Tujia folk custom

Miao costumes are diverse in style, unique in technology, with more than 30 styles/kloc-0, with obvious national characteristics. Its production techniques include embroidery, batik, weaving and inlaying. Especially the characteristics of Miao women's dress are more obvious. In addition to the application of these techniques, Miao costumes in different places have two common characteristics: they use pleated skirts and like to wear silver ornaments. Some women in Qiandongnan Prefecture wear silver ornaments weighing twenty or thirty pounds. He said that many Miao people come from the characteristics of their costumes. Such as red seedlings, black seedlings, flower seedlings, white seedlings, seedlings, long-horned seedlings, sea seedlings, diagonal comb seedlings, long-skirt seedlings, short-skirt seedlings and so on. Miao women used to wear skirts. Since the Qing Dynasty, Miao women in western Hunan, southwestern Hunan and eastern Guizhou have changed into trousers.

Miao women's headdresses include: hijab, hat, wig (mixed with wool or shedding wool), pointed hat, one-horned hat, snail lifting, crooked comb, dish hat and silver ornaments. Men's headdresses are roughly short hair in Baotou and long hair in a bun, which is the same as that of the local Han nationality in Otawa. In most areas, the staple food of Miao people is rice or corn, supplemented by wheat, sorghum, potatoes, soybeans and so on. At the same time, glutinous rice food is very popular among Miao people. Non-staple food mainly includes various vegetables, fruits, poultry, livestock and fish. Miao people generally like to eat hot and sour, and there are all kinds of sauerkraut and pickles at home.

Miao people like to drink, to relieve fatigue with wine, to show respect with wine, to worship their ancestors with wine, to entertain guests with wine, to express their feelings with wine, to celebrate with wine, and to dye the atmosphere with wine. They have rich and interesting toasting and drinking customs.

Tujia people have children.

There are many folk songs in Xiangxi, which are rich and colorful, profound and varied, including labor songs, life songs, current political songs, historical narrative songs, folk songs, love songs, funeral songs, birthday songs, cradle songs, religious sacrifice songs, songs of the upper beam, crying wedding songs and various folk tunes. Especially love songs are the most popular. The tunes of folk songs are very rich, and the singing methods vary from place to place. Sangzhi folk songs are relatively systematic and have been sung in Hunan, abroad and internationally. Folk songs are mostly improvised and the lyrics are fixed.

Announce good news

After giving birth to a child after marriage, the son-in-law gave good news to her parents-in-law. When the boy gave birth to a rooster and the girl gave birth to a hen and added some red eggs, she went to Zhang Yue's house and said, "Your daughter went to Manchu." As soon as the in-laws saw the chicken, they knew the sex of their grandson.

Save bamboo wine and dig the week.

The birth of Tujia nationality is called "adding people to import", and the first happy thing after adding people to import is to celebrate "Fuzhu rice wine". On this day, clan relatives and friends will send money to congratulate them, and in-laws will also send bamboo cradles, quilts, clothes, shoes and hats, brown sugar and eggs to their grandchildren. After the child is one month old, he will go to his grandmother's house to "give birth". When he comes back, his grandparents will send the money away. When children reach the age of one, they should celebrate again, which is called "Digging Week".

Give birth to a baby name

Locals think it's easy to raise nicknames for children, and Tujia even think that the lower the nickname, the better, such as "dog", "beggar" and "stone head". These birth names will no longer be used in formal occasions when they reach school age, but they have been used by peers and elders.

Hundreds of meals and clothes

People with superstitious ideas will ask fortune tellers to tell their children's fortune, and if there is a "curse" in their children's lives, they will also ask wizards to cross the boundary. For the sake of children's easy training, some children report that worshippers are sent as children; Some order a small piece of cloth and a small amount of rice from 100 households to make "hundred meals" and sew "hundred clothes" for their children; Some children wear "hundred locks" and the words "long life, wealth and easy repair" are engraved on the locks.

Night crying cream

In case the child cries at night, write "Emperor, Emperor; There is a piece of red paper in my house. I cry at night, and the passing gentleman looks at it and sleeps until dawn. Stick it on a tree or a bridge or a wall at the intersection. According to legend, children can stop crying at night.

Danbu

The witchcraft custom of using eggs as a tool to treat children and collect their souls. Children who are frightened, restless at night, have poor appetite and are depressed are considered to be at a loss, and they must ask the mage to burn eggs to save their souls. In practice, the blue cotton thread is wound around an egg for seven times, and then a spell is read on the egg. When eggs are buried in a fire and burned, they will burst quickly. Considering that the child was frightened for a short time and the place was not far away. After the eggs are burned, they can recover quickly. Eggs explode slowly, because children are frightened for a long time and a long distance, and they will get better gradually after burning eggs. Take the egg out quickly after it breaks, peel off the shell, and determine the cause and location of the child's shock to protein according to the shape of the broken egg. After editing, say a spell, draw a symbol on the child's forehead, give the boiled egg to the child, and then tie the cotton thread around the egg waist to the child's wrist (male left and female right), and the egg burning ceremony is over.

Tujia agriculture

In the mountainous area of Zhangjiajie, Hunan Province, which is "nine mountains, half water and half fields", the road is rugged, narrow and dangerous, and it is inconvenient to carry loads, so it is easy for people to pick baskets. When a girl gets married, she should make up a "laundry basket" as a dowry. The laundry basket is small and exquisite, with delicate silk, unique patterns and exquisite patterns, which is a symbol of the bride's exquisite skills and hard work; When a daughter gives birth to a child, her parents will give her a "children's basket" as a "toast" gift. The children's basket grows into a cylindrical shape with a small waist and big mouth, which is specially used to carry children; Chopping firewood and pulling pig grass uses a "firewood basket", which is thick and big and can be beaten; When picking corn and millet, we use a "back basket", which has a thin waist, a flared mouth and a square bottom, and is higher than the head, like an inverted gourd. Another kind of wooden basket, a few sticks, is made into a quick shelf for putting things and tied up with silk. It is a good tool for carrying logs and sending fat pigs. Some people hold their shoulders when resting, and support the bottom of the basket with a T-shaped stick. This stick is called a pestle, which is used to rest their shoulders. This thing is convenient and applicable, and it is still popular today, so there is a saying that "the basket never leaves the back and the pestle never leaves the basket".

Ten years of flood and drought

Grain and oil processing equipment. Gather the mountain springs together, open a ditch at the foot of the rock wall, or erect a raft, and the spring water will sprint along the ditch; A circular water drum is installed at the water inlet, which is separated into water sacs by wood blocks, and the water drum is started by the impulse of water; The middle shaft of the water drum drives a wooden gear, and the vertical shaft of the gear drives the "plow bow" on it. The longbow is parabolically tied to the stone wheel and flies around the stone ditch. "Guga ... Guga ..." is like singing an ancient folk song. Water mill can be used to grind rice and flour, as well as vegetables and tea seeds. Its style is different, the difference lies in the water drum, which is called "drum" vertically and "umbrella" vertically, and it is selected according to the water level conditions. Shaoshui Shanzhai uses dry grinding, two flat wheels in front and back, pulled by animal power and singing, which adds a long pastoral song to the Shanzhai from morning till night. Refined rice flour is more delicious than machine-made rice flour. The cottage without electricity still follows the custom of grinding stones.

Xilankapu

Xilankapu is a local dialect, Lance is a person's name, and Karp is the cloth she knitted.

According to legend, Xilan is the most beautiful and intelligent girl in Tujia mountain village. She has embroidered flowers all over the mountain, but she has never seen ginkgo flowers that bloom in the middle of the night and wither in the middle of the night. In order to embroider ginkgo flowers, she climbed the tall ginkgo tree alone in the middle of the night to talk to ginkgo flowers, only to be found by an ugly and bad sister-in-law My brother listened to her gossip and cut down the ginkgo tree with an axe.

Lance fell to her death, but her embroidery art was handed down by Tujia people.

Xilankapu used red, blue, black, white, yellow and purple silk threads as warp and weft, and knitted them by hand-later by mechanical punching. Mainly used as quilt cover, bedspread, curtain, tablecloth, chair cushion, bag, art wall hanging, kits and so on. Strong color contrast, simple and exaggerated patterns, combination of realism and abstraction, full of life breath. Its patterns are based on Tujia history, such as four.

Phoenix printing, soil king Wu Yin and so on; There are such life customs as the morning sun with two peaks, the sound of dragons and phoenixes, the pine nuts of Kirin, Xi Shou of Fulu, yue longmen of carp, Deng Ke of Wuzi, playing with ducks, matching wild deer with plums, and marrying mice. There are natural scenery as the theme, such as Zhangjiajie scenery, Tujia diaojiao building and so on. There are also animals and plants, such as monkey flowers, tiger flowers, cat footprints, dog teeth flowers, roses, chrysanthemums, moon red and so on.

Tujia brocade is unique in technology, beautiful in shape and rich in content. Experts say it is a mother art that can be as famous as Xiang embroidery. Tujia shanzhai regards flower picking and embroidery as a standard to measure whether a Tujia girl is ingenious or not.

Sign, please listen to this love song:

White handkerchief with four corners and four corners embroidered with geese;

The veil is rotten, and the geese are plucked, not talents but hands and feet.

Weeding, beating gongs and drums

[1] Every spring, summer and autumn, the mountains are busy days for Tonglin to dig for land, grass and tea. Invite dozens of friends, relatives and neighbors to form a group, one in the east and the other in the west. In order to adjust the fatigue and speed up the progress, two singers were invited to stand on the high mountain, one drumming and the other gong, with their fingers in their throats, and sing in the voice of the eighth grade holiday. Tujia people call it "cutting grass, gongs and drums"

There is a fixed procedure for mowing grass, beating gongs and drums in Zhangjiajie, Xiangxi: singing "graduation ceremony song" at dawn, also called "song head", and then singing "please God song". It is said that a long time ago, there was a farmer named Zhang in Tujia village who raised five sons. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the world was in chaos. Five sons were transferred to the army and all died in the battle. The emperor was moved by compassion and named his eldest son Tianmendi. The second is the land of hell, the third is the land of neighbors, the fourth is the land of bridges, and the fifth is the land of mountain gods. These land gods work honestly for the people. The singer sang to the mountain god:

You should protect the seedlings and the crops.

Walk the sidelines three times a day and nine times a day. ...

"Yangko" is a song sung at work after breakfast, and it is the main part of gongs and drums. There are fixed lyrics, such as "drumming back to the official", "love sister singer" and "single". And you can improvise and sing historical stories, ancient legends and folk anecdotes. Sometimes, when migrant workers are tired, they sing a few "cowhide songs" to tune their tastes:

Ask me to sing, sing a cowhide song;

Sing cock and duck eggs, sing bird's head and long horns;

Sing a river that flows backwards, and sing a stone head that rolls uphill;

Sing a song that mosquitoes yawn and sing a song that chaff shells are twisted into ropes. ...

Sing "Song of the Gods" at the end of the party;

See the sun at the foot of the mountain, beating gongs and drums to send the gods;

Some gods walk across cranes, and some gods ride lions;

Only the land has nowhere to go, and there is a place to live under the rock slab. ...

"Yongding County Records" records: "There are people who sing gold, beat drums and sing and entertain in the rice and grass planting room, which is also a legacy of Gutian songs." "Sangzhi County Records" also contains: "In summer, mowing grass, on the ridge of the field, two people work together, playing gongs and drums every day. This farmhouse is also used to save labor. "

Tujia people cry and marry

Tujia girls in Xiangxi stopped going out to work more than ten months before being told by their husbands to get married. First, a square table and ten bowls of tea were placed in the boudoir of the diaojiao building. Women from nine neighboring countries were invited to sit around in turn, and they began to cry for wedding songs. The bride is in the middle, called "banquet", the woman on the right is "banquet" and the woman on the left is "banquet". The bride began to talk, answer questions and take turns crying day and night. There are rules for crying: mother and daughter cry, aunts and nephews cry, sisters cry, uncles and nephews cry, aunts and nephews cry, and scold the matchmaker ... for three or five days, some cry for ten days and a half. The main contents include recalling the deep affection between mother and daughter, telling the pain of parting, thanking for the kindness of raising, asking brothers and sisters-in-law to take care of their elderly parents and teaching women to be human.

Weeping wedding songs are generally improvised, crying when you see your mother and crying when you see your aunt. There are different crying characters and fixed crying characters, such as "compared with the ancients", "crying in the same room", "ten paintings", "ten embroideries" and "December". Crying has melody and cadence, which is a very difficult art of combining singing and crying. The bride must ask the teacher to practice before (of course, it is confidential). Crying with modal particles such as "om", "man" and "alas" is sad and moving. Such as "Crying Sister":

Take a sip of well water and step on a rocky road;

Eighteen years in the same village, playing together and growing up together.

Sit on the bench every day and spend the night with the oil lamp;

Performance is the same as hemp basket, grinding is the same as grinding. ...

Another example is the crying grandfather (sound "ya") mother:

Mom, mom, I'm leaving. And help mom comb her hair.

I once remembered that the wild flowers on my temples were gorgeous. When did I get bitter gourd wrinkles on my forehead?

The cradle is still ringing in my ears, and my mother cooks her head for her daughter.

Swallows leave their nests, my food, alas, when can I come back? ……

Niang cry female:

Gong sedan chair urges the girl to go, and a lot of words are not enough;

The world leaps every three years. Why not ask Wugeng?

Hey, my son is gone, and it's hard for my mother to stay. You can start all over again in the future.

Filial piety, diligence and housekeeping, loving husband and wife.

The custom of Tujia women crying for marriage has a long history. Peng Tanqiu, a Tujia poet in the Qing Dynasty, recorded: "The song of ten sisters, loving kindness, parting after injury, full of sorrow and tears, is also a legacy of' bamboo branches'. "There is a crying wedding poem in ancient Zhi Zhu's ci:

It's a good season in Yao Tao, and I'm sad to say goodbye.

Crying mother crying sister-in-law, affectionate cotton wrapped in tears.

It seems incredible to celebrate a happy marriage by crying and sacrifice the dead relatives by singing and dancing, but it fully embodies the unique temperament and cultural consciousness of Tujia people.