Geographical environment of Changchongkou

Old Xianghe, also known as He Xiaoxiang. In the second year of Qing Daoguang (1822), Yanjiawan burst into a river. It passes through the long port and the lower port and branches from the lower port. South is Liuxi River; The north branch passes through Dunhou and Zhoubang, reaches Guangkou in Hanchuan County, joins Caidian in the north and flows into Xianghe. In Daoguang 14, the embankment was blocked and repaired, and the river gradually silted up. The Yanwan Gate was built in 1958, crossing the flood from the Laoxiang River to the North Gate, and turning eastward to the Siheyuan Gate, with a length of 22 meters. 4 kilometers. The average width of the river is 25 meters, the maximum water depth is 2 meters, and the flow rate is 6 cubic meters per second. It is the main local irrigation and drainage river, benefiting an area of 40,000 mu.

Spread your wings, a naturally formed river, which originates from Liuyunkou in the northeast of Changchongkou, passes through Dafu Street, Yanjiazha and Kuangjiazuo, turns southeast at Gejiawan, flows eastward at Hejiaba, and flows out of Hanchuan through Wuxing Street and Zhu Lin Bay, with a length of 2 1km. It spans between the upper and lower thirteen ridges and looks like a Dapeng with wings spread, hence the name "Long River with wings spread". Historically, it was the main drainage channel of thirteen dikes, with a rainfall area of 56 square miles. 1973, Hanchuan county excavated three lakes to connect canals, blocking the long river with wings, forcing it to divert out of Yaowu platform and enter the floodplain.

The Changgang River, which originates from Xianglin Lake, is the main drainage river of Xiashisanling in Changlongkou District, with a length of 15km, a width of 25m and a flow of 25m3/s, and flows into the floodplain through Sanling. Lotus Lake Lotus Lake is located between Zengtai Township, Chongkou District, Mianyang County and Dayan, Hanchuan County. Each county has half jurisdiction and is divided into two lakes. Great lake 18.28 square kilometers, small lake 3.66 square kilometers. The Great Lakes are butterfly-shaped. Wild Goose Lake in the north, Liujia Lake and Youhu Lake in the east; Looking south at Yar Lake; The West Pillow Ming Tombs is a calm lake. The bottom of the lake is 22.5 meters above sea level, and the water level fluctuates little all year round. The water depth exceeds1m. Named for its rich lotus seeds.

The West Kiln bifurcates the lake, which is named after the kiln on the west side of the original lake and the lake bifurcates. The total area is 13 143 mu. Wild plants such as water chestnut and wormwood grow luxuriantly and have poor drainage. After 1972, the river channel was dredged and the drainage pumping station was built, which solved the problem of waterlogging. Changchongkou area belonged to Huaixian County in the 13th year of Yixi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (No.417 in the Duke's Year) and Jianxing County in Fuzhou in the Northern Zhou Dynasty. In the third year of the Great Cause of Sui Dynasty (AD 607), it belonged to Mianyang County. The Tang, Five Dynasties and Song Dynasties belong to Mianyang County, Fuzhou. Yuan belongs to Yushan County, Mianyang. In the Ming Dynasty, there were 18 villages in Mianyang Senior Three, some of which belonged to Tea Village and some belonged to Yaotou Village in Changchongkou area. In the 12th year of Qing Yong (1734), there were five townships in the whole state, and Changchongkou belonged to Chen Gong Township in the north. It belonged to Biyang County in the early years of the Republic of China, and it belonged to the second district of Biyang County in the 21st year of the Republic of China (1932). In the 28th year of the Republic of China (1939), the territory was divided into Changliu, Kuangmai, Enfu, Liuji, Xiacha, Changwan, Jinda and other townships. 1998, the army occupied the whole county, and the township government institutions disintegrated. In China, Shuimai Wangzui and Hujiatai set up maintenance meetings respectively. In the thirty-fourth year of the Republic of China (1945), after Japan surrendered, Changcuokou Township and Enmai Township were established in the territory.

1949, Mianyang county democratic government was established. Changchongkou belongs to the third district of Mianyang, and the district government is stationed at Xiachakou. 1950, the district government moved from Xiachakou to Changchongkou. The land reform in this area began, and the district government was renamed District Office, which is a county institution. There are townships under the district, and township people's governments shall be established.

1952, the county government set up eleven more districts from the third district (Changchongkou). 1953, the 11th district was merged into the 3rd district. 1956 Yuan No.3 was changed to Changchongkou District. In June, the Changchongkou District was abolished and changed to the Changchongkou Guidance Group. 1at the end of February 1957 Cancel the long punch guide and restore the long punch area.

1958 10 abolished Changchongkou District and established Changhong People's Commune. 1959 changed its name to Changchongkou District People's Commune, which governs six administrative districts.

196 1 June, the commune was abolished, Changchongkou District was restored, and the administrative area was changed to people's commune.

1968 April, Changchongkou "Revolutionary Committee" was established. 1August, 970, the Changchongkou area was restored.

1974, 165438+ 10, Tan Hong commune (resident changchongkou), Batan commune (resident North Little Monkey) and Gong Minggong commune (resident Dunhou) were established respectively. In the same year 10, Gong Ming and Tan Hong Commune merged into Tan Hong Commune; 1977 10, Batan and Tan Hong Commune merged into Changchongkou Commune, with Changchongkou as its headquarters.

1Feb. 984, Changchongkou commune was abolished, Changchongkou district was restored, and the resident Changchongkou was changed to a township (town). 1985 district and township (the town system remains unchanged).

In March of 200 1 year, the original Dunhou Township, Dafu Town and Changchongkou Town merged into the current Changchongkou Town, with a total area of 190 square kilometers, 64 administrative villages and a population of130,000. paper cutting

Paper-cutting: Paper-cutting is a popular folk handicraft. Artists cut out all kinds of figures, such as grass, insects, flowers, birds, birds and animals, and the natural scenery is exquisite. On festive days, people always like to decorate their houses with paper cuts to beautify the environment and increase the fun of life.

embroidery

Embroidery: During the Republic of China, embroidery was widely popular among people in this area. Some women's embroidered shoes, pillows and curtains are colorful and wonderful. During the Cultural Revolution, people paid little attention to embroidery technology. After the Cultural Revolution, embroidery was revived in Dafu Street, Changchongkou Town, Yanwan Village and other places, and its products occupied a certain position in the domestic market, and some even entered the international market. Yongqingsi

Yongqing Temple is located on the north bank of the north wing of Dafu Street, east-west. This is a spacious temple with towering bright ridges, hollow dragon eaves, white temple walls and huge rosewood columns. Looking from Dafu Street from a distance, it gives people a solemn feeling. Entering the mountain gate, candlelight is red, cigarettes are wrapped around, bells are ringing, and pictures are recited together, which has a unique artistic conception. At the entrance, four donkey kong, wearing helmets and armor, glared at each other. They have blue faces and cheeks. Red face and low eyebrows, lifelike. Further on, it is the center of Yongqing Temple-Daxiong Hall. Among them, there are three gold-plated Buddha statues, namely, Muny in Bian Shi, Amitabha Buddha and Pharmacist Buddha, which are even more majestic after being covered with a treasure cover. This time, I sat on the eighteen arhats, with different expressions and different movements.

Along with the image, there are anecdotes that have never been heard, but the childlike innocence has not disappeared. It is said that Yongqing Temple was originally the hall of Hu Douchu in Honglin Banner behind the West Lake, and Lu Ban moved to the north bank of the wing river two miles away overnight. It is also said that the ancestor bodhisattva was shaped in the image of Hu Douchu; It is said that in a year of drought, Yongqing Temple set up an altar to beg for rain, carried the bodhisattva out of the mountain gate to bask in the sun, and the mage went to the altar to recite scriptures. In a blink of an eye, the sky was overcast, lightning and thunder flashed, and the rain poured down, and the crops were saved. Carol said. Although these anecdotes are superstitious and incredible, their wide spread also shows the position of Yongqing Temple in the eyes of Changchongkou people.

Yongqing Temple has a far-reaching influence mainly because of its long history. This big temple was built in the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty and is called Xinxing Temple. Its main buildings, such as the ancestral temple, guanyin temple and Jade Emperor Exhibition, are all in the form of ancient palaces, with towering roofs and corners, red walls and tiles, which are antique. On the wall around the Hall of Great Heroes, there are Buddhist stories, rare birds and animals, lotus flowers and grass patterns, which are the quaint flavor of Paintings of Ming Dynasty.

With the passage of time, Yongqing ancient temple has been completely destroyed, but its magnificent architectural art will never be forgotten. Dietary customs

During the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, farmers in Tianmen lived on wheat, millet, flour and rice. In general, during the slack season, farmers have two meals a day, one porridge and one meal, and eat vegetables; When farming is busy, it is mostly three meals a day; In the transplanting and harvesting season, the "premature" (breakfast) before work and the "midnight snack" (dinner) after work are added. Residents of market towns mainly eat rice, noodles, miscellaneous grains and vegetables, mostly three meals a day. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, both urban and rural residents took rice as their staple food and also ate flour and noodles. In case of disaster, advocate "melon and vegetable generation".

The villagers mainly eat fresh vegetables, followed by bean products, and sometimes eat meat and fish. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the diet structure of residents increased and eating meat became more common. Citizens and villagers like steamed vegetables. Fish, meat, vegetables, radishes, taro, lotus root and ribs can all be steamed with flour, among which steamed beef, pork, chrysanthemum and steamed eel are the most delicious. There is a saying among the masses that "eating meat is better than drinking soup". It is respectful to drink soup to improve your life or entertain guests. There are many kinds of soups, including chicken soup, sparerib soup, keel soup, miscellaneous bone soup, hoof flower soup, heart-lung soup, beef soup and so on. Most of them add lake lotus root, vermicelli, kelp or radish, put them in a big casserole and simmer slowly. Chicken soup, keel soup and sparerib soup are the best. After 1970s, sugar water such as tremella soup, lotus seed soup and orange petal soup became popular.

Self-made pickles and dried vegetables can adjust the surplus and shortage of vegetables and food, which is economical and practical and has been necessary for every family since ancient times. At the beginning of the winter solstice, pickled meat, pickled fish and some sausages are also made; Pickled mustard tuber (home vegetable) spring pickles; Sun-dried bean paste and wheat paste in summer; Pickled douchi in autumn; Moldy in winter and rotten milk. Radish, beans, chickpeas, sword beans, peppers, ginger, oil melons, mustard leaves and tubers. Can also be made into pickles, pickles and dried vegetables. Among all kinds of home-cooked dishes, lobster sauce pickled with early soybeans is the most distinctive, which has become the staple food on the table and a good gift for relatives and friends. "Spicy Baba" is also a home-cooked dish of local residents. Lotus root, radish, eggplant, wax gourd, pumpkin, taro stalk, pork and pig offal can all be made into "Chili ba" The method is: cleaning, chopping, air drying, mixing with appropriate amount of pepper, salt and rice flour, putting into a water tank or jar, and sealing and storing. When eating, take out the kang and cook it, and then serve it with the rice.

Local flavor food is very distinctive. Distiller's grains, also called Shuijiu and Fuzhi Liquor, are four-season foods that everyone loves and everyone will cook. During the Spring Festival, farmers often cook sesame candy and make sesame leaves, sesame slices, crisp cakes, crispy magnolia slices, lotus leaves, jiaozi and twist. Ciba is a good product for the Spring Festival. Farmers use it in large quantities and soak it in wax (monthly) water, and the taste will not change after about March.

marriage customs

At the end of the Qing Dynasty, all marriages followed the ancient six-ceremony engagement procedures (receiving gifts, asking names, Naji, receiving gifts, inviting Japan and welcoming relatives). Generally, men and women are about 18 to 20 years old, and they can get married with their parents' consent. When they get married for the first time, they will send a matchmaker (Yue Lao) to communicate and inquire about this marriage. After the man agrees, he will inform her family. If appropriate, three days later, the matchmaker is invited to the woman's house with money, jewelry, gifts, or cattle and sheep to order the birthdates stickers of the boxer, which is called "Hundred Games", and the woman's house returns clothes, hats and other items to the man's house as "Geng Hui", which is a banquet hosted by both Japanese men and women for the matchmaker. From now on, gifts will be given every Friday (Duanyang) and August 15th (twelfth lunar month). Before marriage, the man prepares clothes, jewelry, gifts, etc., and goes to the woman's house with the matchmaker to determine the wedding date, commonly known as "VIP". A few days before the wedding, the man should kill the pig the day before, prepare the wedding banquet, write invitations and receive guests six days in advance, and host a banquet to entertain the guests on the wedding day and present gifts (wrapped in red paper) to congratulate them. On the day before the wedding, the man must prepare eight kilograms of fish, meat and wine, as well as the decorations and clothes that the woman needs, and carry them to the woman's house in a suitcase, commonly known as "Ding". The bride's dowry accompanies her daughter to get married, and the richest is up to fifty or sixty liters (the amount of dowry is called "Lifting"), and the poor family has only one burden.

When getting married, the in-laws must be acted by all the family members of the man's elder generation, with red flags waving, vocal music leading, gongs and drums accompanying and firecrackers ringing. The rich have sedan chairs, official sedan chairs or big boats, while the poor generally receive them by boats and cars. Etiquette is simple. After the married man left, the groom told his ancestors that he was going to marry him.

When the bride-to-be arrives at the bride's house, the conditional portal prepares a banquet to entertain the guests. Wearing a golden dress, the bride said goodbye to her parents and entered the sedan chair. Relatives and friends greeted her with whips, gongs and drums were loud, and the bride's sedan chair arrived at the man's house. The bride is supported by the Golden Lady in the sedan chair and goes into the house with the man (groom) to pay homage. After the wedding, the bride enters the new house and drinks with the groom. After the banquet of relatives and friends, there is a wind that disturbs the new house, commonly known as "three days without recognizing the size." The next day, nine virgins were invited to pay for the bride. After six bowls of vegetables, the bride sat down and changed her clothes, and went into the kitchen with fragrant paper and a counselor. On the third day, accompanied by the groom, the bride thanked her relatives and friends with egg tea to show her respect, and they "sent" money. Women stress three obedience and four virtues, while men stress three cardinal principles and five permanents, and honor their parents together. After marriage, Zhou Yue's newlywed husband prepares gifts for the bride's mothering, commonly known as "Huimen", which is the outline of an old-fashioned wedding. Old-fashioned marriage is the life of parents, the words of matchmakers, and some refer to the belly as marriage; There are even buying and selling marriages, stealing relatives, changing relatives, and getting married by close relatives. Early marriage is very common. There are "little husbands" who get married at the age of twelve or thirteen, and neither man nor woman can make their own decisions. A few officials and big businessmen marry three wives and four concubines. This custom is similar to that popular in Qianjiang and Mianyang (Xiantao)

By the time of the Republic of China, marriage had changed. The groom wears a robe and a hat, the bride wears a cheongsam, and all other manners remain the same.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, a new type of wedding was held, and men and women were free to fall in love and get married independently. 195 1 year, the state promulgated the marriage law, and the marriage between men and women is protected by law. Parents are not allowed to interfere in their children's marriage. Many young men and women hold new-style weddings, receive bride price irregularly, and don't waste money by hosting banquets. They are introduced by two people. After a period of time, both men and women get along and hold a letter of introduction from their unit according to the age stipulated in the Marriage Law.

Weddings are held on double days or major festivals (New Year's Day, Spring Festival, March 8th, Labor Day and National Day), and friends and relatives are invited to attend the wedding. Weddings are simple and generous, and some young men and women take advantage of the wedding to travel. This is called "tourism marriage", "worship", "returning to the grave" and "receiving bride price" and other old basic abolition, but "engagement", the people say: "Marriage stresses ostentation and extravagance, which requires higher and higher every year. In the 1960 s, candy biscuits; In the 1970s, "three turns to one machine" (watches, bicycles, sewing machines, radios); Television sets, washing machines and electric fans in the 1980s; Automatic washing machine, digital color TV, stereo, Sanjin (necklace, earrings, ring) and buildings in the 1990s.

The customs of the Spring Festival

Now the Spring Festival is called New Year's Day in ancient times. New Year's Day originated from the day when prehistoric people celebrated the New Year. In ancient times, cereal crops were only planted in one season. The ancients said that when the cereal crops were ripe, they were "years" and when the crops were harvested, they were "years". With a slight extension, it was used as the name of the year. The end of the Year coincides with the slack season between "autumn harvest and winter storage" and "spring ploughing in Xia Yun", so it is also called "one sacrifice". The first day of this year is the beginning of a new year. People should certainly pray and celebrate the New Year, which is the China New Year of our ancestors. According to ancient documents, the Chinese calendar existed in the Xia Dynasty, which means that the custom of Chinese New Year began in the Xia Dynasty. The ancients celebrated the Spring Festival today, starting with the promulgation of the solar calendar by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, which set the New Year on the first day of the first month and passed it down from generation to generation.

Before the Revolution of 1911, the first day of the first month was called Xinzheng, New Year's Day, Zheng Dan and Sanyuan. It is a modern thing to say "Chinese New Year" as "celebrating the Spring Festival". After the Revolution of 1911 (19 12), it was changed to the Gregorian calendar year. Because there can't be two "years" in a year, the first day of the first lunar month is no longer called "year", but the Lunar New Year is the biggest and most grand festival in a year and can't be cancelled. Because it was around beginning of spring, it was renamed Spring Festival, which is different from New Year's Day in Gregorian calendar. 1949 After the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC) (PRC), the Gregorian calendar was also adopted, so the word Spring Festival was inherited. Only when the first day of the first month coincides with "beginning of spring" is the real Spring Festival. As the folk saying goes, "It's a once-in-a-century event in early spring".

During the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, the Spring Festival was grand, and the first day of the first lunar month was the Spring Festival. In the early hours of the morning, the traditional folk custom is that the whole family, men, women and children, put on new clothes and carry sacrifices, each of them takes a stick of incense to go out, sets off firecrackers, bows to the sky and prays for the New Year, which is called "Out of the Arabian Nights" and shouts: "Open the door and make a fortune", "Go well" and "Treasure is rolling in". After entering the room, light candles, burn incense, melt paper and hit the chin. First worship the "god's seat" of the ancestors, and then pay a New Year call to the family elders. Then, sit and eat rice cakes, sweets and tea. After dawn, the villagers exchanged New Year greetings with each other, wishing them congratulations on making a fortune and calling it "the years of running". Later, give the new deceased a "burning kiss". Burning paper, flogging and worshiping in ancestral graves. From the beginning, you can't sweep the floor, carry water or splash water for good luck. Market merchants are closed for three days. On the third day, the "door god paper" was burned to move water, break ground and open the door.

During the Spring Festival, there is a custom of offering sacrifices to parents on the first day, to father-in-law on the second day, to uncle and uncle on the third day, and then to other relatives and friends. The younger generation pays New Year greetings to the elders, and the elders should give their children "lucky money". Friends and relatives treat guests, which is called "inviting guests" (or "spring guests"), and playing gongs and drums in the same village and street for entertainment, which is called "drumming for the New Year", as well as playing lights, acting and other entertainment activities.

After the founding of New China, the first day of the first lunar month is still the Spring Festival, which is one of the grand traditional festivals among the people. During the Spring Festival, superstitious customs and habits were gradually broken. At 0: 00 on the first day of the lunar new year, firecrackers exploded in the streets and villages, and fireworks soared into the sky to welcome the reunification of the Yuan Dynasty. After dawn, the party and government organs and organizations held a "group worship", and then paid New Year greetings to the families of martyrs, hero model families and five-guarantee households. In rural areas, in addition to paying New Year greetings to relatives and friends according to traditional habits, many villages also organize performances such as lotus picking boats, lions and dragon lanterns to pay New Year greetings to the masses. During the Spring Festival, men, women and children can compete for entertainment according to their own tastes. Such as skating, dancing, ball games (badminton, table tennis, basketball, etc. ) Playing chess for young men and women, gateball, old people, and playing with grandson solve riddles on the lanterns.

the Lantern Festival

The fifteenth day of the first lunar month is a traditional folk festival, and the Lantern Festival is also called Shangyuan, Yuanxi, Yuanye, Lantern Festival and Half Moon Festival. Because the first full moon of the New Year rises on the fifteenth night of the first lunar month, it was called Yuanxiao in ancient times.

During the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, as a way to celebrate family reunion, Yuanxiao breakfast was called "Tangyuan", "Half Moon Tuan" or "Tuanzi" (with rice flour as the skin and meat, bean products and vegetables as the stuffing, commonly known as "reunion"). Before dinner, you must worship your ancestors and set off firecrackers. The banquet was as rich as New Year's Eve. On the night of the Lantern Festival, every household celebrates the Lantern Festival. A group of teenagers dressed as men and women, singing tea picking tunes or flower songs, playing with lions, dragon lanterns, stilts, floats and mussels, decorating and dancing. Firecrackers have been going on for a long time, and tourists are all over the streets and lanes, which is very lively. Another daughter, Ying Zigu (Seven Sisters), predicted good or bad luck, ran around the field with a torch to "drive away the dog" and lit candles in the garden, which was called "lighting silkworms" and "hanging high lights" to ward off evil spirits.

Lantern Festival is the main activity of Lantern Festival, so it is also called Lantern Festival. In the old society, children with two surnames, two villages or market towns, or children on both sides of the river competed for lanterns until late at night.

After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the Lantern Festival was held as usual, and the traditional food "Yuanxiao" retained its local flavor. Those activities of "inviting God", "welcoming Aunt Zi", "herding dogs", "hanging lanterns" and "raising silkworms" are even rarer. Night activities have added new content. Every village organizes performances such as dragon lanterns, lions and lotus boats. Every household is brightly lit, and some organizations set off fireworks. At that time, drums and music were ringing, firecrackers were deafening, and cadres and the masses welcomed the festival, filled with a lively atmosphere of unity, joy and harmony.

Qingming custom

Qingming has two different conceptual categories: one is solar terms and the other is festivals.

Qingming, as a solar term, is one of the 24 solar terms of the lunar calendar and belongs to the astronomical calendar category. The time starts when the sun reaches 15 on April 5 of the Gregorian calendar every year. "Hundred-year-old Questions" said: "At this time, everything grows clean and bright, hence the name Qingming." It means that by Qingming, the climate is warm and the vegetation is lush, changing the cold and yellow scene in winter. In agricultural production, they are busy plowing and sowing in spring. An agricultural proverb says, "Qingming is connected with Grain Rain, so don't delay seed soaking and ploughing."

As the content of the Qingming Festival, there are two things: forbidding fire and cold food and offering sacrifices to sweep graves. First, the prohibition of fire and cold stems from the ancient people's worship of the stars in the sky. Second, the prohibition of fire and cold food is to protect forest fire prevention in the era of slash-and-burn in ancient times.

In the Zhou Dynasty, there were two customs: forbidding cold food by fire and offering sacrifices to tombs, but there was no definite date at that time, and forbidding cold food by fire had little to do with Tomb-Sweeping Day. Cai Yong's "Cao Qin" at the end of Han Dynasty linked the custom of forbidding fire with the legendary festival of burning corpses (the loyal minister of Jin State in the Spring and Autumn Period), but the date of forbidding fire was May 5. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Tomb-Sweeping Day banned fire and cold the day before. In the 20th year of Kaiyuan in Tang Dynasty (732), Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty officially issued a imperial edict, which listed cold food and grave sweeping as five rituals. Since then, cold food, grave sweeping and Qingming have become one.

On the third month of the lunar calendar (April 4th, 5th or 6th in Gregorian calendar), Tomb-Sweeping Day is a festival of "going to the grave to worship ancestors". On that day, green willows were inserted for vegetable rice to worship the ancestors. Three or four days ago, Tomb-Sweeping Day went to the ancestral grave, went to the grave, burned paper money, incense, flogging and worship; Hanging by inserting floating money or hanging banners (commonly known as "Qingming hanging") is called "hanging Qing" (mourning relatives) and also called "going to the grave". There must be a memorial service before the "Spring Festival" day (the fifth day after beginning of spring) when there is a new grave for the dead, and there is a custom of "leaving a new grave without a club". Where there are people living in concentrated communities, there is "Tian Hui". On this day, everyone held flags and umbrellas and went to the ancestral land to offer sacrifices. After that, a family member attends a dinner party, which is called "eating Tomb-Sweeping Day". Children fly kites, such as the Monkey King, centipede, dragonfly, seven stars, six horns, lanterns, moths and other kite competitions.

After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), it is no longer the custom of holding a tomb sacrifice collectively by the same clan. In the 1950s, large-scale land leveling was carried out in rural areas, and most graves became fertile fields. In the 1970s, many mourning halls, pavilions and ashes storage places were built in rural areas. Since 1980s, fewer and fewer urns have been put into mourning halls and pavilions. In Tomb-Sweeping Day, various organs and groups went to the tomb of the martyrs to sweep graves, lay wreaths in memory of the martyrs and observed a three-minute silence to express their condolences. On this day, the school led students to offer flowers, plant trees, carry out revolutionary tradition education and have a "spring outing" by the way. As in the past, urban and rural residents have the custom of burning incense, melting paper and flogging when they go to the ancestral graves to offer sacrifices.