Who is the designer of Yingxian Wooden Pagoda?

Sagata of Buddha Palace Temple in Yingxian County is located in the Buddha Palace Temple in the northwest of Yingxian City, Shanxi Province, commonly known as Yingxian Wooden Pagoda. It was built in the second year of Qing Ning in Liao Dynasty (AD 1056) and completed in the sixth year of Jin Mingchang (AD 1 195). It is the tallest and oldest existing wooden pagoda building in China, and the only wooden pagoda in the national key cultural relics protection units.

The wooden pagoda is located between the mountain gate and the main hall on the north-south axis of the temple and belongs to the layout of "front pagoda and back hall". The tower is built on a four-meter-high platform, with a height of 67.3 1 m, and the diameter of the ground floor is 30.27 m, showing a plane octagon. The first floor facade has double eaves, and the upper floors are single eaves, with five floors and six eaves, and there is a dark layer between the floors, which is actually nine floors. Because there are double eaves and corridors on the ground floor, the appearance of the tower is six eaves. Each floor is supported by two circles of wooden columns inside and outside. There are 24 pillars outside each floor and 8 pillars inside. Many braces, beams, beams and short columns are used between wooden columns to form multi-beam wooden frames in different directions. According to some calculations, the whole wooden tower is made of 3000 cubic meters of Korean pine wood and weighs about 2600 tons. The overall proportion is appropriate, the building is magnificent, the art is exquisite, and the shape is steady and solemn.

There is a door in the north and south of the tower bottom building, and a flat railing is set around the second floor. Each floor is equipped with wooden stairs, and visitors can climb to the top step by step. From the second floor to the fifth floor, there are four doors on each floor, all of which are equipped with wooden partitions. There is plenty of light. When you go out, you can overlook the fence, with Heng Yue as a screen and mulberries as a belt. You can have a panoramic view and feel relaxed and happy. All floors in the tower are plastic Buddha statues. The first floor is Sakyamuni, which is 1 1 m high, dignified in appearance and pleasant in manner. There are exquisite and gorgeous algae wells at the top, six Tathagata Buddha statues are painted on the wall of the inner groove, and King Kong, King of Heaven and disciples are also painted on both sides of the door. The murals are brightly colored and the characters are lifelike. The altar on the second floor is square, with a Buddha, two bodhisattvas and two mighty attendants on it. The three-story altar is octagonal with a square Buddha statue on it. Four layers of plastic Buddha statues and statues of Ananda, Ye Jia, Manjusri and Pu Xian. Five-layer plastic Pilu Tian Tathagata and National People's Congress Bodhisattva. Each Buddha statue is exquisitely carved, with different shapes and high artistic value.

The top of the tower is octagonal, with iron gates, beautifully made and coordinated with the tower body, making the wooden tower magnificent. Wind chimes are installed under the eaves of each floor of the tower, and the breeze blows, tinkling and very pleasant.

Design achievement

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The design of Yingxian Wooden Pagoda boldly inherited the heavy architectural form with national characteristics since the Han and Tang Dynasties, made full use of traditional architectural techniques, and widely adopted the bucket arch structure. There are 54 kinds of bucket arches in the whole tower, and each kind of bucket arch has a certain combination form. Some beams, squares and columns form a whole, and each layer forms an octagonal hollow structure layer. Scientific and rigorous design, perfect structure and ingenuity. It is a building with national style, national characteristics and religious requirements. It can be said that it has reached the highest level of ancient architectural art in China, and even now it has high research value.

The tower is designed as a plane octagon with five floors, and a circle of verandahs extends from the bottom floor, which is called "second-order circular turn" and forms double eaves with the eaves of the tower of the ground floor house, so * * * has six tower eaves. There are dark layers under each layer, so the structure is actually nine layers. The appearance of the dark building is a flat seat, and railings are set along the flat seat of each floor, so that you can watch from a distance and your body and mind will blend in with nature. The whole tower is 67.3 meters high, which is about 2.2 times the diameter of the bottom floor. The proportion is quite thick, although it is very high and dignified. The eaves of each tower are basically straight, and the corners are very gentle. The flat seat is coordinated with the tower eaves of each floor in its horizontal direction and compared with the tower body; Through the comparison with tower eaves in material, color and treatment, coordination with tower body is a necessary transition between tower eaves and tower body. The flat seat, tower body and tower eaves overlap, the division of labor is clear, the explanation is clear, the sense of rhythm is emphasized, the contour line is enriched and the horizontal line is increased. Make the towering tower look back at the earth from time to time and sit firmly on the earth. The treatment of double eaves on the ground floor further strengthens the sense of stability of the whole tower.

Because the tower is built on a 4-meter-high two-story stone platform with two columns inside and outside, it forms a double-layer sleeve structure. There are columns and poppers between columns, horizontal members such as ground and ground between column feet, and cross beams between inner and outer tanks, so that the double-layer sleeve is closely combined. Inclined braces are widely used in underground buildings, which play the role of ring beam in structure and strengthen the integrity of wooden tower structure. When the tower was built more than 300 years ago, it survived a 7-day earthquake and still stood. There are statues in the Ming building of the tower. The Buddha statue on the first floor is tall and solemn, and the dome caisson at the top gives people an unpredictable feeling. There are six Tathagata portraits on the inner wall of the first floor, which are moderately proportioned and brightly colored. The flying on both sides of the top of the Six Tathagata is more lively and full, which is a rare masterpiece in murals. On the second floor, due to the light from all directions, a main Buddha, two bodhisattvas and two colleagues are arranged very vividly. Three-layer plastic square Buddha, facing all directions. Five layers of plastic Buddha sitting in the middle, eight bodhisattvas sitting in eight directions. Decorating statues in the tall space without dark layers in the center of the tower to enhance the solemnity of the Buddha statue is a model of reasonable design of building structure and use function.

accretion of culture

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After the completion of the wooden pagoda, celebrities of past dynasties have hung plaques and inscribed couplets, which have profound implications and vigorous brushwork, adding a lot of color to the wooden pagoda. Among them: Judy of Ming Taizu led the Northern Expedition in the 4th year of Yongle (A.D. 1406) and lived in Su Ying. He went to the city to enjoy the tour and personally wrote "Shen Gong, the third runner-up"; In the third year of Zheng De, Zhu Houzhao, Emperor Wuzong of the Ming Dynasty (AD 1508), the overseers defeated the invading little prince Tatar in Yanghe (Yanggao County, Shanxi Province) and Yingzhou, and when they boarded the wooden tower to entertain meritorious generals, they inscribed "Wonders of the World". There are 54 Ming, Qing and Republic of China plaques and couplets in the tower. There are also excellent couplets, such as "Rise from the ground, Mount Yunshan arch column, ride the wind and step on the moon to catch clouds"; "Look through the clouds and smoke, look at Yanmen in the west, the cave is small, the south of Bihan is exquisite, and the dragon head is low." In addition, like the wooden tower, a number of extremely precious Liao cultural relics were found in the tower, especially the color printing of Liao engraving, which filled the gap in the history of printing in China. Among the cultural relics, there are many scrolls, including manuscripts and woodcut prints of the Liao Dynasty, some of which are more than 30 meters long, which are rare in China, providing valuable physical materials for studying the politics, economy and culture of the Liao Dynasty in China.