What are the surnames of Tujia people in Shimen County, Changde, Hunan Province? Zhou, Yang, Qiu and Zhang, right?

I really think that in Shimen County, Hunan Province, Zhou Heyang is the surname of Tujia people, which is the most popular surname. Qiu Xing may be a Tujia surname.

Attached:

A textual research on the clan origin of Populus davidiana in Taiqing, Changde, Hunan Province

I am a descendant of Yang, and my ancestral home is Taiqingshan (township) in Lixian County, Changde. Last year in Tomb-Sweeping Day, we went back to our hometown to worship our ancestors and occasionally talked with our elders about the origin of local young people. I have questions about some references. Recently, I got some gains from collecting information on the Internet, so I tried to guess the origin of some young people in Taiqingshan (township), Lixian County, Changde City, Hunan Province.

First, during the Hongwu period, Jiangxi filled Huguang-the clan origin handed down by ancestors.

Many young people in Hunan claimed that their ancestors moved from Jiangxi to Hunan during the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty, and some even pointed out that they moved from Yangjiazhuang, Dong 'an Township, Jishui County, Ji 'an Prefecture, where Jiangxi lived. The statement that the modern ancestors of some young people in Taiqingshan (township), Lixian County, Changde City, Hunan Province passed on word of mouth is consistent with the above situation. The local young people moved from Jiangxi. Before moving to Taiqingshan (township) in Lixian County, Changde City, Hunan Province, there were only a few families there.

However, from the analysis of the following factors, I think that the origin of Yang surname in Taiqingshan (township) in Lixian County, Changde may not only come from Jiangxi, but its mainstream is Tujia Yang surname. 1, most of the immigrants who fill Huguang in Jiangxi choose to settle in the fertile and barren land of the two lakes plain, and few people go deep into the mountainous areas of northern Hunan; 2. Taiqingshan (township) in Lixian County, Changde is bordered by Tujia settlements; 3. The residents of Taiqingshan (township) in Lixian county, Changde use Southwest Mandarin, and their language and folk customs are similar to those of Tujia, but different from those of Jiangxi; 4. It takes a long time for the original Han nationality in Wuling Mountain to change to the native Yang, covering Taiqing Mountain (township) in Lixian County, Changde; 5. The blood type distribution characteristics are close to Jiangxi and Tujia. From the analysis of the above factors, I think that the origin of Yang surname in Taiqingshan (township) in Lixian County, Changde may not only come from Jiangxi, but the mainstream is Tujia Yang surname.

Second, the number of Jiangxi immigrants filling Huguang into northern Hunan is small.

The distribution of immigrants in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, mainly in Jiangxi, has gradually decreased from east to west. Among the families in northern Hunan, Jiangxi immigrants account for about 60%, 80% in the middle and only 4 1% in the west. Changde is located in the north of Hunan Province, so it is estimated that immigrants account for about 60%, and most of them choose to settle in the fertile and barren land of the two lakes plain. It is estimated that no more than 40% of the immigrants choose to settle in the mountainous area in the northwest of Changde.

Third, it is connected with Tujia settlements.

Tujia people live in the adjacent areas of Hunan, Hubei, Chongqing and Guizhou, centering on the eastern vein of Wuling and Qingjiang River basins, reaching Fanjingshan and Wujiang in Guizhou in the west, Yiling and Jianghan in the east, Wushan Yangtze River in the north and Zhiyuan in Li Lan in the south.

Taiqingshan (township) in Lixian County, Changde is located in the northeast of Wuling Mountain. If Taiqingshan (township) in Lixian County of Changde is connected with Xiangxi Tujia Autonomous Prefecture of Hunan Province and Enshi Tujia Autonomous Prefecture of Hubei Province, this triangle is the most densely populated area of Tujia in China. Taiqingshan (township) in Lixian County, Changde City is close to Wufeng Tujia Autonomous County, Changyang Tujia Autonomous County and many Tujia townships in Songzi City. Xiejiaping Tujia Township in Autonomous Banner borders Liangzi Township in Shimen County, Hunan Province and Taiping Town in Shimen County, Hunan Province (the Tujia population in Taiping Town exceeds 60%).

Fourthly, the language and folk customs retain a large number of Tujia relics, but there is no obvious Jiangxi relics.

1, the language is very different from Gan dialect.

The dialect in the north of Changde belongs to the northern language family and belongs to the southwest mandarin, which is completely different from Gan dialect.

Because most Tujia people have lived with Han people for a long time, they began to use Chinese and Chinese very early, and only a few remote settlements still retain Tujia language completely. The distribution area of Southwest Mandarin covers almost all Tujia inhabited areas.

2. The folk custom of Taiqingshan (township) in Lixian County, Changde retains the remains of Tujia nationality.

As can be seen from the precious photos kept by my father, in the 1960s, residents of Taiqingshan (township) in Lixian County, Changde still wore costumes with Tujia ethnic characteristics.

② The old houses in Taiqingshan (township) in Lixian County, Changde have fire pits (called fire pits in some areas), which have the characteristics of Tujia fire pits. The fire in Tujia fireplace will not go out in four seasons. In winter, the pond is surrounded for heating, and a tripod is usually used for cooking. The fire in Taiqing Mountain (township) in Lixian County, Changde will last at least half a year in late autumn, winter and early spring. In my mind, I still have my childhood memories of my father taking me back to my hometown to visit relatives and boiling water around the pond to keep warm in winter. To this day, residents of Taiqingshan (township) in Lixian County, Changde are still cooking with fire pits.

(3) During the Republic of China, the funeral of Tujia people was presided over by Taoist priests. After the 3rd, 5th and 7th days, Taoist priests made different levels of Dojo according to the master's family background, including the names of Little Ten Kings, Big Ten Kings, One Night Sutang, One Vertical Mast, Two Vertical Masts and Seven Vertical Masts. In general, the Dojo carries out specific operation procedures such as getting off the willow bed, clearing the way, recommending the dead, offering sacrifices, cooking, scattering flowers, speaking lights, burning coffins, speaking spirits and sweeping the hall. Up to now, the funeral of Taiqingshan (township) in Changde County is still presided over by Taoist priests, and the ceremony is complicated.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) Yang's Inheritance in Wuling Mountain Area

1, "Seven-character Yang" (also known as Zhengtongguang Changsheng Xiu) is the largest Yang tribe in China.

Yang's surname changed from Han nationality to Tujia nationality, which is one of the eight surnames of local Tujia nationality today. Yang Eighty-two: Yang Zaisi, chief of Feishan Man in Tang and Five Dynasties, was called "Feishan Taigong" and was born in Jingzhou, Hunan. Born on June 6th in the 10th year of Tang Xiantong (869), he died on October 26th in the 4th year of Xiande (957). At the age of 88, he was buried in Changlinggang, Liping County, Guizhou Province. The generation of pro-poplars is the common ancestor of the "seven-character poplars" in the world, and their descendants are all over the world. It is the largest Yang lineage tribe in China today and the ancestor of Jingzhou Yang. Ten children, political prosperity, political road, political repair, political contract, political money, political million, political rock, political power, political Qin (frugal).

Eighty-third place: Yang, the second son of Sigong, Zhen Huer, was awarded a doctor of martial arts. It is the ancestor of Tujia Yang in eastern Guizhou, western Hunan and southern Chongqing. Give birth to four sons, spread the sound, spread the prestige, spread the prosperity and spread the temperature.

On the shrine of Tujia nationality surnamed Yang, the origin of the family is marked: "Four knowledge was inherited from Kansai, and seven characters were passed on to the North of Song Dynasty", and the words are arranged as "emphasizing Guangchang Shengxiu". He is a descendant of Yang Zaixing, the ancestor of Yang Zaixing is the famous Yang Ye, and then the family of Yang, the founding emperor of Sui Dynasty. The generation of Tujia Populus and the genealogy of Populus, Daizhou, Huayin and Shenmu are arranged in turn.

2. "Seven Words Yang" Yang Ancestor Historical Records

Because the deeds of Yang Zaisi are not recorded in the Book of the New and Old Tang Dynasty and the History of the New and Old Five Dynasties, people have more arguments about the historical facts and ethnic groups of Yang Zaisi, the ancestor of the "seven-character Yang". Yang Zaisi's deeds are recorded in the History of Song Dynasty, and there are indeed Yang Zai's heirs in history. "Zi Tong Zhi Jian" records: "Yang Zaixing (suspected to be Yang Zaisi's fault), a descendant of Cheng Lei, attached Chu to the ground." The "Top Ten Dongtou" originated from the Song Dynasty? Cheng Hui Chuan: "Cheng Hui, Tangxi Dongzhou. In the early Song Dynasty, Yang lived among them, ranking first among the ten caves. He used his surname to take charge of Zhou Dong. " . Regarding Yang Zaisi's ethnic group, some people say that he belongs to the Han nationality, while others say that he belongs to the Dong nationality. These statements do not affect the fact that Yang is integrated into the Tujia people in Hunan, Sichuan and Guizhou.

Our ancestors came to Xiushan in order to "catch up with Miao's pioneering work" 1984 When the ethnic composition was restored, Yang Xiushan was entirely Tujia. According to local chronicles, Chunyou was twelve years old (1252). Today, Pingcha, Yimei and Shiye caves in Sichuan are in conflict, and Yang Tongsheng (the grandson of Yang Zai's heir IX) has his own land after the imperial edict ordered him to settle down.

Up to now, it has been distributed in more than 70 counties (cities) in 7 provinces and cities such as Hunan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Hubei, Guangxi and Henan 1 1 area. The surname Yang belongs to the descendant of the ancestor Yang Zaisi. Taiqing Mountain (township) in Lixian County, Changde is located at the northeast edge of Wuling Mountain, and the descendants of Yang Zaisi are all over Taiqing Mountain (township). Based on this, it is inferred that Taiqingshan (township) in Lixian County, Changde has a descendant of Yang surname or Yang Zaisi.

2. Yang's class ranking in Taiqingshan (township) is related to Tujia nationality.

From the perspective of national integration. Before Yang moved to Xiushan, there lived some ethnic minorities, mainly Tujia ancestors. The south and north sides of Yangjia are the long-term ruling areas of Tian Tusi and Ran Tusi respectively. After Yang entered this area, the court ordered the Ranshi Toast to control the four Yang Chang lawsuits, and the Tian Toast to control the Yang Chang lawsuits and the Ti Xi lawsuits. Therefore, Yang's rule in this area is dominated by the surnames Ran and Tian of Tujia nationality, and many Tujia subjects are under his rule. As a Dong nationality, Yang Can has to conform to the times and the customs. Over the years, the Dong people have naturally integrated into Tujia people. This is not only the trend of historical development, but also the universal law of ethnic relations.

My father said that there are three Yang surnames in Taiqingshan (township). Our class is: "If one stop goes well, it will always be too busy. You will have beautiful scenery, and you will admire the court. China's article is great, and Fulu was born. " Among them, Shun, Zheng, Hua, Guo, Wen and Zhang are all related to the Tujia class.

4. Yang Yao is still a resident of the northern mountainous area of Changde.

People surnamed Yang rarely mentioned Yang Yao, the leader of the peasant uprising who was active in Changde in the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty, and this uprising leader was most likely related to Yang who lived in Taiqingshan (township) in Lixian County, Changde. The insurgents put forward the program of "equal dignity and equal wealth", which pushed the peasant uprising to a new peak. For hundreds of years, Yang Yao has been falsely accused of being a traitor and bandit collaborating with the Northern Qi Dynasty. Actually, it is not. After reading the following historical records in brackets, you should know that Yang Mo is a hero with national integrity and ambition, and Yang should be proud of it. (Li Chengming ordered the debater to say Yang Yao, and together they fell down slightly. Yang Yao scolded: "I am stubborn because I started from the building. I want to clean up the defects inside and annihilate the ugliness outside." This heart is bitter, as everyone knows. Li cheng despised fu, bent his knees and delayed, and sincerely steamed the people. I have been gnashing my teeth for a long time! Come back quickly, don't pollute my blade. " In the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty, the Yangmao people who fought in Dongting Lake, Lishui, Yuanjiang and Zishui basins were likely to move to the mountainous areas in northern Hunan in order to avoid disasters in the future wars.

Six, Tujia blood type.

The blood group distribution characteristics in Hunan are very close to those in Jiangxi, which confirms the historical fact that Jiangxi moved to Hunan in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. On the other hand, we should pay attention to a detail. The proportion of type A blood in Hunan is about 2% higher than that in Jiangxi. I think one of the reasons for this difference may be from Tujia nationality. According to some data, Tujia nationality, an important minority in Hunan, has type A blood: 37%.

7. Taiqingshan (township) surname in Lixian County, Changde is more common among Tujia people.

The surnames of Taiqingshan (township) are Yang, Zhang, Chen, Tian and Li, which are the common surnames of Han nationality and Tujia nationality.

Eight, Changde Li County Taiqingshan (township) Yang's ancestors, there are quite a few people, although the war, but never left their homeland.

Fleeing the war is the main reason why people leave their homes. The worst war in China's modern history was the Japanese invasion of China, which caused more than 35 million casualties in China. My father and mother's hometown experienced this war disaster.

The Battle of Changde, which took place at 1943,1to 12, was one of the large-scale battles in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period and one of the most important victories since the Anti-Japanese War, and played a certain role in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and even the Second World War. The battle of Changde was one of the most tragic wars in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, and the battle between Chinese and Japanese troops for Changde lasted until 1945. Most ordinary people escape from the war by fleeing. According to my father's memory, the Japanese invasion of China also spread to Taiqing Mountain (township) in Li Changde County. At that time, Taiqing Mountain (township) in Li Changde County was densely forested, and wolves and even tigers often appeared. Japanese soldiers are coming to sweep. As long as the locals leave the village and flee into the mountains, Japanese soldiers dare not enter easily. According to the memory of my father who was a soldier, Japanese soldiers caught their own pigs and slaughtered them on the spot. After eating, the two villagers thought that the Japanese soldiers had retreated and went down the mountain to eat the pigs. As a result, they were found by two Japanese soldiers behind the temple and killed two villagers by some fires. After the Japanese army retreated, the residents of Taiqingshan (township) in Lixian County, Changde returned to their villages. It is impossible for the Japanese army, which is alone, super-capable and dehumanized, to wipe out all the residents of Taiqingshan (township) in Lixian County, Changde. In the era of cold weapons, Emperor Hongwu's army could not exterminate the residents of Taiqingshan (township) in Lixian County, Changde, Shan Ye, and did not commit a crisis.

My mother's hometown has also experienced the war disaster of Japanese invasion of China, and my grandfather has been to Burma to fight. Although my grandmother led her family to flee from Taishan in Guangdong to Shaoguan and then moved to Guangzhou after the war, many residents of Taishan in Guangdong have been experiencing the war disaster in Taishan and never left.

From this, it can be inferred that a considerable number of indigenous people surnamed Yang who have lived in Taiqingshan (township) in Lixian County, Changde have never left their hometown, and they have grown up together with immigrants.

IX. Impact of Soil Reclamation

There are many genealogies of Populus in Taiqingshan Township, Lixian County, Changde, and there are more than three different genealogies in a village. A considerable part of the genealogy of Yang Ci in Taiqingshan (township) in Lixian County, Changde can be traced back to more than 300 years in the heyday of the Qing Dynasty. During the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty, the land conversion system was widely implemented throughout the country. In the ninth year of Yongzheng, the toast system was basically abolished. Returning home may have promoted the sinicization of Tujia Yang people and accelerated the improvement of their Chinese cultural level. As a result, the Tujia Yang literati group grew up and began to write their own genealogy.

Ten, county Taiqingshan (township) Yang origin conjecture.

The above information shows that the ethnic origin of Taiqingshan (township) poplar in Lixian County, Changde is likely to mainly come from Tujia poplar whose ancestors are Han nationality. According to the above situation, I try to speculate that the ethnic origin of Yang in Taiqingshan (township) in Lixian County, Changde is as follows:

1, Jiangxi fills Huguang

During the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty, there were probably not many immigrants who moved from Jiangxi to Taiqingshan (township) in Lixian County, Changde, and it was impossible for Jiangxi to fill the lake and Guangzhou to be the single source of Yang surname in this area, or even the mainstream.

2. Tujia Yang aborigines

Taiqingshan (township) in Lixian County, Changde is the settlement of Tujia nationality, and the Yang surname of Tujia nationality is estimated to be the main clan of Yang surname in this area.

3. Yang's clan migration in the lake area.

In order to avoid the disaster of war, a considerable number of Yang clans in Taiqingshan (township) lake area of Lixian County, Changde moved to the mountainous area and merged with the local Tujia Yang surname and Jiangxi Huguang Yang surname. Most residents in Taiqingshan Lake District of Li Changde County use Southwest Mandarin. They may have moved from the Lake District to Taiqingshan (township) in Li Changde County to avoid the war disasters of past dynasties (including the war disasters in Hongwu period).

I think that the origin of Yang in Taiqingshan (township) in Lixian County, Changde comes from the Tujia indigenous people with the local surname Yang, and the surname Yang in the northern lake area of Changde moved to Jiangxi. The integration of these Yang families constitutes the main body of modern Yang families in this area.

XI。 Some conjectures about Yang's birth misjudgment in Taiqingshan (township) in Lixian County, Changde.

Moving from Jiangxi is not the only source of Taiqing Populus davidiana in Lixian County, Changde. It is speculated that the misunderstanding of Yang clan in Taiqingshan (township) in Lixian County, Changde originated from Ji 'an, Jiangxi Province as follows:

1. The Yang clan who moved into the mountainous area from the northern lake area of Changde may be concentrated in Taiqingshan (township) in Changde Li County during the period of filling in the Huguang River in Jiangxi Province. Due to the historical support of Jiangxi's filling in Huguang, this part of immigrants who moved from the Beihu District of Changde may be misunderstood by later generations as immigrants who moved from Jiangxi to Huguang at the same time.

2. There were many prime ministers in Ji 'an, Jiangxi Province in the Ming Dynasty (including Yang Shiqi and Yang Tinghe). During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, people were probably proud of their ancestral home in Ji 'an, Jiangxi (the hometown of the Prime Minister). It is not excluded that some immigrants surnamed Yang (including Tujia Yang, who has integrated into the Han nationality and claimed to be Han Chinese) infer that their origin is Ji 'an, Jiangxi.

Since my son, three generations of our family have left their ancestral homes, and our nostalgia and blood relationship are inevitably being diluted. In terms of physical distance, we are too young from our ancestral home and have gradually drifted away. People can't forget the past, and forgetting the past is tantamount to betrayal, so I try my best to pick up the history of my ancestors, although some may be wrong. In order to save some memories that are about to be erased (although memories will eventually disappear), I wrote this article for the record only.

I am a junior surnamed Yang who has left home, and I really know very little about the origin of my family. Although I am trying to trace back to the source, find out the origin of my family, try my best to collect objective information on the internet and write this article with my heart, I lack in-depth investigation and research, and my knowledge level is quite limited. There may be many fallacies and wild speculations in this article, and I am qualified to throw a brick to attract jade. Please refute and correct me.

The following references are from online sources:

There are 40 1 surnames in Shimen county. With Tujia as the main surname, there are tens of thousands of people with eight surnames, such as Tan, Chen, Wang, Tang, Xiang, Huang, Wu and Zheng, and more than a thousand people with five surnames, Wen, Deng, Ding, Zeng, Sheng, Wan, Xia, Xing and Liu 10. In addition, there are 12666 Tujia people with the same surname, 124 18 Tujia people with Zhang surname, 3 132 Tujia people with Tian surname and 1589 Tujia people with Peng surname.

Genealogy is one of the results and manifestations of paying attention to family lineage in feudal society. Genealogy was originally a record of clan blood system, but in later generations, no matter everyone or small clan, most of them were compiled. Therefore, genealogy is an important part of traditional family culture in China. The content of genealogy is to record the family lineage, from ancestors to the world, record generations, and clarify the relationship between people. In genealogy, the paternal relatives of a clan have all the names of the population in a period of time. On the date of birth and death, all people with the same surname are arranged according to seniority, regardless of seniority, and only prominent figures are introduced in detail. Each genealogy has historical data on the origin, branch reproduction and generational migration of surnames, which is of great historical value.

I have doubts about the description of the above two surnames with Tujia as the main body. I found that there are as many as 465,438+0 candidates in the "College Entrance Examination in Changde, Hunan Province on April 38, 2065", which can form a class, and there are many surnames of Zhou and Yang. It can be speculated that there are many Tujia people in Shimen County, Hunan Province, and there should be nearly 10,000 people, but it may be because.

To sum up, I really think that in Shimen County, Hunan Province, Zhou and Yang are Tujia surnames, which are big surnames. Qiu Xing may be a Tujia surname.