What are the characteristics of Kazakh folk dances and the population distribution in Xinjiang? What kind of musical instrument?

Kazakhs are a cross-border ethnic group with a population of nearly150,000 in the world, mainly distributed in 44 countries including Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, Turkey, India, Pakistan and Afghanistan. Kazakhs in China are mainly distributed in Yili, Tacheng, Altay, Jimsar, Rem and Balikun grasslands in Yili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang, and a few live in Golmud, Qinghai Province and Aksai Kazakhs in Gansu Province.

Kazakh dance

Kazak dance has a strong flavor of grassland life, with brisk pace and vigorous movements. Dance uses "moving shoulders" and footwork uses "horse stance", which has a strong sense of dynamic rhythm and a rough and bold expression style.

Kazakhs are mainly nomadic people, so their dances are mainly horse riding, including horse riding dance, horse training dance, samurai horse riding dance, lovely pony, horse riding dance and horse racing dance. Dance mainly shows various arrogant postures of the steeds galloping on the grassland, and shows the national character and temperament of the Kazak people.

There is also a dance that shows the life, production and labor of Kazak people, mainly including "felt dance", "milking dance", "shearing wool dance" and "weaving carpet dance", showing a busy and cheerful labor scene.

Hunting is also an important production activity of Kazak people living on the grassland. In the long-term hunting activities, they carefully observed all kinds of animals, mastered all kinds of characteristics of animals, and accumulated experience in fighting with animals. These are arranged by Kazak people, enriching the dance art of Kazak people. There are eagle dance, bear dance, bear fight dance, lame bear dance, lonely goose dance, lame duck dance and so on. It shows the hunting scenes of Kazakhs, and these dances are full of rich flavor of national life.

Kazakh national musical instruments

◆ Percussion instruments mainly include Dawule, Dawule Paz, Dawule, Danghala, Stemark, attiya, Acta Yake, Youztak Ledak, etc. & ltBR & gt Daaboul, an ancient war drum of Kazakhs, is used to boost morale in battle. Used to set off the atmosphere when celebrating. It was originally made of a tree trunk with a village heart dug out and covered with sheepskin, cowhide or other animal skins on both sides. The original drum was very small and was often carried on the back by horses or camels. Later, the variety increased, the volume increased, and the leather rope or wooden handle was installed to facilitate movement. Its appearance is similar to that of the ancient Yue people, which may be the result of mutual influence after some Yue people merged into Kazakhstan. Dawule Paz was originally a musical drum with a wooden frame and stretched leather, with three pillars underneath. Because of its control device, Kazakhs also call it "the drum with elastic drum skin". Later, the wooden frame was changed to a copper-iron frame, with two sticks and a sonorous voice. This musical instrument is often used in hunting and war in history. Davule, a province, is actually a musical instrument variant of Davule Paz. Small size, easy to carry, made of copper, single dough, sharp percussion, often used for hunting. Kazakhs call it bronze drum or ding drum. Danhala, originally used by shamans and wizards, is equivalent to the tambourine now. Kazakhs call it "tambourine with rings". It is similar to Dafu of Uygur, Ira of Uzbek and Dengel of Mongolian. At first, when the gala was a drum ring made of hollowed-out tree trunks or thin wooden boards, it was covered with a layer of skin and surrounded by many small movable iron rings, which jingled when playing. Asatayak is a musical instrument that vibrates and makes sound when held in the hand, and it is also used by shamans when jumping. It is like an umbrella, which consists of two parts, one big and one small. There are many small silver chains around the dome, and all kinds of beautiful patterns are carved on the cover, with a total length of about 1.3 meters. Playing mainly depends on shaking to make a rustling sound, which is full of rhythm. Therefore, it is also called "shaking stick" or "shaking stick", which is similar to Sabah in Uygur, but it is more complicated to make. Steemark, this instrument is like a shield, with many small rings and several bundles of owl hair on it, so it is also called "the sound of owls". Because the instrument has a handle, the batter can be shaken with the handle to help the rhythm and sound clear and pleasant. Attiya, a percussion instrument, consists of two pairs. When playing, they collide with each other and imitate the sound of hooves, which is as cool as the sound of hooves, so Kazakhs also call it "the sound of hooves". Yuztak Ledak is composed of two horns of different sizes. When playing, it is struck with a mallet to make the sound of a wooden fish, which is mainly used to beat the rhythm. ◆ Play musical instruments

The main colors are Buzik, Kadenai, Adelna and various Srnayi.

Sebuzik means "blow" in Kazakh. Buciek is one of the most commonly used musical instruments by Kazak folk artists, and is praised as "Heart Flute" by Kazaks. This musical instrument is similar to the clarinet of the Han nationality, and it is a vertical wooden flute. Originally made from a grass on the grassland, it has developed into pine, bone, copper sheet, iron pipe and steel pipe as raw materials. Sebuzik is about 50 cm to 70 cm long. Make 3, 4 or 5 holes in the pipe. The pipe used to be protected by narrow rope, but now it is replaced by copper wire. When not blowing, put a cork to protect the wooden flute. Before playing, wet the nozzle with water, block most of the nozzle with the tip of your tongue, and leave a small mouth as a blowing hole. When playing, different scales are issued, and at the same time, continuous bass is issued from the throat, forming two parts, with low volume and soft timbre, like Luming Literature.

Caldenai is a long and simple horn with a loud voice, which is similar to a horn. It may be developed from the bone horn or bronze horn of the ancient horse musical instrument in the western regions. At present, it is made of brass, with a small mouthpiece and a large sound hole, and the middle of the tube is tortuous. In ancient times, this instrument was used as a horn to boost morale in battle or as a tool to warn people in the distance. Cordenay can also play military music, which can be played at welcoming ceremonies, rallies and triumphal ceremonies.

A Dellner (single-hole flute) is an ancient musical instrument of Kazak nationality. It is about 60-70 cm long and has a large volume. The shape of the instrument is smaller than that of Kaldena and slightly larger than that of Sebuzik. In folk hunting, it is used to simulate birds singing, wolves howling, camels whining and horses hissing. In particular, the simulated deer sound is very real and can trap prey, so it is also called the second deer flute by the people. During the war years, Kazakhs often used Adenauer's orders to charge and send signals to boost fighting morale.

Srnayi, which Kazaks call oral string. It has various forms among the people. The string made of clay is called Shazi Snayi; The string made of reeds is called Hamus Srnayi. Mouth strings are also called harmonica, eye spring, mouth smooth line and mouth whiskers. In ancient times, materials were suitable for different places, simple and primitive, originally made of mud, keratin, bones and reeds. Now it is mainly made of metals such as iron, copper and silver. Shaped like pliers, the middle of the outer ring is connected with a reed, and the tip of the reed bends upward and protrudes. When playing, the left hand holds the string between the lips, and the right hand pulls the spring tip to vibrate with air, which can play deep and clear music and give people a feeling of whispering. Usually played for women. There is also an Awuzi widely played musical instrument among Kazakhs, which also belongs to the category of oral string.

◆ Play musical instruments

Kubuzi, carved from a whole piece of wood, is spoon-shaped, with a curved handle, a short neck and a large abdomen, with a total length of 60-70 cm. The abdomen of the loudspeaker is open, and the lower part of the back is covered with camel lamb skin or sheepskin. Two or three strings made of ponytail or beef tendon and camel tendon are rubbed with loose glue to make the piano fingerless and tasteless. When playing, the piano is sandwiched between your knees, with one hand pressing the strings and the other playing the ponytail bow. The sound of the piano is similar to that of the violin, and the playing method is more complicated than that of the violin. The improved modern Kubo is increased to four strings, and cardboard and resonance box are installed. When playing, the voice is delicate, deep, elegant, soft and expressive. At present, it is often used for dance accompaniment.

Leke Kubuzi and Shang Kubuzi are two simple and complicated musical instruments of the same kind.

Kele Kubuzi Qin has no certain scale and can only be found in the homes of remote mountain herders. It is one of the ancient Kazakh folk musical instruments. Piano, as a whole piece of wood, has no fingerboard and is usually made of ponytail. Piano is bow-shaped, simple and simple.

Shankubuzi is a compound musical instrument popular among Kazaks in modern times. This piano is made of iron, plow-shaped, with steel strings fixed on it. The player puts the bell on his hand and plays the steel string. When playing, the strings and bells are integrated to form a unique tune and sound. This instrument is mainly played by women in the folk.

◆ Play musical instruments.

Mainly Dombrat, Sheretil, Saqi, Jetgen, Pickering.

Dongbula is the most popular traditional musical instrument of Kazak people. There are many kinds of Dongbula, mostly carved from a whole piece of pine or birch, with fine carving and beautiful inlay. In the form of Dombrat, a horn is triangular, and Kazakstan is named after Abai, a great poet in modern times, and is called "Abai Dombrat"; A loudspeaker is oval, named after Aken Zambur, a Kazakh, and is called "Bula in Zambur in Winter". These two winter blues have different shapes and timbres. Mostly two strings and three strings. String strings are usually made of sheep intestines. Now nylon wire winding has been used instead of sheep intestines, and the grade of copper has also been improved. After the reform, Dong expanded the scope and increased the quantity on the original basis. Generally, there are 5, 7 and 9 musical instruments in Dongbula, and some have 13 and 14 musical instruments. Recently, a Dombrat with 2 1 instrument appeared. According to the groove surface, hand cover, song head, size, length, number of strung strings, winding level, strung amplitude and volume, some people named it five different types of fixed pull, namely, the fixed pull with the highest sound of 4 strings 12, which is called "Picolo"; 4-string 15 tenor Dongbula is called "Lurima"; The treble of the second string 13 (or 14, 16) is called "winter pull"; The second string of 17 tenor is called "buzz", and the second string of 10 tenor is called "kulali buzz". In addition, due to the differences in Kazak history, region, tribe, cultural psychology and life customs, there are other kinds of Dongbula among the people. According to incomplete statistics, there are about a dozen varieties.

Cheryl, carved from a whole piece of wood, uses leather as a speaker, generally about 65-70 cm long, and its shape is similar to that of a winter violin, but it has no piano (piano level), so it is often called a tasteless winter violin. Most of them are two strings and three strings, so they are called two strings to thank Lotte and three strings to thank Lotte by the people. The strings are usually fixed directly with ponytails, and the male ponytails are the best. The piano head has no wooden axis, and the melody is adjusted by the chord axis.

Sazi is a commonly used accompaniment instrument for Kazak traditional entertainment and folk duet. The length is 50 cm-1m. The shape handle has many long strings with six piano shafts on it to lengthen the intestines of livestock. Folk patterns are often painted on the piano panel, or flowers, birds and plants are often painted.

Jetgen (also known as Jetman and Jetcon) is a rectangular piano with a length of about 1 m. It is carved from a whole piece of wood and has a wooden basin-shaped sound room, which is similar to the transverse instrument of ancient China Qin and Guzheng. Seven strings are fixed with ponytail silk, and seven animal ankles are used as piano codes under the strings. The joint root has no elastic strings, but moves the ankle bone left and right with the piano code to adjust the pitch. Because the piano resonance box is excellent and there are many strings, it has a large volume, a wide range and beautiful timbre.

Pikli, a beautifully carved and inlaid two-stringed instrument, is small and exquisite, similar to a mandolin. Some people put it in the category of non-moving musical instruments, which is called multi-tone non-moving music, but it is not 4-string 12, so it is listed in another category.

Generally speaking, Kazakh musical instruments can be divided into two types: recumbent and upright, with the latter as the main and the former as the vice, which can be called the main musical instruments in Kazakhstan. Kazak musical instruments have strong expressive force, short and powerful aftersound, strong penetration, bright timbre and flexible skills. They are the main musical instruments of this family and can also be used for solo ensembles.