The sixth episode "Taking History as a Mirror, Seeking Honesty" is a review of laws and regulations.

brief Introduction of the content

The use of legal means to punish corruption has run through the history of China's feudal society for more than 2,000 years and witnessed the rise and fall of the feudal dynasty. In the history of China, there are scientific and standardized anti-corruption legislation, effective anti-corruption laws and regulations, and many typical figures and examples. In the history of China, the laws and regulations for punishing corruption in successive dynasties have been constantly improved. From Qin and Han dynasties to Ming and Qing dynasties, the punishment of corruption by law became more and more severe; More and more strict and systematic laws have also become a powerful weapon to punish corruption. This is the precious wealth that the ancients left us to study and learn from historical experience.

"Moment of Law" starts with punishing corruption and bribery and other related legal systems in the order of historical dynasties, vividly combs the main contents of the legal system construction of clean government in ancient China, and digs out the experiences and lessons.

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Subtitle: Eight cultural documentaries? Take history as a mirror and ask for honesty.

Commentary: Since the Northern Song Dynasty, people have seen this name in every yamen. Jieshifang? The archway is engraved with 16 Chinese characters inscribed by Huang Tingjian, a calligrapher of the Northern Song Dynasty. It is easy for the people to abuse, but it is difficult for God to bully them. . The word 16 is "Shi Jieming". After the Northern Song Dynasty destroyed the post-Shu, Song Taizong and Zhao Guangyi ordered the word 16 to be awarded to all counties and counties, and carved stones in front of the lobby to warn officials at all levels.

For thousands of years, the stone ring workshop standing in the yamen has always reminded officials at all levels who come in and out from here every day that it is intolerable to take bribes and bend the law. The use of legal means to punish corruption has run through the history of China's feudal society for more than 2,000 years and witnessed the rise and fall of the feudal dynasty.

The sixth set of laws and regulations.

Commentary: These clay figurines with wooden handcuffs unearthed from the Yin Ruins in Anyang tell people intuitively that China had tools to bind criminals' hands and feet more than 3,000 years ago. Historians believe that as early as the Shang Dynasty, China had a prison and judicial system. From then on, whether you are a traitor or a bribe, you will face legal punishment. So, who was the first corrupt official with written records in the history of China?

In 53 1 year BC, an unexpected event shocked Xinjiang, the capital of Jin. The highest official in charge of prison and trial in Jin State, the acting sheep-Tongue Sheep-Tongue Sheep-Tongue Sheep-Tongue Sheep-Tongue Sheep-Tongue Sheep-Tongue Sheep-Tongue Sheep-Tongue Sheep-Tongue Sheep-Tongue Sheep-Tongue Sheep-Tongue Sheep was publicly killed in broad daylight. What prompted the noble with status to make such a radical move? This incident was caused by a protracted land dispute. The protagonist of the case is two very important figures in the state of Jin, one is Hou Xing and the other is Yong Zi. When sheep tongue was ordered to take over the case, Yongzi got the news first and married his daughter to sheep tongue. Therefore, the mockingbird, regardless of the merits, forcibly distributed the property of the criminal Hou to Yongzi. In a rage, Hou Bajian killed the sheep tongue and Yongzi.

The killing of sheep's tongue became the biggest news in the state of Jin for a while. Han, a powerful minister in the state of Jin, called his younger brother Uncle Xiang and asked him how to deal with this matter. Quote the code formulated by Hao Tao, the judge of Xia Dynasty, to Uncle:? If you are evil, you will be stunned by beauty. Greed leads to official loss. Killing someone is not a thief. Xia Shu: Drunk, Ink, Thief, Kill. ? Han took his uncle's advice and killed the criminal Hou. At the same time, he thinks that the sheep tongue was killed because of greed and deserved to die. As a result, the cold and stiff body of the shrew was dragged to the downtown area to show off.

As an agent Sima and an agent Scott, a shrew can't protect the law with her own body. On the contrary, he used corrupt laws to sell them for greed and was sentenced? Ink? ,? The word greedy for ink also comes from this. In this way, Mutton Tongue became the first corrupt official in China history who was nailed to the shame column according to the code.

Professor Guo Chengwei of China University of Political Science and Law: This case sets a typical example. From the point of view of corruption, that is to say, anyone who takes bribes and perverts the law, if the circumstances are serious, will be sentenced to death. Set up a classic case and do it later. ?

Commentary: The experience of a shrew tells people that at the latest in the Spring and Autumn Period, official corruption crimes will be sanctioned by national laws. However, the legal provisions of more than 2,000 years ago have long disappeared in the fog of history, and it is difficult for future generations to touch the ancient historical details.

Jingzhou City, Hubei Province is a famous national historical and cultural city with a history of more than 2,600 years. 1in the winter of 983, the Jingzhou Regional Museum cleared three ancient tombs of the early Western Han Dynasty in Zhangjiashan, south of Jingzhou, and unearthed a large number of extremely rare bamboo slips of the Han Dynasty. Soon, this news aroused widespread concern in academic circles.

(actual voice? Narrator):? This Han tomb, located at No.247 Zhangjiashan, Jiangling, is a small tomb in the early Western Han Dynasty. A large number of bamboo slips were unearthed in this tomb. This is the law we see. It has a title called "two-year method". According to textual research, this two-year-long law was promulgated in the second year after Lv Zhi, the emperor of the Western Han Dynasty, came to power.

Commentary: After finishing by scholars, the laws of the Western Han Dynasty are clearly presented to people. In this code called "two-year law", there is such a statement:? Those who are accused of bending the law are thieves. A crime is heavier than a thief, and those who are heavier must be tried. ? In other words, if officials take bribes, they should be treated as theft. This law stipulates that stealing state property worth ten gold will be sentenced to death.

Professor Guo Chengwei of China University of Political Science and Law: Ten gold is sixteen thousand coppers, or sixteen thousand pence. This is a standard. Anyone who takes bribes and perverts the law by 16,000 coppers will be sentenced to death. Later generations have followed this standard, which provides us with a good explanation, that is, dealing with corruption crimes should be carried out in accordance with the law and the legal amount, rather than being sentenced to death because of greed. This is not the case. ?

Commentary: According to Hanshu? It is reported that Xue Xuan, a famous upright official in Han Dynasty, accepted bribes from prisoners' families when he was a county magistrate. Xue Xuanli immediately ordered a thorough investigation. Finally, it was found out that it was Wang Li's wife who received 16 thousand money from the prisoner's family, but Wang Li himself did not know it. But after the incident, Wang Li felt ashamed and afraid, so she committed suicide to clear her head. The deterrent power of punishing officials for accepting bribes by law in Han Dynasty can be seen from this.

In 268 AD, the Western Jin Dynasty promulgated an important law, the Jin Law. This law juxtaposes official bribery with crimes such as unfilial and homicide, and clearly stipulates that these crimes cannot be pardoned, which is the first time in the legal history of China. It is undoubtedly a big step forward to classify corruption as an unforgivable crime. However, the Jin Law also stipulates that officials and nobles can use titles and official positions to compensate crimes. Is this practice defined by later laws? Official? . ? Official? Later, the codes of many dynasties were used, which is undoubtedly an institutionalized corruption.

Before the law, officials, nobles and ordinary people are unequal. So, does this mean that officials can reduce or evade legal sanctions against corruption?

In 662 AD, a huge funeral shook Chang 'an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty. Li Yifu, the prime minister, moved the grave for his grandfather who had died for many years, and officials at all levels below the maharaja came to attend the funeral. On the road more than 70 miles from Baqiao to Sanyuan, the funeral procession was endless. Behind this unprecedented funeral is Li Yifu's wanton accumulation of money. According to historical records, Li Yifu received 200,000 yuan after a funeral. When Li Yifu was an official, he not only took bribes and sold titles, but also his mother, wife, son, son-in-law and the whole family took advantage of Li Yifu's power to take bribes and cheat. At that time, Li Yifu's house was crowded and became a trading place for auctioning official titles.

Qian Daqun, a professor at Nanjing University: The emperor once asked his advice, which was not a criticism at all, but an admonition. Say that now your son and your wife don't obey the law and do a lot of illegal things outside, so you should restrain this matter. I don't believe Li Yifu is backed by Wu Zetian. At that time, his face was red and his neck was thick. What did he say to the emperor? Who told you these things? Who do you want to ask to tell me what to do after the emperor says I have already said it? At this time, Li Yifu did not buy the account of the emperor, stood up, swaggering farewell to the emperor, and left the palace. ?

Commentary: Finally, in the face of more and more impeachment, the emperor ordered a thorough investigation of Li Yifu. In 664 AD, Li Yifu, who was arrested for corruption, was exiled to a remote area with his son and son-in-law. Hundreds of years later, Li Yifu's story was recorded in the history books by historians, and Li Yifu became a famous corrupt official in history.

In the laws of the Tang Dynasty, the punishment for the crime of corruption and bribery was very severe. Once an official took bribes, all his privileges would be revoked. According to the law, if officials of government and enterprises take bribes and bend the law, those whose illegal income reaches half of their monthly income will be sentenced to death. The law also stipulates that all officials who are corrupt and pervert the law are prohibited from reducing or exempting punishment through the official system, and the punishment for official corruption has reached a record high. The Law of the Tang Dynasty also fixed the provisions of punishing corruption crimes into laws in the form of national laws, which provided a basic legal basis for punishing corruption. For the first time, six kinds of crimes of illegal possession of public and private property appeared in the legal provisions of the Tang Law, collectively referred to as? Six stolen goods? , in? Six stolen goods? Except? Robber? And then what? Stealing? , what about the others? Four stolen goods? All belong to the category of official corruption crimes. It is illegal for them to collect money, but it is not illegal to collect money, accept supervised property and take bribes.

Professor Jia Yuying of Hunan University:? This law has a great influence on future generations. The song dynasty basically accepted the Tang dynasty's? Six stolen goods? The provisions of sin. In addition, there are also in the Ming Dynasty? Six stolen goods? Ming dynasty, of course? Six stolen goods? And the Tang Dynasty? Six stolen goods? Different classification forms, different classification, but? Six stolen goods? The name still exists, so the laws of punishing corruption and bribery in ancient China were relatively complete in the Tang Dynasty. ?

Commentary: According to Zhenguan dignitaries, officials were more conscious during Zhenguan period in the early Tang Dynasty. The most common name of the princess's house is Hao Shuwu, who is afraid of prestige and dares not invade and bully the people. ? The emergence and formation of this prosperous climate and the rule of law situation is related to the rulers' rectification of official management and severe punishment of corruption and bending the law.

Every important festival, neixiang county always staged such a drama. The climax of this performance is a song called. No monument in the Third Hospital. The stone tablet was unveiled, and the specific content of the inscription was read by the county magistrate in public.

(actual voice? Actor):? All the contacts between Chiyi and Guang 'ai have rules. Jing Tang can say, sit in the official sedan chair, and the food is two yuan and fifty cents. It belongs to the Bank of China, and the official car ride, and the meal fee is silver. Provincial two houses to patrol, table, silver San Qian. Abide by the rules and regulations, publish the money on the stone tablet, and always abide by it.

Commentary: More than 400 years ago, during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, neixiang county made Yi Sancai draw up three prohibitions and specific regulations on receiving transit officials. The first prohibition is to prohibit the abuse of payables, that is, to prohibit disorderly supply. The second prohibition is that it is forbidden to stand forward and extort money, that is, it is forbidden to stand forward and extort money. If there is any violation, it is allowed to report directly to the county magistrate for investigation. The third prohibition is to prohibit cross-mining and tax-making cards, that is, people who are mine supervisors and tax-making are not allowed to enjoy unfair treatment. What's more, it is customary for officials at all levels in the post station to make detailed quota regulations on dining and travel standards. The prohibition is specific and strict in rectifying extravagant eating and drinking, and encourages small officials to dare to report the just behavior of big officials.

Liu Pengjiu, a retiree of neixiang county Ya Museum: The monument forbidden by the Third Hospital, 1985 was unearthed in Jutan Park in our inner town. According to textual research, this is the only anti-corruption declaration in China. ?

Commentary: Leave? No monument in the Third Hospital. This group of buildings not far away is neixiang county Ya Prison, where people can intuitively feel the severity of ancient prisons and criminal laws. In addition, it also shows various punishments set by Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming emperor, to punish corrupt officials, so as to warn and educate officials at all levels in the county government.

The story of Zhu Yuanzhang punishing corrupt officials has also gone down in history. According to the records of the Ming Dynasty, during the Hongwu period, a rich family named Luo in Panyu County, Guangdong Province married the daughter of Zhu Liangzu, the founding general of the Ming Dynasty. The Luo brothers relied on Zhu Liangzu's influence to do evil and dominate one side. Panyu Zhifu Road was dealt with according to law and the criminals were arrested. What Dao Tong didn't expect was that Zhu Liangzu sent troops to rob criminals. Tao Tong was very angry, and reported many evil deeds of Zhu Liangzu in detail in his letter to Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming emperor. Unexpectedly, Zhu Liangzu took the lead in impeaching Zhu Yuanzhang, saying that he was arrogant and unreasonable to the chief executive. When Zhu Liangzu's memorial was first delivered to Zhu Yuanzhang, he immediately sent envoys to Guangdong to execute Daotong. After the messenger set out, Daotong's letter was also sent to Beijing, and Zhu Yuanzhang immediately understood the ins and outs of the matter. So he sent envoys to Guangdong day and night to pardon Daotong. However, when the second messenger arrived in Panyu, Daotong had been executed.

Zhu Yuanzhang regretted that he had killed the loyal minister and magistrate by mistake, and was even more angry at Zhu Liangzu's false accusation. He immediately ordered Zhu Liang's grandfather to return to North Korea. After Zhu Liangzu came to Nanjing, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered Zhu Liangzu and his son Fu to be executed together, and personally ended his grandfather's life.

Professor Guo Chengwei of China University of Political Science and Law: Zhu Yuanzhang established the Ming Dynasty and inherited the mess of the Yuan Dynasty. He adopted the line of ruling the country with heavy code. He was in office for 30 years and Hongwu for 30 years, and made two famous laws, one is Daming Law and the other is Mingda Patent. What is the imperial edict? The imperial edict is Zhu Yuanzhang's handling of cases, his handling methods, his instructions, and his instructions on certain issues. It took three years to assemble. ?

Commentary: The focus of Dagao is to punish corrupt officials, and more than 80% of the entries are used to restrain and govern officials. In the era of Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, the legal status of Dagao was far above the Daming Law.

The great coat also gives the people the right to supervise officials. Once the people find that local officials have committed crimes such as disturbing the people, harming the people and corruption, they can be directly escorted to the capital by the emperor himself in a long coat for trial, and no one can stop them. "Dagao" also allows ordinary people to rush in through the small door of the government office, catch the evil little officials and send them directly to the capital for legal action, and officials along the way are not allowed to intercept them. This is unique in the history of China for thousands of years.

The three versions of "Big Draft" all recorded the persecution of Changshu farmer Chen who offended the local county magistrate. The only rations and grains in the coming year have been ransacked by Gu Ying's minions. Gu Ying often runs amok in the countryside, and many people are persecuted by him. Unbearable, Chen stormed into the county government with his younger brother and nephew, tied up his clothes and sent them directly to Beijing. Before leaving, Chen asked the villagers to find this coat and take it with him as an amulet. After Chen brought back to Beijing, Zhu Yuanzhang directly put him in jail. Zhu Yuanzhang not only did not punish Chen and others, but also gave Chen 30 ingots of banknotes and two pieces of clothes for three other people, and exempted them from chores. After Chen and others left Beijing, Zhu Yuanzhang issued a special order to warn local officials that anyone who dared to retaliate against Chen and others would be implicated in Jiuzu and sentenced to death.

Later, it turned out that Zhu Yuanzhang had achieved remarkable results in severely punishing corruption. According to the official records of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang vigorously punished corruption, which made the good atmosphere of clean government last for more than 100 years. In the first 60 years of Ming Dynasty, there were more than 0/00 honest officials/kloc, accounting for 5/6 of the whole honest officials in Ming Dynasty. Zhao Yi, a historian of the Qing Dynasty, commented on the official administration in the early Ming Dynasty in Notes on Twenty-two Histories. How many of them have the legacy of the Han dynasty, above the Tang and Song Dynasties? .

Mao Peiqi, a professor at Renmin University of China? There is a passage in the Biography of Officials in the History of the Ming Dynasty, which talks about an era, the world has changed, and they all love the people purely. It is said that for a period of time, the official atmosphere changed, everyone was clean and loved the people, and many honest officials were produced. Therefore, why it lasted for more than 270 years in the Ming Dynasty is directly related to the establishment of this system in the early Ming Dynasty and the family law left by ancestors. ?

Commentary: After Zhu Yuanzhang's death, his successor Wen Jian announced in his letter of accession that all criminal officials and ordinary people would be tried by judges in accordance with the Daming Law. "Da Gao" was abolished in this way.

In A.D. 1425, Zhu Gaochi, Emperor Xuanzong of the Ming Dynasty, issued an imperial edict, announcing that in the future, ordinary people were forbidden to bring officials to Beijing without authorization to sue the court, and offenders would be prosecuted. In this way, the high-voltage line of punishing corruption by law is gradually relaxed. With the passage of time, the corruption of Ming officials became more and more serious. Once again, the story of death and political interest was staged on the political stage of the Ming Dynasty, and the whole dynasty gradually declined.

In the history of China, in the early decades after the founding of the People's Republic of China, most dynasties were clean in politics and officials. But this situation is often difficult to maintain for a long time, and the legal provisions to punish corruption have gradually become a dead letter. As a result, corruption became an incurable disease of a dynasty.

Gongwangfu, located in Qianhai West Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, is the most intact palace in Qing Dynasty. This huge building complex is located in the center of Beijing, covering an area of nearly 1000 mu. It used to be a private residence in small Shenyang. 1776, little Shenyang, who was appreciated by the emperor, just served as minister of military aircraft and began to build this mansion. 1799, Xiao Shenyang was deposed by the emperor, and the total value of his property was about11000000 two silver. Small Shenyang has been in politics for 29 years, but its wealth is equivalent to the income of the whole Qing government 15. What is the crux of this?

Zhang Hongjie, Ph.D. in History, Fudan University: Little Shenyang has almost mastered the fate of all middle and high-ranking officials in the whole empire, and he made a lot of money by buying officials. At the same time, Xiao Shenyang has been in charge of the Ministry of the Interior and many tax collectors for a long time, so these economic departments often have huge gray income, which is the second channel for him to get rich. Then the third channel is that he runs dozens of industries. The so-called self-employed income is to make money with money, which is also an important part of his income, so when these projects are added together, he later became an unprecedented millionaire. ?

Commentary: 1799 On the third day of the first month, Emperor Qianlong died. Three days later, the powerful emperor Jiaqing immediately dismissed Xiao Shenyang and put him under house arrest. On the fifteenth day of the first month of this year, Emperor Jiaqing announced the crime of 2 1 in Xiao Shenyang. The officials of the whole imperial court realized that the fate of Little Shenyang was irreversible. This day is the Lantern Festival. Little Shenyang, knowing that time is running out, wrote two desperate poems in the face of the bright moonlight. One of them is "The Moon in Prison": The night is too bright for me to stretch out. A hundred years is a dream, but 20 years are wasted. It is difficult to know in a dark room, but spring is not seen in a high wall. It's a mistake to miss the scene before drawing a lesson. There is not much material and emptiness in the rest of my life. . Three days later, Emperor Jiaqing sent someone to send a dead letter and a white silk to Xiao Shenyang. Perhaps coincidentally, the death of Xiao Shenyang, the first corrupt official in the Qing Dynasty, was accompanied by the last prosperous time in China's feudal history? The curtain call of kanggan's prosperous time.

Bu Xianqun, a researcher at China Academy of Social Sciences: The corruption in our country's history does not mean that it happened in the late dynasty, but only after the demise of the dynasty. Corruption occurred in the early, middle and late dynasties of feudal society in China, or it was serious. For example, gentry is an example. Feudal laws can not only control the monarch, but also control the people around him. This situation can be seen everywhere in history. Therefore, corruption like He Kun has a profound institutional background. ?

Commentary: The area around Jianguomen Inner Street in Beijing was once the seat of Shuntiangong Garden in Ming and Qing Dynasties. For hundreds of years, hundreds of imperial examinations have been held here, and the fate of countless scholars and officials has been changed in the examinations again and again.

122, the triennial rural unified examination came to an end, and the list was announced in Shuntiangongyuan. Soon, in view of the successful completion of this scientific research, Emperor Xianfeng issued a decree to promote examiner Bai Heng to a bachelor's degree. However, when Bai Heng happily accepted his colleagues' congratulations, comments and dissatisfaction spread rapidly in Beijing. It turns out that when scholars were looking at the list, they found a man named? Ping era? Among them, there are 60% Beijing opera fans. According to the regulations at that time, people with this status could not participate in scientific research. Meng Chuanjin, an official in charge of imperial history, wrote a letter to Emperor Xianfeng, saying that there was fraud in Shuntian scientific research, and it was necessary to conduct in-depth investigation and investigate the responsibility. Soon, Emperor Xianfeng ordered a thorough investigation, and the first major case in the late Qing Dynasty was uncovered.

With the investigation of old examination papers, more than 50 problematic papers were drawn out, and the evidence that Bai Heng was directly involved in fraud gradually surfaced. Candidate Luo got to know the examiner Pu An through the assistant minister of the Ministry of War in his hometown. Pu An asked Bai Heng to agree to correct Luo's test paper for one of them through the relationship of Jin Xiang, Bai Heng's janitor. Later, Luo paid bribes to Bai Heng and Pu An.

The prince and minister in charge of the case wrote the memorial according to the regulations of the imperial examination hall. According to the example of traffic consignment to buy joints, I plan to make a decision . Xianfeng thought Bai Zhen? Although the situation is excusable, the law is hard to forgive? , agreed with him? Make a decision? . Therefore, Bai Heng, the examiner who received 16 silver, was finally sentenced to death. He was the highest-ranking official who was executed for fraud in the history of China Imperial Examination. After that, the fraud in the examination room was significantly reduced, and the atmosphere in the examination room was completely new.

There were many cases of cheating in the imperial examinations in Ming and Qing dynasties, but they were quickly solved by the emperor. Several cases of cheating in the examination room have the heads of senior officials, which is much harsher than dealing with ordinary corruption cases. So, what message does the emperor want to convey to people with the heads and blood of these corrupt officials?

Professor Li Bo of Nanjing Normal University:? In fact, the imperial examination is a kind of communication. According to the hierarchy theory, society is up and down, so poor families can live. He is even the key core to ensure the continuation of Confucian society for more than two thousand years. Why? When a society is isolated from the upper and lower levels, only through violent revolution can the upper and lower levels communicate, and the only way of communication at that time was the imperial examination. If there is a corruption case here, society will begin to move towards the final crisis. ?

Commentary: In the history of China, the laws and regulations for punishing corruption have been constantly improved. From Qin and Han dynasties to Ming and Qing dynasties, the punishment of corruption by law became more and more severe. More and more strict and systematic laws have also become a powerful weapon to punish corruption. This is the precious wealth that the ancients left us to study and learn from historical experience.