What institutions and personnel were there in the magistrate yamen in Qing Dynasty, and how many magistrates were there?

How big was the magistrate in the Qing Dynasty, and what was the staffing of the magistrate's yamen? This is a question left by a reader in the comment area recently, because a few words are unclear, so this article will talk about the magistrate and the magistrate office in Qing Dynasty in detail, which is mainly divided into three parts.

First, the establishment of the government.

Since the Tang Dynasty, it is very convenient to set the location of Kyoto. Fu? The state where the governor is located, also known as the government, is an administrative region at or above the county level. In the Song Dynasty, there were more and more states, which were identified as administrative regions at or above the county level, while the original states were subordinate to states. The Qing Dynasty set up the government under the provinces, which was an administrative organization connecting the preceding with the following. Under the leadership of the Department of Peace and Road, administer the counties.

The establishment of the Qing government was different in different periods, and there was a process of increase, change and decrease. According to Volume IV of Guangxu Huidian, there are 185 states in China, namely: Fengtian Yinfu II, Jilin General II, Zhili X, Shandong X, Shanxi X, Jiangsu X, Anhui X, Jiangxi X, Fujian X, Zhejiang X, Hubei X, Hunan X, Shaanxi X, Gansu X and Xinjiang X.

If we add three counties in Taiwan Province Province, there will be 188 counties. By Guangxu and Xuantong, provinces were established in Fengtian, Jilin, Heilongjiang and Xinjiang, and Sichuan and Yunnan were transformed into streams, and the number of government offices nationwide increased to 2 15, excluding Taiwan Province Province.

Secondly, magistrates and their assistant officials.

Every government in the Qing Dynasty had a magistrate, who was the chief executive of the local government, and was in charge of the government's decrees, from the fourth grade (first, the fourth grade, after eighteen years of reform). According to the official system of the Qing Dynasty, the provincial magistrate was attended by imperial academy, who was registered as a first-class official in Beijing, and The Cabinetshi Read, Gaishang and Shi Yu, and the doctors of Lifan Academy, Yuan Wailang, Shuntianfu and Fengtianfu Zhizhong, and Yanyun promoted Si Yuntong, Fu Tongzhi and Zhi Li Fu. Local officials should be promoted to provincial salt couriers and provincial officials.

Customized in Qing dynasty, according to the national government? Numerous? 、? Difficult? 、? Tired? 、? Rush? Four words are graded into? What is the most lacking? 、? Want to disappear? 、? Missing? 、? Jane is missing. . According to the shortcomings of each house? Excuse me. 、? Missing title? 、? Adjust the vacancy? 、? Leave a vacancy? . Officials who should be promoted and replaced should also be replaced according to their assessment grades.

The county magistrate always leads all counties, and all those who announce state laws, govern people, adjudicate lawsuits, evaluate officials, collect taxes and so on are in charge. The magistrate's assistant officer also has the same knowledge and judgment.

In the feudal society of China, anyone who was in charge of a matter without being given an official name was called? Do you know? This system began in Song Taizu, when Song Taizu sent courtiers to the states instead of the secretariat because of Du Fan's shortcomings, which was named as well-known. Later generations followed this practice, taking the competent government officials as the magistrate, and his deputy said? Tongzhi? , assistant to the county magistrate. "General annals" and "general annals" have similar meanings. When Tongzhi was established in the early Song Dynasty, it was called a deputy envoy. In fact, its authority was no different from that of breg and the magistrate. There was a chief judge in the Ming government, who, together with Tongzhi, was an assistant to the government, and so was the Qing dynasty.

In the Qing dynasty, judges were divided into two types: one was an assistant official of the government, and the other was a part-time official in the government; One is to appoint local experts and judges. Who transferred to the province, for the province zhili department chief, such as the government, zhili state system; All the people transferred to the yamen are general officers and county magistrates of the same rank.

The government claims to be the official of the five products. Does it say in the official document? Hey? , your respectful name? Sima? The foreign government has judged it as a positive six-product official. Your respectful name? Don't drive. The establishment of the government's common knowledge and common practice is not a written law. Generally speaking, it follows the principle of staffing according to quantity. Generally, there are one or two people or three or four people in the government, but there is simply no one. It is divided into grain transportation, prison arrest, coastal defense, river defense and water conservancy.

According to Guangxu Huidian, there were 1 10 people who knew Zuo Fu II in Qing Dynasty, and 88 people had been sentenced. Among them, there are 89 local colleagues and 2 1 director. There are 83 local judges and 5 directors, only Zhili, Shandong and Gansu 1 person, and Shuntian 2.

Third, the magistrate yamen.

The internal organization of magistrate yamen is generally composed of government affairs department, experience department, prison department and Zhao Mo department, and each department arranges according to the complexity of government affairs.

Tang Fu 1

Yamen is a comprehensive office in the yamen of the magistrate. In fact, it operates in accordance with the six rooms of officials, households, rituals, soldiers, criminals and workers. It directly serves the magistrate and is undertaken by several officials.

2. Experiencer

The experience department is the institution in charge of cashier's paperwork handover in the magistrate's yamen, with one experience and eight grades. Governments at all levels in the Qing Dynasty 167 people. The government experience department still has a governor with the same responsibilities as the experience department, ranking the top nine. There were ten governors in the Qing Dynasty.

3. According to Mill

According to the fact that the mill is a magistrate's yamen, the palm can grind documents and other things. According to the mill, there are one person, and the rank is from ninth to ninth. In the Qing Dynasty, there were 25 yamen according to the mill.

4. Prison Administration

The prison secretary is the institution in charge of prisoners' affairs in the magistrate's yamen. There is a prison secretary, which is divided into nine levels. There were 25 warders in the Qing Dynasty.

In addition, the Qing Dynasty set up a proofreader in jiangning house, Jiangsu Province, who was also an official of the magistrate. He handled the proofreading of documents in the yamen, but his rank was not up to standard.

In addition to the above-mentioned magistrate's office and officials, the government's subordinate institutions include: the government propaganda department, the government tax department, the government warehouse, the tea citation and approval laboratory, the government post office, the government medicine department, the Yin and Yang department, the monk outline department and the Taoist discipline department, which manage tax, warehousing and monk and Taoist affairs respectively.