How do illusions and mistakes in scientific research come about?

Every step forward in science, ghosts and gods will take a step back. Things like ghosts and gods can only live in areas that have not been explored by science, just as cockroaches dare not live in the sun. With the development of science, the space for ghosts and gods to curl up will become smaller and smaller. -This field has a long history, mainly involving ethnic customs and religions. Due to the different religious policies of different countries, there are also differences in research, revelation and criticism. Generally speaking, it is developing in the direction of openness, contention and seeking common ground while reserving differences. The subjects involved are philosophy, religion, politics, psychology, social science and related research methods. 2. Human body function: It is believed that some people have special abilities beyond ordinary people and have the ability to perceive the supernatural and metamaterial world, which causes others to worship. This aspect includes: special functions, that is, the function transfer of sensory and perceptual organs (ear literacy, skin literacy, ventriloquism, eyes opening, etc.). ); Remote sensing, such as remote sensing and regulation of people or things thousands of miles away (so-called predicting the success or failure of satellite launch, using qigong field to extinguish forest fires in Daxing' anling, etc.). ); Psychics, that is, some people have the ability to communicate with gods. They can report the needs of the world to the gods, get their blessings, or convey their wishes and ask people what to do to eliminate disasters and ward off evil spirits. Typical manifestations of this are witchcraft and witch doctors. 3. Mystery of nature: that is, some objective existence, statements or phenomena in nature that cannot be explained by science and evidence. This aspect includes mysterious buildings at 30 degrees north latitude, Nice Monster, Shennongjia Savage, Tianchi Monster, Bigfoot Monster, Crystal Skull, and some major species extinction and regional disasters. It is mainly believed that there is a creature beyond human intelligence in the universe, which can control and influence the activities of the earth, or has taken care of the earth and left some buildings or features, which is still difficult for human beings to crack at present. 4. "Interaction between man and nature": This kind of interaction is different from China's ancient concept of interaction between man and nature. China's ancient concept of the connection between man and nature is a simple philosophical concept. Although it is also superstitious, it is an advanced concept and progressive in the social background at that time. Even today, it still has reference significance in some aspects; The telepathy between man and nature here refers to linking human destiny with some phenomena in the universe and the sky, thinking that human destiny is controlled by these phenomena, or we can predict and grasp human destiny through these phenomena in the sky. Now western astrology, constellations, etc. Belong to this category. With the deepening of China's reform and opening-up, these superstitious things have also invaded, spread widely and had a far-reaching impact. 5. Feng Shui theory or witchcraft: This kind of technology is usually based on experience, which links the rise and fall of human society and personal honor and disgrace with some simple phenomena, and predicts and judges the quality of things through these simple phenomena; Such as fortune telling, geomantic omen, horoscope reading, fortune telling, character reading, gossip and so on. Because these technologies are based on experience rather than factual evidence, we can call them unscientific technologies. However, this unscientific technology is not completely unreasonable. It has its own "theoretical system", and sometimes it can get many things right. Besides, it has a long history, so many people believe it. Since ancient times, people have made a living from this, which has a far-reaching influence among the people. 2. Overview of fashion trends and research From an international perspective, the treatment of abnormal phenomena in the East and the West is combined with local customs and culture, which is superstition. Whether it is a country with rich historical and cultural accumulation or a country close to modern civilization, it is deeply rooted in grass-roots culture and manifested at all levels, but different levels have different dependence on this superstition. Judging from the fashion trend and manifestations, this abnormal phenomenon and its accompanying culture obviously have the characteristics of "demand-oriented", that is, flowing to areas with strong demand. Moreover, this "demand-oriented" and "profit-seeking motivation" are compatible, so it is easy to realize the combination of supply and demand. Go to a place where people are concentrated, the market demand is large, there are many unknown factors, and the competition for survival is fierce. This form of expression is widely popular in foreign politics, media and film and television; In China, communicators and believers are mainly vulnerable groups, and geographically, they are "three hospitals and two districts", namely, universities, hospitals, courts, development zones and tourist areas (see the perspective of modern superstition). Recently, this trend has the characteristics of shifting from the urban-rural fringe or the areas where migrant workers are concentrated, and its personnel scale has a transformation law that is unified with the rural production season. This shows that in the traditional mode, the people who spread and believe are mainly rural people, but with the transfer of rural activists-main laborers, most of them go to cities to work, and the superstitious market also shifts. However, in modern modes of communication such as internet and media communication, the target and audience are mainly urban residents, and it is more noteworthy that the audience is younger and more knowledgeable. Younger age refers to the participation of primary and secondary school students and college students. They are highly educated, have mastered the use of modern communication means, and can spread and use them secretly. High-level knowledge means that this group is generally white-collar workers, state cadres and administrators. They are more convenient and curious to approach and use modern media. Therefore, they are not only easy to accept and believe the spread of abnormal phenomena, but also easy to become accomplices or direct communicators if they do not distinguish right from wrong. From the research point of view, western scholars, represented by the United States, tend to reasonably doubt these abnormal phenomena with scientific methods, concepts and spirits, and conduct scientific investigations and studies on the basis of doubts. This kind of research is impartial and rational. At the same time, it is necessary to spread the true results of the investigation to the public, expose the illusions and scams of various purposes, educate the public with execution, and avoid losses. With the deepening of research, this kind of investigation and exposure work more and more involves the spiritual and emotional aspects of human beings, such as faith and religion. However, this kind of rational investigation and research involving the spiritual field is difficult to convince the public if it is still limited to some traditional scientific methods; In this way, the research on institutions is no longer limited to the speculative field of philosophy, nor to the traditional field of statistics and logical analysis, but is increasingly extended to some disciplines and methods that span natural science and social science, such as psychology, psychopsychology and parapsychology. And use the knowledge, principles and methods of these disciplines to reveal some vague understandings in the field of people's beliefs. Guide the public to treat some unknown and supernatural phenomena correctly, so as to avoid being deceived or falling into the quagmire of superstition. In China, the * * * production party is an atheist. They don't believe in superstition, and most of them adopt a tolerant and open attitude towards some abnormal phenomena, allowing them to exist and explore, but less arguing. Moreover, because the state and the ruling party insist on atheism, most of them adopt a critical and resistant attitude and practice to these phenomena. In theory or research, most of them use a single dialectics to analyze and criticize. Therefore, there are problems of single theory and simple method in research and exposure, which have affected the popularization and dissemination of scientific spirit and rational thought to a certain extent, and have not fundamentally solved the doubts of the public due to lack of persuasion. But historically, China has thousands of years of traditional culture and rich experience in dealing with superstitions and abnormal phenomena, while the West is the birthplace of modern science and technology, so it is advantageous to treat these abnormal phenomena with scientific rationality and scientific thinking. Therefore, it is of great theoretical and practical significance for the East and the West to learn from each other through academic exchanges, promote the spread of scientific ideas and scientific rationality, and reveal the mysterious and unknown phenomena existing in today's world.