research on Chengdu, which is unparalleled among Sichuan writers, and can be easily felt only from his legacy "Historical Evolution of Chengdu" and "Talking about Chengdu City Wall" (Chengdu Cultural Relics 199 12). Ai Wu's distant ancestor lost his land, so he had to leave home with his wife and belt. So in the middle of Kangxi, he moved to Shuzhong, and on the plain at the junction of Xinfan and Pengxian in Chengdu, he took ditch as his home to farm. His ancestors entered Sichuan, and the rhyme is "I hope to inherit my ancestors and do my best for Kun." When I arrived, my father just used the word "Kun", so I sent someone to Macheng, Hubei Province to look for the surname of my ancestors, and brought back the first two poems used in the word "Dai", "Forgive the Tao and show courage and wisdom." According to a rough estimate, Ai Wu's ancestors have entered Sichuan about ten times. The ancestors of writers Yang Hansheng and Ma Shitu are different from those of all writers who entered Sichuan. His ancestors were forced by the government, but not voluntarily. He didn't want to move to Sichuan and settled in Gaoxian County, Luo Chang. Guo Moruo, a writer and scholar, moved to Shu from Ninghua County, Changting County, Fujian Province during the Qianlong period. His ancestor with the word "you" carried two sacks and immigrated to history as a farmer. The third generation is still doing long-term work, and the fourth generation suddenly prospers, but Guo Moruo belongs to the sixth generation. The writer's ancestor moved from Macheng, Hubei Province, to the Qushan sand dam, which is more than ten miles away from Shi Baozhai, Zhongxian County. Later, it was simply called Majiashan, majiawan. Han's father, a famous expert in geology and mineral resources in China, moved from Guangdong to Shuzhong during the great immigration of the Qing Dynasty. "A Guangdong businessman came to Shu to deal in flower plates and silk, and became a rich man" (Tao Yaosheng's patriotic and diligent-Mr. Zhou Yingtong, the father of Korea), and later settled in Pixian County. And famous Chinese medicine expert Tang Zonghai, whose ancestors entered Sichuan and Guanghan from Wugang, Hunan, and finally moved to Sanyi Township, Pengxian County. Observing the above cases, we can see that immigration is not easy. If we want to cultivate outstanding talents in our family, we must have six to ten generations, especially the eighth generation. According to the calculation of 20 years for each generation, it takes about 160 years for immigrant families to cultivate their outstanding talents. So far, immigrants have been completely treed. On the other hand, it also shows that the improvement of the quality and structure of the immigrant population has made its own contribution to optimizing the population quality of Sichuan people. Moreover, the development of Sichuan Opera today is also the result of the mutual infiltration and influence of immigrant cultures. The integration of Kunqu Opera and Sichuan local opera in Ming Dynasty, the formation of Shaanxi Opera and Pingju Opera, the introduction of Anhui Opera into Sichuan and the birth of Sichuan Huqin all laid the foundation for the formation of the basic pattern of Sichuan Opera, while the efforts of Wei Changsheng and other performing artists and the creation of love detectives by Zhao Xi and other literati all had a good influence on the development of Sichuan Opera.

Shaanxi occupied an extremely important position in the spring tide of filling Sichuan in the early Qing Dynasty. The reason is self-evident. Shaanxi and Sichuan have been connected since ancient times, and they are close neighbors, and often have business contacts and non-governmental exchanges. In the early Qing Dynasty, Shaanxi people occupied an area in Sichuan. The specific method is "Qin people follow the army to clear the way, cut down trees and mortar skin as the boundary, and set up tents among the rubble in the inner building". Since then, "those who make profits from far and near have followed suit" (Tongzhi rebuilt Chengdu county annals), Shaanxi people are famous for pawns, salt tea and cotton fabrics in Chengdu's commercial streets. For example, in the Qing Dynasty, 33 pawn shops (28 in Chengdu) were mostly run by Shaanxi businessmen. Yan's family in Shaanxi made huge profits by selling Sichuan salt, so Yan Yanfeng (he is a student of Zunjing Academy, a high-school student of Wang Renqiu, and a classmate of famous scholars such as Song, Liao Jiping and Zhang Senkai) and Yan Gusun invested a lot of money in fine school, printing and publishing the Weinan Yan's Xiaoyi Family Studies Series compiled by them. I collected several phonological works published by Mr. Yan, and Mr. Liu Shahe borrowed them to make a phonological formula table. There are more than 30,000 kinds of "series books" published by Yan family. Unfortunately, they were poorly preserved during the Cultural Revolution. When the military propaganda team entered the Wenshu Hospital, the military representatives used some versions stored there as firewood for cooking. I was bequeathed by Mr. Sheng Jiping, a book designer. I got a part of Ceng Zi published by the Yan family. In my spare time, I gently hold this piece of pear wood with my fingers, which is very intoxicating.

More importantly, the crop planting revolution brought by foreigners entering Sichuan has had an important impact on changing the pattern of crops and cash crops in Sichuan. In this regard, immigrants from Fujian and Guangdong have made great contributions to Sichuan. For example, sweet potato was brought to Sichuan by immigrants from Fujian and Guangdong during 1733. For example, Ganlong's "Shuangliu County Records" records that sweet potatoes were planted in Chengdu and Shuangliu. "People with open spaces, either selling or eating, are also the way to cure their lives." Only after twenty or thirty years, 1760 has planted sweet potatoes on a considerable scale in Sichuan, especially in northern Sichuan and Xichong, which is called "fruit jumping". In this way, coupled with the original rice cultivation, Sichuan people's food is gradually enriched, and cheap sweet potatoes can also be used to feed pigs, which is not without benefits for improving people's diet and nutritional structure. But by the way, the introduction of corn and sweet potato into Fujian and Zhejiang in China has indeed greatly utilized the dry land and ensured the food problem of farmers. However, this is a double-edged sword. Due to the over-exploitation of dry land, deforestation and land reclamation continue to occur, which gradually reduces the forest area. After the Qing dynasty, the state's destruction of forests became more and more serious. In addition to the sharp increase in population (decreased since Daoxian), the most important corn and sweet potato are widely planted. In the middle and late period of Chengdu, especially in the thirty years from the first year of Guangxu (1875) to the thirtieth year of Guangxu (1905), the growth of all daily necessities (including building materials) in Sichuan was below 3%, which is a reasonable indicator of price increase recognized by modern economists. The fuel price in Sichuan has increased by about 1 18% on average in the past 30 years, with an average annual increase of 3.93%, which exceeds the reasonable index of price increase (Lv Shiqiang's Life of Modern Sichuan Farmers). It is said that the deforestation and land reclamation caused by immigrants in the Ming Dynasty-which is not unrelated to the large-scale cultivation of sweet potatoes-and the increasingly serious matter of chopping wood and burning charcoal have caused the price of charcoal to rise. In the past, many businesses and people operated charcoal gangs and firewood gangs because of their large demand and rich profits. At the same time, a large number of logging caused the loss of Shui Mu, the increase of sediment, the elevation of riverbed and the decrease of water volume, which were the real reasons for the decline of shipping capacity of Minjiang River including Funan River in the late Qing Dynasty. The large-scale planting of dry land crops such as sweet potato seems to have nothing to do with the rising carbon price, low navigation capacity of inland rivers, serious soil erosion and frequent floods, but it has a very profound internal relationship.

Secondly, the introduction of sugarcane and wild silkworm has a far-reaching impact on Chengdu and even Sichuan. Sugarcane seeds were successfully planted in Fushun on 167 1. By the end of Qing Dynasty, Fushun had produced 0/50,000 tons of sugarcane and 0/00,000 tons of sucrose, and more than 500 sugar factories (see Fushun County Records for details). Neijiang is also about 167 1 year. Fujian businessman Zeng Da came to Neijiang to do business. Seeing that chrysanthemums bloom in September, he knows that the climate here is similar to that in Fujian. When he returned to China to celebrate his wedding, he brought sugarcane seeds, sugar-making tools and sugar-making workers. The cultivation of this cash crop has greatly promoted the agricultural production and commercial belt industry in the plain and shallow hills of western Sichuan. Because there were only spring silkworms, autumn silkworms and four-season silkworms in Sichuan at that time, and there were no wild silkworms. 174 1 year, dayi county magistrate and Shandong native Wang You introduced Shandong silkworms to Sichuan, brought tens of thousands of silkworms from Shandong, distributed them to the people and taught them to raise them. Mountain silkworm likes to eat oak leaves (also known as oak tree, common name is green bar tree), but there are oak trees in many areas of Sichuan. The silk produced by mountain silkworm is called tussah silk, and the tussah silk it weaves is a plain woven fabric made of tussah silk, which is shiny and suitable for summer clothes. In this way, it is not difficult for us to understand the reason why the number of silk gangs and oil rice gangs running silk business in the late Qing Dynasty is comparable to that in daily life, and it also laid the foundation for more ordinary people to afford silk clothing. Fujian and Guangdong immigrants have a business tradition or business vision, and have the spirit of being the first. For example, when people from other places don't like planting ramie, There are Many Ethnic Groups in Guangdong (Wenjiang County Records) has played a good demonstration role in expanding ramie planting and increasing economic income. In addition, although there is tobacco planting in Sichuan, the output is not high, the area is not large, and tobacco leaves and tobacco leaf processing are also relatively extensive. During the Yongzheng period, Fu's tobacco, which immigrated to Jintang from Longyan, Fujian, was widely planted. Therefore, Fu's tobacco is sold very high in Chengdu, with high profits, and it is also sold in all directions. Therefore, the people widely plant it, which adds an economic income to the people in Chengdu. It laid a good foundation for Chengdu's economic recovery as soon as possible.

A large number of immigrants entered Sichuan, so a large number of guild halls were set up all over Sichuan. After several years of immigration, they mushroomed everywhere. The provincial guildhall in Beijing has roughly the same function: it is the guild hall where officials and gentry live, and it is also the place where imperial examination scholars live, which is specially used for imperial examination study. The local guildhall is different from the provincial guildhall in Shi Jing, but the general guildhall is nothing more than assisting fellow villagers to take exams, promoting the industrial and commercial business of fellow villagers, and facilitating gatherings between fellow villagers. The guildhall in Sichuan Province is different, because it was built by immigrants. Lu Shiqiang, a Taiwanese historian, believes that there are three points worth noting about the guild halls in Sichuan: first, the participants in the guild halls are not only industrial and commercial bureaucrats, but even farmers are the basic congregation of the guild halls; Secondly, the establishment of guild halls is quite common, not only in Datong, but also in towns and villages. Finally, in addition to the functions of general clubs, Sichuan Guild Hall also involves some local administrative affairs, such as arbitrating right and wrong and mediating property disputes. Immigrants in modern Sichuan and their influence. This makes the guild hall in Sichuan realize the protection and binding force on the interests of the congregation in the sub-patriarchal society (both official interests and their own interests, and the congregation can solve problems through the small society in the big society). In the middle and late Qing Dynasty, there were a large number of paoze and public officials in Sichuan, which had a profound and great influence on the modern social structure and social changes in Sichuan, the outbreak of the road protection movement in the Republic of China and the opium flooding of warlords in Sichuan. For example, the universality of the congregation and the establishment of the guild hall made the contact of various interest groups relatively fast in the case of agricultural society, which was convenient for unified action and gathered in a short time to deal with all kinds of sudden changes, which had great enlightenment for Paoge to send a telegram to launch the incident later.

The clan rules formed by immigrants play an important role in maintaining the normal social order of a clan, but I personally think that the clan has greater and certain progressive significance to society, that is, the clan field in clan production, that is, beneficial fields. Because in ancient society, families and clans were valued, and it was not only the honor of individuals, but also the honor of the whole family. Moreover, this society can't, more precisely, it doesn't want to (of course, the rulers don't want to, and they want to be ignorant) implement compulsory education, that is, free education, and it is also an effective way to keep most people of the same race from dropping out of school. For example, from 1787 to 1950 160, the Fan family owned 3000 mu of ancestral temple (source: Sun's Immigrants Filled Sichuan before Qing Dynasty). The property of the Fan family has a strict management system. For example, the clan property belongs to Fan, and the ancestral hall is run by a respected person. After the children and grandchildren are born, they just need to send red rooster and Magpie to their ancestors. After the ancestral hall is named, they can become one of them and enjoy all the rights in the ancestral hall. Of course, there are penalties for violations. Fan's family has a sound organizational structure, with a respected patriarch and deputy prime minister, who are in charge of the income and expenditure of the sacrifice field (referring to the special expenses for sacrifice) and Yitianchang (as the special expenses for running schools, scholarships and relief funds) respectively. The term of office is three years and can be renewed. More importantly, there is an account supervisor who provides relief for the poor, the elderly, the sick, the disabled and the widowed in this temple. At the end of each year, there is also an academic supervisor who is responsible for the meals and miscellaneous schools of children in Fan Primary School. This fee is provided by the ancestral hall. Scholarship for junior high school students is 24 silver dollars. Senior high school students, 36 yuan 140 yuan, study in Beijing and Japan every year 140 yuan. Admitted to study in Europe and America and sent to 280 yuan. Every student who graduates with excellent results will post a golden red list in the ancestral hall to show encouragement. Before there was no compulsory education in clan ancestral halls, compulsory education was implemented in a certain sense (primary schools were free), but now compulsory education can no longer be implemented, because modern society has replaced the functions of ancestral halls, but it has not done a good job in real compulsory education. It is the fields of generations, that is, Yitian's investment in education, which has promoted the progress and development of the whole China society to a certain extent, and it is also the real reason why all localities can immediately abolish the imperial examination system and establish new schools. Therefore, after the implementation of the new academic system, it can be changed to Huayang Fan Shi Primary School immediately. The changes and progress in Chengdu since modern times are inextricably linked with these.