What were the achievements of the literary revolution in the late Qing Dynasty?

1, Novel Revolution. The literary innovation movement in the late Qing Dynasty is a comprehensive literary innovation movement, including "revolution in poetry", "revolution in literature" and "revolution in novels". In terms of time, the "novel revolution" is not the first time, but in terms of the biggest impact, it is the most prominent one. The slogan of "Revolution in Fiction" was put forward by Liang Qichao in the article "On the Relationship between Fiction and Group Governance" published in 1902. Its main point is that "group governance" (moral cultivation of social people) is closely related to novels. The reason why China's collective governance is so corrupt is related to old novels. Today, if we want to "new" morality, religion, politics, customs, and even study art, human heart and personality, we must "new" novels. -Although the novel is innovated as a tool for ideological enlightenment, its purpose is to strengthen the social and political functions of the novel and "improve group governance", but this conclusion is based on his breakthrough in the traditional novel view, that is, the novel should be upgraded from the traditional "path" and "last branch" to "the best literature". Novel is a literary form that rises with the rise of the citizen class. It was once called a "citizen epic" in human history. The rise of the citizen class depends on the development of industrial civilization. Just as western novels have become a major literary style since18th century, China's modern transformation from agricultural civilization to industrial civilization also calls for the historical adjustment of this literary structure. The literary innovation in the late Qing Dynasty realized this historical change. One is the rise of coastal/modern city (Shanghai), and the other is the change of literary production mode caused by modern media. Therefore, * * * promoted the prosperity of novels. After Liang Qichao first founded the novel publication "New Novel" in Yokohama in 1902, many specialized novel publications such as Xiu Xiang novels, moon novels, short story forests, novel worlds, Chinese and foreign short story forests sprang up like mushrooms after rain, and Xu Zhenya founded the Novel Quarterly in 19 18. According to the statistics of the New Catalogue of Novels in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China compiled by Japanese scholar Akio Sakamoto, there were 7,466 novels and 2,545 translated novels in modern times (1840~ 19 19), totaling 100 1 species. The main creative year is 20 years from 1898 to19 (1898 to19). There are 7388 kinds of novels created and 2525 kinds of novels translated, and the novels published in these 20 years account for 99% of all modern novels. At the same time, the first batch of professional writers in the history of China literature, such as Lin Shu, Wu, etc., made a living by compiling novels, which led to the situation that "the classics and history are not as prosperous as stereotyped writing, and stereotyped writing has no choice but to write novels" (Kang Youwei's poems). Wu even lamented: "I feel that Yin Bingzi's statement about the relationship between novels and group governance is advocating the improvement of novels. In a few years, almost all the newly translated novels in China are sweating, and they are written at sunrise and rest at sunset. " These "new novels" express a profound rebellion against traditional literature with a desperate spirit of negation and criticism, and shake the eternal gentle and sincere artistic norms of China literature and the happy ending of punishing evil and promoting good, such as Li Boyuan's "Officialdom in the Present"; Or learn from western novel art to promote the transformation of traditional art, such as Wu's twenty years of strange land and other novels. The future of a new China and other political novels expand the space of public criticism and the foundation of civil society through the tendency of "asking questions" and "researching". -It was the prosperity of novels that realized the modern transformation of the overall macro-structure of China literature.

2. "Poetry Revolution". The slogan of "Poetry Revolution" was formally put forward by Liang Qichao in 1899 in Travel Notes of Hawaii. He thinks that China's classical poetry has been "occupied by parrot celebrities for thousands of years" by the end of 19, and "poetry is in danger of extinction", so it is necessary to carry out a "poetry revolution". He also believes that to innovate poetry, "we have to seek from Europe. The artistic conception and sentences in Europe are very complicated and varied, which can last forever and cover everything, thus putting forward the topic of learning western poetry. However, as an innovative practice of poetry, it started long before this. According to Liang Qichao's Poetry in the Ice Room, in the second year of the Reform Movement of 1898 (1897), He, Tan Sitong and Xia Cengyou tried to "learn new poetry". For example, Tan Sitong's poem "Listening to Fa in Jinling" says that "France and Germany will flourish in Bahrain", in which "Kasd" is a transliteration of English caste, which refers to India's caste hierarchy, and "Bahrain" is a transliteration of the British Parliament. Although they also expressed their pursuit of trendy ideas to emancipate the poetic style, these "unsolvable" religious classics were patched together irregularly, which made them fall into a wrong path quickly, and it was difficult to develop them except Liang Qichao's "Two or Three Sons of Our Party".

Huang Zunxian, on the other hand, is also practicing poetry innovation, but he has taken a different path. As early as 1868, Huang Zunxian wrote in the poem "Miscellaneous Feelings": "Popular Confucianism respects the ancient, and paper studies. There is nothing in the six classics, and I dare not enter poetry. The ancients abandoned the dross and saw it flow; The crime of stealing and doing a lot of things for nothing. ..... I handwritten my mouth, how can I be detained? " On the one hand, it sharply criticized the tendency of the literary world to restore the ancients, respect the ancients and consolidate the ancients; On the other hand, it clearly expresses the new poetic direction of innovating poetry, expressing oneself and reflecting reality. In addition, his long-term overseas missionary activities broadened his horizons and mind, which enabled him to create a "new school poem" praised by Liang Qichao as "old style and new artistic conception" around 1890. For example, the four poems of "Farewell Today" group take the traditional theme of missing women, praise new things such as trains, ships, telegrams, photos, time difference between the eastern and western hemispheres, and integrate new things and new ideas into their unique impressions and feelings. Even the old-school poets called it "a masterpiece of a thousand years" (Chen), so it was recommended by Liang Qichao as the banner of the poetic revolution in Hawaii Travel Notes.

The second is.

Send peace words in the morning and lovesickness words in the evening. Shu Chi Xun is very fast, and the clouds are sent by you. It's neither your handwriting nor your memory.

Although it's a flower name, who knows how to clip the tail? Ordinary and sat down to talk, didn't pay attention to things. The situation has been translated three or four times. How can you be satisfied?

Only Ban Ban Mo seems to shed tears. Two rows of trees in front of the door, far apart. There is also silk in the middle and silk at both ends.

How do you deliver books intermittently? How many books will there be every day? Being apart from each other makes my face thin.

Security is like lightning, flashing to your side?

However, as a new poetry movement with a wide influence, Liang Qichao began to set up two columns, "Poetry Tide Collection" and "Poetry and Poetry Annotation" in Xinmin Cong Bao and Qingyi Bao respectively in 1902. Not only has the number of authors increased (there are more than 100 people), it has surpassed the traditional way of carving poems and singing, and directly used more convenient and extensive modern media, but also it has the following new characteristics in poetry art: First, western new words and sentences have gradually integrated into the overall context of Chinese, avoiding the disadvantages of "learning new poems". For example, Jiang Ziyou's "Lu Sao" was once said that "the world is killing, and France is a Lu Sao. The people's agreement advocates new meaning, and regal sweeps away the old arrogance. Force fills equal roads, and blood fills free seedlings. On the day of writing, the wave of global revolution. " Second, more free and popular prose and ballads are used, and even the tendency of prose and ballads appears. For example, Jiang Zhiyou's Ballad of Ending the South, Tu Fei's Top Ten Inspirational Songs, and Liang Qichao's The Nation Is Enemy.

3. "Literary Revolution". The slogan of "literary revolution" also originated from Liang Qichao's Travel Notes in Hawaii. After introducing an article by Tokutomi Soh, he said, "If there is a literary revolution in China, we must start from it". One of the objects of Liang Qichao's literary revolution was the ancient Tongcheng school, which was dominant in the literary world at that time. In Liang Qichao's view, this kind of ancient prose is "text-based, distorted by tradition and without reference;" As far as learning is concerned, it is not beneficial to society to award prizes in vain. Therefore, in order to meet the social needs of the rise of industrial civilization, we must get rid of this "superstition" and introduce "western literary thinking" into the text to create a new realm of prose.

In fact, Liang Qichao, as the leader of the trend of the times, not only put forward the slogan and proposition of "literary revolution", but also started this practice as early as 1896 when editing "Current Affairs" to publicize western learning and reform and reform ideas. These articles use a new term, "Wen is not in the law, so it is easy to say it", which is very inspiring and infectious and is called "current affairs style" For example, the die-hards say, "Since Liang Qichao, Xu Qin and Jia presided over Current Affairs and New Knowledge, the slang words in western languages have been in sharp contrast with those in Chi Na, Si Nian, heat, pressure and resistance, while the style of writing in southeast provinces has become increasingly sophisticated ...". /kloc-after the coup in 0/898, Liang Qichao went into exile in Japan, founded newspapers such as Qingyi Daily and Xinmin Congbao, and launched the "Xinmin" movement, which further developed this "new style" and quickly swept the country and became a fashion. He once introduced this style in the Academic Introduction of Qing Dynasty, saying, "... Qi doesn't like the ancient prose of Tongcheng School. He was a writer in his childhood and studied in the late Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties. Since liberation, the service is easy to understand, slang, rhyme and foreign grammar are sometimes mixed, and the vertical brushwork is out of control, so scholars have made achievements and called it' new style'. Older people hate it and despise it as a wild fox. However, his writing style is clear and his brushwork is often emotional, which has a magical effect on readers. " Liang Qichao's "new style" political essay, though not literature, broke the shackles of traditional ancient prose, injected the spirit of ideological emancipation and the author's inner enthusiasm, and created a new style of writing. As Zheng Zhenduo said, this "new style" overthrew the so-called dead ancient prose in Tongcheng and the Six Dynasties, and allowed ordinary teenagers to write and speak freely, no longer bound by the dead prose style and style; It can be said that he was the forerunner of the stylistic reform in previous years (referring to the May 4th vernacular movement).