Thank you. Lijiang and Dali are really beautiful. I wonder what is the ancient language of Naxi and Baijia surnames? Can you give me an example?

Hehe, I don't know their language very well. I found it for you. Please forgive me.

Naxi nationality: The dialect differences of Naxi language are Naxi language, Na language, Na Japanese, Nahan language and Na Ruo language. These statements are slightly different in pronunciation, but the basic surname is "na"; Western, constant, rare and Japanese all mean "human". 1954, the central ethnic affairs commission sent a Yunnan ethnic identification investigation team to determine the Naxi nationality as a unified national name according to the principle of naming. Naxi language is generally classified as Yi branch of Tibeto-Burman language family of Sino-Tibetan language family (controversial; Some scholars believe that Naxi language is between Qiang language branch and Yi language branch. Naxi language is divided into two dialects: western dialect and eastern dialect. There are about 260,000 people using western dialects, accounting for 87% of the total population. The basic word order of Naxi language: subject-object-predicate (s-o-v). Generally speaking, Naxi people have two traditional scripts: Dongba and Goba. Dongba (Naxi hieroglyphics): It is a hieroglyphic with ideographic and phonetic components, and its writing form is more primitive than that of Oracle Bone Inscriptions. It is considered to be the only remaining hieroglyph in the world. This is a syllabic writing.

Bai language is the national common language of Bai people, which is mainly used in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan Province, and also used in other Bai inhabited areas in the province, with a relatively concentrated distribution area.

Bai language is one of the most controversial languages in Sino-Tibetan language family. Due to the complicated relationship between the language structure of Bai language and Chinese, Tibeto-Burman language, academic circles have not yet reached a consensus on the attribution of Bai language. The main viewpoints are Tibetan-Burmese language family theory, Han-Bai language family theory, Chinese dialect theory and mixed language theory. Among them, the theory of Tibetan-Burmese language family is the mainstream opinion in the field of ethnolinguistics. Regarding the position of Bai language in the Tibeto-Burman language family, Fu Maoji, Zhao and others believe that Bai language belongs to the Yi branch of Tibeto-Burman language family. Matisov, Dai, Yang, etc. It is argued that the white language has its own branch, namely the white language branch. Some scholars have listed Bai as an "undetermined" language in the Tibeto-Burman language family.

Bai language is the national common language of Bai people, which is mainly used in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan Province, and also used in other Bai inhabited areas in the province, with a relatively concentrated distribution area.

Bai language is one of the most controversial languages in Sino-Tibetan language family. Due to the complicated relationship between the language structure of Bai language and Chinese, Tibeto-Burman language, academic circles have not yet reached a consensus on the attribution of Bai language. The main viewpoints are Tibetan-Burmese language family theory, Han-Bai language family theory, Chinese dialect theory and mixed language theory. Among them, the theory of Tibetan-Burmese language family is the mainstream opinion in the field of ethnolinguistics. Regarding the position of Bai language in the Tibeto-Burman language family, Fu Maoji, Zhao and others believe that Bai language belongs to the Yi branch of Tibeto-Burman language family. Matisov, Dai, Yang, etc. It is argued that the white language has its own branch, namely the white language branch. Some scholars have listed Bai as an "undetermined" language in the Tibeto-Burman language family.

Bai language, like other languages in Sino-Tibetan language family, is also a monosyllabic root language, and its morphological changes are not complicated. Word order and function words are important means to express grammatical meaning. Because of the close and complicated relationship between Bai language and Chinese and Tibeto-Burman language family, Bai language has many similarities with Tibeto-Burman language family in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar, and also has many characteristics that are the same or similar to Chinese.

The phonetic features of Bai dialect are as follows: in terms of consonants, all three dialects have five groups of consonants: lip, lip, tooth, tip of tongue, surface of tongue and root of tongue, while Nujiang dialect has two groups of consonants: behind the tip of tongue and uvula. There is a clear-voiced opposition between the stop and fricative in Nujiang dialect, while the clear-voiced opposition in the other two dialects has disappeared. The affricates in 3 1 and 33 tones still retain voiced sounds, but there is no difference in meaning. In terms of vowels, the number of vowels in each dialect is small, and vowels are generally divided into two categories, which are the same as Yi branch. The nasal vowels in Dali dialect have completely fallen off, leaving only simple oral vowels. Jianchuan and Nujiang dialects have nasal vowels corresponding to oral vowels. Dali and Nujiang dialects have vowels. Tones, with six to eight tones, are closely related to initials and can be divided into two categories according to the tightness of vowels. There is an obvious correspondence between the tone of Chinese loanwords and the tone of white language.

Lexically, there are many monosyllabic words and few disyllabic words. Many words (including a large number of basic words) are closely related to Chinese, which should be borrowed from Chinese in different historical periods, and most of them should be directly input in the form of sound and meaning borrowing. Early Chinese loanwords can be traced back to the origin of ancient Chinese, and have entered the basic vocabulary of Bai language, which can be used as morphemes to form new words. In the past century, especially since the founding of New China, Bai language has borrowed a large number of new words and terms from Chinese. Therefore, Chinese loanwords account for a very large proportion in the vernacular vocabulary, which is an important feature of vernacular vocabulary. There are three kinds of word formation: additive, overlapping and compound.

Grammatically, there is little difference among dialects of Bai language. Word order and function words are important means to express grammatical meaning. The word order is mainly SVO, which is similar to Chinese, but it still retains the OV word order of ancient white language. Adverbs, auxiliary verbs and will verbs are mostly located after the central verb. Quantifiers are very developed. General nouns have quantifiers, and some quantifiers have the characteristics of noun affixes. Quantifiers are located after nouns. Structural auxiliary words and mood auxiliary words are widely used. The negation and affirmation of verbs and auxiliary verbs, and the changes of personal pronouns and cases are all expressed through phonetic inflections. It can be seen that the grammar of white language is deeply influenced by Chinese, but it also maintains some characteristics of ancient white language.

Among the three dialects of Bai dialect, Jianchuan dialect and Dali dialect are relatively close, and they can generally talk to each other except for some differences in vocabulary and pronunciation. Bijiang dialect is very different from the other two dialects (especially Dali dialect), so it is difficult to communicate. Generally speaking, the Bai people think Nujiang dialect is the oldest, and it is less influenced by other languages (mainly Chinese), followed by Jianchuan dialect, and Dali dialect is the most influenced by Chinese. This understanding is generally in line with the actual situation of the historical development of Bai language.

Regional distribution and population of languages and dialects

Dali (southern) dialects include Dali dialect and Xiangyun dialect, which are distributed in Dali, Eryuan, Binchuan, Yunlong, Yangbi, Yongping, Yunxian, Fengqing, Xiangyun, Midu, Weishan, Baoshan, Nanhua, Kunming, Yuanjiang and other counties and cities, with Dali sound as the representative. Jianchuan (Central) Dialects, including Jianchuan Dialect and Heqing Dialect, are distributed in Jianchuan, Heqing, Lanping, Lijiang, Yunlong, Eryuan, Yangbi, Yongsheng and ninglang county, with Jianchuan pronunciation as the representative. Nujiang (Northern) Dialect, formerly known as Bijiang Dialect, is divided into Lushui (formerly Bijiang) and Lanping Dialect, which is popular in Lushui, Fugong, Gongshan and Lanping in Nujiang Prefecture and Weixi, Shangri-La (formerly Zhongdian), Yunlong and Eryuan in Diqing Prefecture, with Lushui pronunciation as the representative.

The population of Bai nationality in China is 6.5438+0.85 million (in 2000), mainly living in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture. Most of the Bai people in the state use white as their mother tongue. The population of Dali dialect is about 600,000, Jianchuan dialect is about 500,000, and Nujiang dialect is about 654.38+ 10,000. Together with the Bai-speaking population in other Bai-inhabited areas in the province (including the Dali Hui population whose main communication language is Bai), the Bai-speaking population is about 6.5438+0.3 million (according to relevant statistical data and survey data, the estimated population is inaccurate).

Written and written language

Bai people have two national languages, namely, the old white language and the new white language. The old vernacular Chinese was developed on the basis of Chinese characters, while the new vernacular Chinese was created by phonography after the founding of New China.

Laobaishu, also known as "Bai Shu" and "Bo Shu" in history, was created in the middle and late Nanzhao (9- 10 century) and is a typical Chinese character family. In order to distinguish it from the pinyin vernacular created after the founding of the People's Republic of China, it is also called "dialect vernacular" or "Chinese vernacular". Its writing symbol system mainly consists of two parts: ① Borrowing Chinese characters. Record the white language with ready-made Chinese characters, including phonetic reading, training reading, borrowing all sounds and meanings, borrowing words and so on. 2 self-made new words. Including the following types: variant Chinese characters (composed of Chinese strokes), Chinese ellipsis (composed of Chinese ellipsis), imitation Chinese characters (based on the theory of Chinese word-making, composed of Chinese characters and their radicals, in which pictophonetic characters and phonological compounds are the most) and addition Chinese characters (composed of Chinese characters and meaningless radicals). Therefore, the ancient vernacular Chinese was produced on the basis of Chinese characters, and it was a complex symbol system composed of various word-making methods.

After the formation of the vernacular Chinese, the vernacular Chinese has not developed into a common language of the whole nation because the two ethnic regimes in Nanzhao and Dali use Chinese as the official language and have not standardized and popularized it. However, it is still widely used among the people, and the literature includes all kinds of inscriptions, historical works and literary works. The Ming Dynasty implemented the policy of cultural autocracy, and a large number of articles written in vernacular Chinese were burned, which greatly reduced the social function of vernacular Chinese. However, among the Bai people, Bai folk artists still maintain strong vitality. Bai folk artists mostly use ancient Bai people to record songs and lyrics, and a folk artist often has thirty or forty or fifty or sixty Bai songs and lyrics. Religious scribes also write various scriptures and eulogies in white. Bai Wen's contribution is considerable and has a deep mass base.

Bai people's scripts created after the founding of the People's Republic of China are generally called New Vernacular or Phonetic Vernacular, which is a kind of phonography based on Latin alphabet, and its alphabetical order, name, writing method and pronunciation are almost the same as those of Chinese phonetic alphabet. 1958 formulated the "white text scheme" (draft), but it was not implemented. The program has been revised twice in 1982 and 1993, and has been tested and popularized in Jianchuan and Dali dialect areas, which has achieved certain results in bilingual teaching and literacy.