China's Classical Allusions

1. What are the differences between "quotation" and "allusions" in ancient Chinese, and their respective artistic expressions?

Broadly speaking, "expression skills" can include the following contents:

1. Rhetorical devices: metaphor, personification, contrast, duality, metonymy, exaggeration, pun, rhetorical question, repetition, irony, quotation, etc.

2. Allusions:

Allusions refer to the references to historical stories, myths and legends, and predecessors' quips in poetry. The former is called "allusions" and the latter is called "allusions". In fact, the function of allusions is similar to metaphor. Metaphor is to use immediate things as metaphors to express characteristics, while allusion is to use ancient things as metaphors to express meaning, and to express the present through ancient things. We need to find out what the poet wants to express first, and then find out what the allusions are, so that it is easier to see what the poet means.

2. In high school Chinese, the use of allusions has different functions, and it is very interesting to use allusions into poetry-the clever use of allusions into poetry in ancient poetry is a common expression method used by poets in past dynasties.

All poems cite historical facts about people, places, events and things in the past, or quoted words and beautiful sentences to express a poet's wishes or feelings and increase the image, meaning and elegance of words and expressions, or the connotation and depth of artistic conception, which are called "allusions". Allusions are also a rhetorical device in poetry, which can avoid being clear at a glance and leave room for readers to associate and think between the lines.

Indeed, clever and appropriate use of allusions can make poetry rich in meaning, concise, subtle, solemn and elegant, make expression more vivid, make poems more concise, make words near and far, subtle and euphemistic, thus improving the expressive force and appeal of works and reaching what ancient poets often say: touch the bottom! Next, I will mainly talk about four points. First, the main function of poetic allusions; Second, the main forms of allusions; Third, the method of using allusions; Fourth, we should pay attention to three issues when using allusions. First of all, let's specifically talk about the main functions of poetry allusions: First, to evaluate history and discuss the present with reference to the past.

Such as: Boqin Zhun (Du Mu) smoke cage is filled with water, moon cage sand, and night parking near Qinhuai restaurant. Strong women in business don't know the hate of national subjugation, but they still sing "Flowers bloom * * *" across the river.

The title of the poem "* * * Flower" is an allusion. The Flowers of Yushu written by Chen Houzhu in the Southern Dynasties was called "the voice of national subjugation" by later generations. Poets lived in the late Tang Dynasty, when the national fortune declined. These rulers did not pay attention to state affairs, but gathered in restaurants to enjoy decadent music. How can they not let the poet worry that history will repeat itself? Therefore, the poet here borrows the historical story of Chen Houzhu's national subjugation due to debauchery to satirize the wasted time of the rulers in the late Tang Dynasty.

Second, lyrical expression, showing the heart. For example, "When will Feng Tang be issued?" in Su Shi's "Hunting in Jiangchengzi Mizhou" There is an allusion in the book.

According to the biography of Han Feng Tang, Shang Wei served as the satrap in Yunzhong during the reign of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty, and made meritorious service to Xiongnu, but he was convicted and dismissed for reporting six more heads when he made meritorious service. Later, Wendi adopted Feng Tang's suggestion and sent Feng Tang and Jeff to the cloud to pardon Shang Wei.

Here, the poet is in Michigan, and his talent is not obtained, and his ambition is hard to pay. Shang Wei speaks for itself. I hope that one day, the imperial court can also send people like Feng Tang to express their lofty aspirations. Yong Yu Le Jingkou Gu Beiting missed the past forever, and the hero could not find Sun Zhongmou.

Dancing in the pavilion, singing on the platform, wind and rain always blow away romantic feelings. The setting sun shines on the grassland covered with grass and trees. People say that this was once the place where Emperor Wu of Song lived.

Looking back, how powerful he was when he led the Northern Expedition and recovered lost ground! However, Li Liu Yi Long, the son of Liu Wang Yilong, was a great success and made a swift northern expedition. Instead, he made the Northern Wei Emperor Wu Tuoba fly south and returned to the north bank of the Yangtze River, which was severely hit by his opponent.

I have been back to the south for forty-three years, and I still remember the war scenes in Yangzhou. Looking back, there is a crow club drum under the beaver temple! Who can ask: Lian Po is too old to eat? This word uses four allusions, which are set in the canon. Let's start with Lian Po's last allusion.

Lian Po is a famous Zhao. The prince of Zhao listens to slanders and doesn't trust him. After Qin attacked Zhao, the prince of Zhao wanted to use Lian Po to send someone to know his situation.

Lian Po devoted himself to serving his country, ate a bucket of rice and ten catties of meat in front of the emissary, and mounted his horse, indicating that he could go into battle. However, when the emissary was bribed, he lied that he was cheap, but the prince of Zhao thought he was cheap and old, so he didn't have to. The word is summarized as "Who asked, can Lian Po still eat when he is old?" In this way, I can express my grief and indignation that I want to serve my country but I am not asked or even slandered by a villain.

It can also be seen that poets often criticize rulers because they can't say it directly, but using allusions is the best way. Third, arouse association and innovate artistic conception.

For example, the broken array (Xin Qiji) was drunk and watched the sword, dreaming of blowing horns and camping. Eight hundred miles to divide the main fire, fifty strings to cross the Great Wall, and autumn soldiers on the battlefield.

Horses run like Ma Delu, bows and arrows fly like thunder. It is a good idea for the emperor to complete the great cause of recovering the lost land of the country and gain a good reputation from generation to generation.

It's in vain. There are two allusions in the poems "Eight Hundred Li" and "Delu": First, according to Shi Shuo Xin Yu, Kai and Wang Ji made a bet on the "eight hundred Li refutation" of cattle. After Ji Wang won, he killed the cow and roasted it. Later generations referred to it as 800 Li.

Second, it is said that the deer and horse that Liu Bei once rode jumped off the Tanxi River in the west of Xiangyang City and was out of danger. Using these two allusions to create a magnificent artistic conception, readers can't help but see the spectacular scene of rewarding soldiers before the war broke out and the fierce scene of iron-blooded soldiers flying over the enemy lines on the battlefield, which is very penetrating.

Fourth, it is concise and rich in connotation. Such as Liu Yuxi's "The First Meeting of Appreciating Lotte Yangzhou", "Homesickness is empty, playing the flute. I went to my hometown and felt like a rotten ke. " Here are two allusions to express my feelings of returning after being demoted for more than 20 years.

"Wendy Fu" implies dissatisfaction with the persecution of the old friend by the rulers at that time, and expresses deep nostalgia for the old friend. It is implied that he has been relegated by "rotten ke" for too long, and this time he came back as if it was a lifetime ago, and he felt completely different in personnel. This is no longer the past. Just fourteen words, expressing such complicated feelings. Isn't this the charm of allusion? At the same time, we can also see that the allusion also makes the poetry antithesis neat, harmonious in rhyme and rigorous in structure.

While increasing the connotation of poetry, it also increases the neatness of its appearance. Secondly, let's talk about the main forms of poetic allusions.

From the formal point of view, the common and common ones are mainly quoting historical stories and borrowing previous poems. Quoting historical stories is also called "using things".

That is, to condense allusions into poems, so as to express one's feelings or allude to current events. For example, Li Qingzhao's summer quatrains: Life is a hero, and death is a ghost.

Today, people still miss Xiang Yu because he refused to live and returned to the East. Li Qingzhao is the greatest poetess in the history of China literature.

Later generations spoke highly of her ci, saying that she "not only looked down on women, but overwhelmed men" (Ci Cong Hua). Relatively speaking, Li Qingzhao's poems are rarely handed down from generation to generation, but this poem sweeps away the graceful and lingering words, and its style is tragic and elegant, which is the most admirable! One or two sentences in the poem are impassioned and powerful, which has become a famous sentence through the ages.

Immediately use three or four sentences: At the end of Qin Dynasty, Xiang Yu and Liu Bang competed for the world. Han Xin, commander-in-chief of Liu Bang, ambushed on all sides, while deus ex and Xiang Yu retreated to Wujiang River.

Director of Wujiang Pavilion advised him to return to Jiangdong to rally and make a comeback. He will burn his bridges, just like when he plays with 800 people, but he can stick to it! But he was ashamed, saying that he was "ashamed to see his elders in Jiangdong", but he refused to cross the river, so he drew his sword and killed himself heroically.

3. What are the meanings of "allusions" and "intertextuality" in Chinese?

When combining words into sentences to express thoughts and feelings, sometimes words are not used directly, but the deeds or languages of the ancients recorded in ancient books are used to remind readers of these materials, so as to realize the thoughts and feelings that the author wants to express. This is the allusion.

Allusions are often used in ancient books, but they are no longer used in modern prose. But poetry is a special style.

In the old-style poems written by modern poets, this expression sometimes appears, because sometimes it is necessary to use allusions properly in the poems. The advantages of using allusions in this special style of poetry.

1, the language of poetry is the most refined, and the richest thoughts and feelings should be expressed with the least words. In ordinary words, saying less may not be able to express meaning; If you talk too much, you may be in trouble

Besides, the number of words in poetry is limited, so I can't say more. If you use allusions, you can use well-known materials to make readers associate with them, which can save language and extract them.

2. Poetry "can't be as straightforward as prose", it should be implicit and "inexhaustible." Good allusions can do this.

3. The language of poetry should be concrete, vivid and less abstract. Allusions are mostly the deeds of the ancients, often specific people or things, which can avoid abstract concepts.

Let's further talk about the benefits of allusion through some specific poems. It is advisable to chase after the poor bandits with the remaining courage, not to learn from the overlord.

(Chairman Mao's "Seven Laws: The People's Liberation Army Occupy Nanjing") The second sentence says: Never be satisfied with what you have achieved, stop before victory, talk about "friendship" with the enemy, let the dying enemy go and give him a chance to breathe, and one day make a comeback, so the revolution will fail. If you don't use allusions, it is difficult to say such a complicated content in seven words.

What's more, it is more difficult to rhyme, to fight, to train, to be specific and not abstract. However, Chairman Mao used the story of the overlord of Chu, which immediately reminded readers of the era of hegemony between Chu and Han. At the Hongmen banquet, Xiang Yu let Liu Bang go easily in the name of "benevolence and righteousness". Later, Liu Bang saved his strength and made a comeback, which made Xiang Yu ruined and hated for generations.

Compared with the present situation, we have to be completely convinced of Chairman Mao's views. In this way, only seven words are used, which is not only convincing in content, but also natural in language, balanced, antithetical and rhyming properly.

This is the effect of allusions. There are many examples of good use of allusions in ancient poetry. For example, the first sentence of Hu Shijiang's "The Moon on the Yangtze River" mentioned that "China sank into the earth and asked who was Fan and who was Korean."

Seeing that the Central Plains has fallen, there are no such figures as Fan Zhongyan and Han Qi. In those days, Fan Zhongyan and Han Qi once presided over Shaanxi border defense, but Xixia dared not harass them. At that time, the "Ballad on the Edge" said: "There was a Korean in the army, and the thieves in the western regions were scared to death; There is wind in the army, and the western thieves are frightened when they hear it. "

Look at the story of "Three Outstanding Qin Dynasty, Three Outstanding Han Family", and tell people that three outstanding heroes of early han dynasty in Shaanxi was recovered in history: Sean, Xiao He and Han Xin. "Look at the 120 mountains and rivers, which are Wan Li, the military gate, and the Sixth Division will not send them."

"Hundred Rivers" is also used as an allusion to the secretary of Emperor Gaozu. Guan Zhong described the situation in Guanzhong as dangerous. Two people could hold it, but they could defeat a hundred people. He also used allusions such as "Worship the General" and "Huaixian Pavilion" and the destruction of historical objects such as "Taiwan" and "Pavilion" to express his anger at the court's contempt and abuse of talents at that time.

Lu You's Resentment: "When Wan Li sought to seal a Hou, the horse guarded Liangzhou" and "Seeking a Hou" used the allusion of Ban Chao's meritorious service in a foreign country to write his ambition to serve the motherland and clean up the old rivers and mountains. The above talk about the positive significance of using allusions in poetry.

However, it must be pointed out that allusions should not be abused, but should be used appropriately. Generally speaking, there are two kinds of abuses: 1. You can use the author's own words, but you must use allusions, so that these allusions will not play a positive role, but make the poem obscure.

Readers only see the neatness and beauty of these allusions in antithesis and color, but can't understand the author's thoughts and feelings well through these allusions. In ancient times, some poets read a lot of ancient books, memorized the materials by heart, and easily abused allusions, so it was easy to write freely and effortlessly, which was often inevitable for some famous artists.

For example, Li Shangyin's poems are very popular with Chairman Mao and Mr. Lu Xun. Mr. Lu Xun said: "Jade gives birth to beautiful sentences with clear words. How dare you compare it?" .

But at the same time, he pointed out that he "used too many allusions, which made me dissatisfied." For example, the famous poem "Jinse": I wonder why my Jinse has fifty strings, each with a youthful interval.

Zhuangzi daydreaming, a saint, was bewitched by butterflies, and cuckoo crowed in the imperial spring. Mermaids shed pearl-like tears on the moon-green sea, and the blue fields breathed their jade to the sun.

A moment that should last forever has come and gone before I know it. It is not difficult to understand that the two couplets in the middle use allusions, but what are the facts and thoughts expressed through these allusions? There are different opinions in ancient and modern times

Some people say it's a love poem, some people say it's a eulogy, some people say it's a eulogy and so on. Some people admire this poem, while others think it is useless.

For example, Huang Ziyun said "Zhuang Meng", but he didn't know what it meant. The original meaning is not self-evident, ... I want to deceive future generations. "

These attacks can't be overemphasized, but there are too many allusions in the poem "Jinse", which makes readers irrelevant. This is the main reason for the disagreement. This is also a shortcoming of Li Shangyin's poems.

People nowadays should never learn such allusions when writing poems. 2. Idioms are uncommon and make readers not understand or misunderstand.

Some ancient poets have extensive knowledge of historical allusions. When he writes poems, he sometimes only considers the needs of rhythm and the beauty of words, but ignores the acceptance of readers.

For example, there are many allusions in Su Shi's poems, some of which are relatively uncommon, such as: the frozen jade building is cold and millet, just shaking the silver sea and dazzling flowers. Among them, the words "Lou Yu" and "Hai Yin" are neat and no exaggeration.

But what do these two words mean? If you don't annotate and turn to the dictionary, even if you have a wide range of knowledge and a certain degree of classical literature accomplishment, you may not understand it. It turns out that "Jade House" is shoulder bone and "Silver Sea" is eye. Because Taoist books and medical books, most people don't read these books.

Such allusions are difficult for readers to understand. This should not be done now.

Another example is Xin Qiji's ci, which is famous for worrying about the country and the people, enthusiasm, boldness and novelty, but making good use of allusions is his shortcoming. Especially sometimes, his words are not easy to understand.

4. There is a classical story in China that a short prime minister went to other countries, and the king said that your country contributed to the Chu State.

Original text:

Yan zi makes Chu. Chu people took Yan Zi as a short story and extended Yan Zi to a small door on the side of the gate. Yan Zi refused to go in and said, "Let the dog country go in through the dog door. I am an envoy of Chu, so I can't enter this door. " It's more polite to enter through the gate. When he met the king of Chu, the king of Chu said, "Is there no one here? Let children become ambassadors. " He said to him, "Qi's face is 300 meters long, his face is cloudy and he is sweating like rain, standing side by side. Why is there no one? " The king said, "But what is a special envoy?" Yan Zi said to him, "Everyone has his own master. A saint makes a virtuous master, and an unscrupulous master. Babies are the most greedy, so it is advisable to make Chu. "

Yan Zi will make Chu. Hearing this, the King of Chu said to the left and right, "Yan Ying, a poet of the State of Qi, is one of them. Today, I want to humiliate it. Why? " The left and right said, "For the sake of coming, please tie up a man and walk past the king. The king said, "Who is it?" Right:' Qi people are also.' The king said, "Why sit down?" Say, "Sit down and steal." "

Yan Zizhi, the king of Chu, gave Yanzi wine, which was filled with wine. Two officials tied a man to the king of Chu. The king said, "Who bound you?" He said, "Qi people are also thieves." The King of Qi looked at Yan Zi and said, "Are Qi people good at stealing?" Yan Zi avoided the table and said, "Babies smell it, but oranges are born in Huainan and oranges are born in Huaibei. Leaves are similar to disciples, but they taste different. What's that? Soil and water are different. Now people's livelihood is better than Qi's, but they stole it when they went to Chu. If he has soil and water without Chu, then the people are good and thieves. " Wang smiled and said, "saints are not interested in happiness, but I am interested in disease."

Translation:

Yan Zi went to the State of Chu. Knowing that Yanzi was short, the King of Chu opened a five-foot hole next to the gate and invited Yanzi in. Yan Zi refused to go in, saying, "People who were sent to the dog country went in through the dog hole. Send me to Chu today, and I can't go into this cave. " The person who greeted the guests entered the gate with Yan Zigai. Yan Zi visited the King of Chu. The king of Chu said, "Is there no one in Qi? I sent you as a special envoy. " Yan Zi replied: "There are more than 7,000 families in Linzi, the capital of Qi State. Spreading sleeves can cover the sun and sweat all over the world. People are close together, shoulder to shoulder, toes touching heels. How can you say that there is no one in Qi? " The king of Chu said, "In that case, why should you be sent as an envoy?" Yan Zi replied: "Qi sent messengers, and everyone has their own messengers. A wise monarch sends wise envoys, and an incompetent monarch sends incompetent envoys. I am the most incompetent person, so I have to go down to Chu. "

Yan Zi will be sent to the State of Chu. Hearing the news, the King of Chu said to the people around him, "Yan Ying is a man familiar with writing in Qi, and now he has come. I want to humiliate him. What can I do? " The people around him replied, "When he comes, please allow us to tie a man and walk in front of your king." . The king asked, "What is this man doing?" (We) replied:' It belongs to Qi. The king said, "What crime did he commit?" We said,' We have committed theft.' "

When Yan Zi arrived, the King of Chu rewarded Yan Zi with wine. When drinking happily, two officials tied a man to the king of Chu. The king of Chu asked, "What do the people who are tied up do?" (Attendant) replied: "(He) is a Qi native and committed theft." The king of Chu glanced at Yan Zi and said, "Are people in Qi good at stealing?" Yan Zi left his seat and replied, "I heard that there are oranges south of Huaihe River, which means oranges. When it grows north of Huaihe River, it becomes an orange, but the leaves are similar in shape and the fruits taste different. " What is the reason? The water and soil are different. Now people live in the state of Qi and don't steal. They only steal when they arrive in the state of Chu. Does the soil and water of Chu make ordinary people good at stealing? King Chu said with a smile, "A saint is not someone to joke with, but I am bored myself. "

5. Classical Chinese: The implication is that only state officials are allowed to set fire, and people are not allowed to light lamps. In the Northern Song Dynasty, there was a satrap named Tiandeng who was narrow-minded and overbearing. Because his name is "Deng", people in the state are not allowed to say anything with the same sound as "Deng". Speaking of his taboos, there are still some origins. ...

Putian Village, a village surrounded by mountains and waters, is thousands of miles away in Fiona Fang. Mountains, ponds, fields, fields, lush trees, clear water and fertile fields. Most of these places are owned by Tian Million, a rich man in the village. This old landlord-Tian Million, although well-off, has no son around him. So, he spent a lot of money to invite Feng Shui and experts to divine. At the age of 40, I finally had a son and regarded him as the apple of my eye. The fortune teller said, "When you have a son in your later years, you will be promoted and rich, and gold and silver will roll in." Therefore, he became an official for his son as soon as possible and named him "Tiandeng".

Tian Deng, born prematurely, has a big head, two small mouse eyes, raised head, blurred eyebrows, ugly eyes, short and fat. Since childhood, he has a stubborn personality and a rich family. He always bullies children, and children often make fun of him with "stools". He couldn't stand this anger, so he said to his father Tian Million, "They all make fun of me with stools. When I grow up to be an official, I must let everyone stop saying this word. "

After Tian Deng became an official, he ordered the people in the state not to say the word with the same sound as "Deng", but to use one word instead-rush in the garden is called happy grass, lampstands, lampshades and lanterns are called lighting, shading and road lighting, and the satrap must drive when he goes out to board the bus, even saying "climbing the peak" that touts the satrap. ...

Anyone who violates his taboo will be accused of "insulting the local governor" and even getting a board.

Heavy sentence.

One day, the prefect Tian Deng was sitting in the hall, and a servant was taken to court by the chief executive. The servant plopped down on his knees and cried out for mercy, "What a mistake! Lord satrap, I didn't do anything today! As soon as it was dawn, I turned off the light in front of the hall. I don't know what crime I have committed. I was kicked by the official and almost kicked off the stool. " Hearing this, the prefect Tian Deng was furious and ordered people to tie the servants with bouquets. He roared, "You dare to violate my taboo without knowing that you are guilty. If you pull it down, you will get 50 boards. " ...

From then on, no one in your family dared to call him "incognito" ...

The annual Lantern Festival is coming. According to the previous custom, the state will celebrate the lantern festival in three days, and the state government chief will post a notice to let the people come to watch the lantern festival on time.

This time, the little official who posted the notice was embarrassed. Using the word "light" will violate the taboo of the satrap, but the meaning of not using the word "light" is incomprehensible. The small official who wrote the notice thought for a long time and had a brainwave to change the word "light" to "fire". In this way, the notice was written as "the state set fire for three days according to law."

After the notice was posted, the people were very alarmed, especially some guests from other places. What's more, the two monks were puzzled. He really thought the government would set fire to the city for three days! Everyone packed their bags and scrambled to leave this troublesome place. The local people are already very dissatisfied with Tiandeng's usual rudeness. This time, after reading the notice posted by the government, they were even more angry.

As a result, the allusion of "only state officials can set fires, and people are not allowed to light lamps" has been passed down to this day. ...

Attachment: State officials set fire.

Lu you

Tian Deng is a county magistrate. He keeps his name secret. Anyone who touches him will be angry, and many officials and soldiers are condemned by the list. Therefore, this state is called "fire". In the Yuan Dynasty, people were allowed to visit our state. The official then announced the city's book list, saying that "the state government set fire to it for three days according to law."